Biomolecules Mind maps 🧠with PDF in just 10 minutes 😍 NEET 2024🔥ONE SHOT Revision

Summary

This educational video offers a concise overview of biomolecules, essential chemicals in living organisms, using a mind map. It explains the experimental process of analyzing biomolecules, distinguishing between micro and macro molecules based on size and solubility. The video delves into carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, highlighting their structures and functions. It also covers enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme activity, and enzyme classifications, providing a foundational understanding for students in biology.

Takeaways

• 🧬 Biomolecules are chemical substances found within living organisms, including proteins, lipids, fats, and carbohydrates.
• 🔬 Experimental proof of biomolecules involves grinding tissue with trichloroacetic acid to create a slurry, which is then strained to separate acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions.
• 🌟 Micromolecules, with a size less than 1,000 Daltons, are found in the filtrate, while macromolecules, larger than 1,000 Daltons, are in the retentate.
• 🍬 Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units they contain.
• 🥚 Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, each with a unique side chain (R group) that determines its properties.
• 🌈 Proteins have a hierarchical structure consisting of primary, secondary (e.g., alpha-helices, beta-pleated sheets), tertiary, and quaternary structures.
• 💧 Lipids are divided into glycerol and fatty acids, with distinctions between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including MUFA and PUFA.
• 🧬 Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are central to the study of genetics, while nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
• 🌱 Metabolites are categorized into primary and secondary metabolites, with the latter including a variety of drugs and other compounds.
• 🔄 Enzymes catalyze reactions by reducing activation energy, and their activity is influenced by factors such as temperature and pH.
• 🔍 Enzymes are classified into groups like oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, and isomerases, and some are conjugated enzymes with both protein and non-protein components.

Q & A

What are biomolecules?

Biomolecules are chemicals present in living organisms, including proteins, lipids, fats, and carbohydrates, which are found inside living tissues.

How can the chemical composition of a living tissue be analyzed?

The chemical composition of a living tissue can be analyzed by grinding the tissue with a mortar and pestle using trichloroacetic acid to obtain a slurry, which is then strained through a muslin cloth to separate the filtrate (acid-soluble fraction) from the retentate (acid-insoluble fraction).

What is the difference between micro molecules and macro molecules based on the script?

Micro molecules are molecules with a size less than 1,000 Daltons, typically found in the filtrate, such as simple carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides. Macro molecules are larger, with a size more than 1,000 Daltons, and include nucleic acids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates, found in the retentate.

What are the basic components of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides, which can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units present.

What are the two main types of polysaccharides mentioned in the script?

The two main types of polysaccharides are homopolysaccharides, which are made up of a single monomeric unit, and heteropolysaccharides, which have different types of repeating units.

What is an amino acid and what is its basic structure?

An amino acid is the basic building block of proteins, with a basic structure consisting of a carbon atom (C), an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable side chain (R group) that determines the properties of the amino acid.

How many different types of amino acids are there in proteins?

There are 20 different types of amino acids that make up proteins, each with a unique R group or functional group.

What are the four levels of protein structure mentioned in the script?

The four levels of protein structure are primary (linear), secondary (alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets), tertiary (the overall 3D structure), and quaternary (the structure formed by multiple polypeptide chains).

What are the two main components of lipids?

Lipids are mainly composed of glycerol (a type of alcohol) and fatty acids (carboxylic acids), which can be saturated or unsaturated.

What is the basic unit of nucleic acids?

The basic unit of nucleic acids is the nucleotide, which is composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

What are the two types of metabolites mentioned in the script?

The two types of metabolites are primary metabolites, which are essential for the normal functioning of the cell, and secondary metabolites, which include compounds like drugs and other specialized substances.

What is the function of an enzyme in a biological reaction?

An enzyme's function is to reduce the activation energy required for a reaction, allowing substrate molecules to react more efficiently and form products.

What are the factors that affect enzyme activity?

