Complete beginner's guide to using a breadboard

Summary

This instructional video offers a practical guide for beginners in synthesizer circuit design. It covers the basics of breadboard usage, component identification, and schematic reading. The host demonstrates how to set up simple circuits using a breadboard, resistors, capacitors, LEDs, and integrated circuits, while highlighting the importance of safety and organization. The video progresses to more complex circuits, including an op-amp voltage inverter and a fixed frequency square wave oscillator, providing a hands-on approach to learning electronic circuit assembly.

Takeaways

• 🔌 Start with the basics: Understand the essentials of using a breadboard, components, and tools without diving deep into theoretical aspects.
• 🔋 Power source recommendation: For beginners, use two 9V batteries to avoid potential damage from a wall plug power supply in case of a short circuit.
• 🔗 Utilize jumpers: Pre-cut solid core wires or a roll of wire can simplify connections on the breadboard and keep the layout organized.
• 🔌 Jack sockets for audio: Use 3.5mm or 6.35mm jack sockets for input and output signals in synthesizer circuits, and connect them with soldering or alligator clips.
• 🔍 Troubleshooting tool: A digital multimeter is invaluable for measuring voltage, current, resistance, and frequency, aiding in circuit debugging.
• 📊 Resistors and their values: Small resistors can handle up to 0.4 watts and are chosen based on the circuit's need, with color bands or a multimeter for value identification.
• 💧 Capacitors variety: Different types like electrolytic, foil, and ceramic capacitors are used based on voltage rating and the application, with values typically printed on them.
• 💡 LED orientation: LEDs require correct orientation with the longer leg connected to the anode and the shorter to the cathode to allow current flow in the correct direction.
• ⚡ Integrated Circuits (ICs): ICs like the TL074 op-amp are used for specific functions and require understanding of pin functions through pinout diagrams.
• 🔄 Breadboard layout: Recognize the internal connections of a breadboard, including power rails and middle sections, to correctly place components for circuit functionality.
• 👂 Audio signal testing: Modify the oscillator circuit to produce an audible signal by increasing the frequency and using an audio socket with a voltage divider for safe listening.

Q & A

What is the main purpose of the video?

The main purpose of the video is to guide beginners through the basics of using a breadboard to design synthesizer circuits, including identifying components, understanding breadboard internals, reading schematics, and setting up simple circuits.

Why is a breadboard recommended for starting out with synthesizer circuits?

A breadboard is recommended for starting out because it allows for easy experimentation and modification of circuits without the need for soldering, making it ideal for learning and prototyping.

What are the advantages of using 9V batteries as a power source for beginners?

Using 9V batteries is advantageous for beginners because they are safer than wall plug power supplies, as they will only get slightly warm in the event of a short circuit, reducing the risk of damaging components or causing injury.

What is the purpose of jumpers in a breadboard setup?

Jumpers are used to connect components on the breadboard. They help to clean up and organize the layout of the circuit, making it easier to follow and modify.

Why is a digital multimeter a useful tool for building synthesizer circuits?

A digital multimeter is useful for troubleshooting and measuring various electrical properties such as voltage, current, resistance, and frequency, which can be crucial for ensuring the circuit functions as intended.

What are the different types of capacitors mentioned in the script, and how can they be identified?

The script mentions electrolytic capacitors, identified by their cylindrical shape and silver top; foil capacitors, which often come in a boxy format; and ceramic capacitors, which have a round, knob-like appearance. Their values are usually printed on the outside, and they differ in voltage rating and physical appearance.

How can one determine the resistance value of a resistor?

The resistance value can be determined using a multimeter set to resistance detection mode. By holding each probe to one end of the resistor, the multimeter will display the resistance value