Factors that affect enzyme activity include optimum temperature and pH levels. Enzymes can become denatured at high temperatures or become inactive at low temperatures, and pH levels outside their optimal range can also reduce their activity.

What is the difference between simple enzymes and conjugate enzymes?

Simple enzymes consist only of a protein part, while conjugate enzymes, also known as holoenzymes, have both a protein part (apoenzyme) and a non-protein part (cofactor), which may include a prosthetic group or a metal ion.

Outlines

00:00

🧬 Biomolecules and Their Analysis

This paragraph introduces the concept of biomolecules, which are chemicals found in living organisms such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It explains the experimental process of analyzing these molecules by grinding tissue with trichloroacetic acid to create a slurry, which is then filtered through a muslin cloth to separate into an acid-soluble fraction (micro molecules, <1,000 Daltons) and an acid-insoluble fraction (macro molecules, >1,000 Daltons). The paragraph also covers the basic classification of carbohydrates into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, and briefly touches on proteins and their amino acid building blocks.

05:01

🌟 Advanced Biomolecule Structures and Metabolites

The second paragraph delves deeper into the structures of proteins, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, with hemoglobin given as an example of a quaternary structure. It then discusses lipids, distinguishing between glycerol and fatty acids, and further classifying them into saturated and unsaturated types, including MUFA and PUFA. Nucleic acids are introduced with DNA and RNA, and the composition of nucleotides is explained. Metabolites are categorized into primary and secondary, with an emphasis on the importance of understanding secondary metabolites for exams. Enzyme action is described, including the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes and the factors affecting enzyme activity such as temperature and pH. The paragraph concludes with a mention of enzyme classification and the concept of conjugate enzymes, which consist of a protein part and a non-protein part.

Keywords

💡Biomolecules

Biomolecules are the chemical compounds found in living organisms, including proteins, lipids, fats, and carbohydrates. They are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of cells, tissues, and organs. In the video, biomolecules are the central theme, with the script discussing their analysis and classification.

💡Acid Soluble Fraction

The acid soluble fraction refers to the molecules that are soluble in trichloroacetic acid (TCA), used in the script to describe a method for analyzing the chemical composition of living tissues. These molecules are typically smaller and include simple carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides.

💡Micromolecules

Micromolecules are small molecules with a size less than 1,000 Daltons. In the context of the video, they are found in the filtrate after tissue is treated with TCA, and they include simple sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides.

💡Macromolecules

Macromolecules are large molecules with a size greater than 1,000 Daltons. The script mentions that macromolecules include nucleic acids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates, which are part of the retentate after TCA treatment.

💡Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of monosaccharides, which are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates. The video script discusses different types of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

💡Proteins

Proteins are large biomolecules composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The script explains that proteins have different structures, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, and are essential for various biological functions.

💡Lipids

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic or amphipathic small biomolecules, including fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids. The video script specifies glycerol and fatty acids as the main components of lipids.

💡Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are large biomolecules that carry genetic information and are involved in the synthesis of proteins. The script mentions nucleotides, which are the building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

💡Metabolites

Metabolites are the intermediates and products of metabolism. The video script distinguishes between primary metabolites, which are essential for normal cell function, and secondary metabolites, which often have ecological or pharmacological importance.

💡Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in the body. The script describes the process of enzyme action, involving the enzyme-substrate complex, and the factors affecting enzyme activity, such as temperature and pH.

💡Conjugate Enzymes

Conjugate enzymes, also known as holoenzymes, consist of a protein part called the apoenzyme and a non-protein part. The non-protein part can be a coenzyme or a metal ion, which is essential for the enzyme's activity. The script highlights the importance of understanding the components of conjugate enzymes.

Highlights

Introduction to the concept of biomolecules as chemicals present in living organisms, including proteins, lipids, fats, and carbohydrates.

Explanation of the experimental method to analyze the chemical composition of living tissues using TR chloro acetic acid.

Differentiation between micro molecules and macro molecules based on size, with micro molecules being less than 1,000 Daltons and macro molecules more than 1,000 Daltons.

Examples of macro molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates, and micro molecules like simple carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides.

Classification of biomolecules into bio macro molecules and bio micro molecules.

Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides and can be classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Description of monosaccharides, disaccharides like sucrose and fructose, and the distinction between homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides.

Introduction to proteins and the basic structure of amino acids, including the variable R group that determines the type of amino acid.

Different types of amino acids, including aromatic, acidic, basic, and neutral amino acids, and their importance in examinations.

Protein structure levels: primary, secondary (Alpha sheets, beta pleated), tertiary, and quaternary structures.

Lipids are divided into glycerol and fatty acids, with distinctions between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, and the basic unit of nucleic acids is the nucleotide.

Differences between nucleotides and the types of sugars present in DNA and RNA.

Metabolites are categorized into primary and secondary metabolites, with a focus on the importance of the secondary metabolites table for examinations.

Enzyme action involves the enzyme-substrate complex, enzyme product complex, and the separation of enzyme and product.

Factors affecting enzyme activity, including optimum temperature and pH, and the consequences of deviations from these optimal conditions.

Classification of enzymes into oxy, reductase, transferase, hydrolases, isomerases, and examples for each class.

Conjugate enzymes, also known as Holo enzymes, consist of a protein part (Apoenzyme) and a non-protein part (co-actor).

Importance of understanding the difference between co-enzymes and prosthetic groups, with examples provided.

Role of metal ions in enzymes, with zinc as an example of a significant metal ion.

Transcripts

so hey aspirin this is basat your

biology Master teacher welcome to Vidant

n English now in this video we'll be

summarizing the entire chapter of your

biomolecules with the help of a mind map

in few minutes starting off with a basic

definition that is chemicals present in

the living organisms are known as

biomolecules that is proteins lipids

fats carbohydrates all of these are

molecules which are found inside the

living tissue is called as

biomolecules now there needs to be an

experimental proof to confirm this yes

there is that is method to analyze the

chemical composition that is if you are

given with a living tissue that is a rat

tissue or a plant tissue all you need to

do is be a scientist that is take the

tissue and completely grind it in a

mottin pistel with the help of a acid

that is called as your TR chloro acetic

acid to obtain a slurry so when you

obtain a slurry you need to stain it you

need to strain it with the help of a

musling cloth imagine if this is your

Beaker you take a muslin cloth on top of

it and you add your slurry on it now

once you add the slurry some amount of

slurry will slide down and this part is

called as your

filtrate now what we present on the top

is called as retentate it is called as

what retentate now the same filtrate is

also called as your acid soluble

fraction why because whatever chemicals

or whatever the molecule which are

present in the filtrate are technically

soluble in your acid so they are also

called as what acid soluble now again

the above above one is called as acid

insoluble because they're not soluble

inside the TR chloro atic acid now

whatever we find here in the filate are

called as micro molecules why do you say

micro molecules because the size is less

than 1,000 Daltons now what about the

return Tate here they are called as

macro molecules because their size is

more than 1,000 Delton simple examples

in your macro molecules are going to be

your nucleic acids your proteins and

complex carbohydrates now what about

your filtrate in filtrate we find simple

carbohydrates we find amino acids we

find your nucle nucleotides that's it

now students that is your field rate and

return return trate based on that the

biome molecules are divided into two

types that is bio macro molecules bio

macro molecules micro and macro clear

the next thing which you need to

understand is the carbohydrates

carbohydrates are made up of

monosaccharides now what are

carbohydrates carbohydrates are

basically hydrates of carbon hydrates of

carbon that is your it could have a

separate o Bond next to it it can also

have alide or it can also have Ketone

next to it now based on the

classification we have your

monosaccharides disaccharides

oligosaccharides polysaccharides that is

basically number of sugar units present

if it is monosaccharide it only has one

unit that is example triose similarly we

have disaccharides such as sucrose and

fructose let me know in the comment

section what is sucrose and fructose

made up of also then we have

polysaccharides polysaccharides are

again divided into two types that is

your homopolysaccharides and

heteropolysaccharides

homopolysaccharides are made up of only

single monomeric unit repeated monomeric

unit single example cellulose enin

cellulose inin glycogen all these are

examples of your homopolysaccharide

other example is kittin also then we

have hrop polysaccharides they have

different type of repeating units

example nagam which is found in your

pepo glycon apart from that agar is also

an example for that then we have your

proteins before we go to the proteins

everyone should understand a little bit

about amino acids that is the basic

structure of amino acid everyone should

know that is your carbon

C NH h 2 and H and R now this R is

variable depending upon what this R is a

functional group whatever functional

group is present depending upon the

amino acid changes example if H is there

it is glycine similarly you also have

Serene and alinin in your structural in

your ncrt apart from that we have

totally 20 different amino acids means

20 different types of functional groups

apart from that in the amino acids we

should also know the aromatic amino

acids tryptophan tyrosin fenal Anin we

should also know acidic amino acids

basic amino acids and neutral amino

acids with example very important that's

what they'll ask you in examination let

me know in the comment section also

which is the example for your basic

amino acid okay then we have proteins

students in proteins only thing which

you need to remember is the structure of

protein that is primary structure

secondary structure tertiary structure

and coary structure primary structure is

linear in your secondary structure we

have Alpha sheets and beta plated this

TR structure and quad structure is made

up of many different chains example is

your hemoglobin then we have lipids

lipids mainly are div into two types

glycerols and fatty acids glycerols are

basically a type of alcohol also called

as your trihydroxy propane is one

example there then we have fatty acids

fatty acids are basically carboxilic

acid with a functional group example

example going to be your saturated and

unsaturated in saturated we have a

single Bond lipids and in your

unsaturated we have your double bond and

triple bond here mua and pufa you need

to know what is that then we have your

nucleic acids we have DNA RNA and

nucleotide now DNA and RNA you would

have studied deeply in your Mo base of

inheritance so same thing can

incorporate be here then we have

nucleotide is made up of three units

that is a nitrogenous base a pentos

sugar and a phosphate group also you

should know the difference between

nucleotide and nucleotide very important

then we have what type of sugar present

in DNA and RNA that you need to know

then we have metabolites mainly two type

of metabolites primary metabolites and

secondary metabolites students a table

from your ncrt for second metabolites is

the the most important table for your

metabolites and your examination

questions are come from that table

example Conan there are drugs and

different things are there remember that

table apart from that the one more table

is your protein table the functions of

proteins that glute four remember that

then we have enzyme action enzyme action

first we learn the enzyme action and

enzymes that is enzyme plus substrate

enzyme substrate complex enzyme product

complex and enzyme and product are

separate what does it tell you it tells

you simple enzyme is basically doing one

function that is it is reducing the

activation energy so that enzyme can

compounds can become products react

become product then we have your factors

affecting your enzyme activity that is

every single enzyme needs Optimum

temperature and temperature and pH

Beyond which it doesn't work it's like

very lazy

that is for example temperature becomes

very high all the proteins will denat

that is enzyme will denature if

temperature becomes very low the enzymes

becomes inactive the same goes for pH

then we have classification that is oxy

reductase transferase hydras lias isomer

and lias example for each one is very

important one more thing we missed out

here is types where the questions have

been repeatedly coming that is simple

enzymes conjugate enzymes now what are

these conjugate enzymes also called as

Holo enzymes in conjugate enzym there

are two parts protein part and

non-protein part your protein part is

called as AO enzyme nonprotein part is

called as co-actor where we have

something called as prosthetic group

examples very important we have

co-enzyme exam example again very

important we also have different metal

ions there example very important

example is zinc there there it is the

entire biomolecules in a few minutes

students let me know in the comment

section whatever questions I asked and

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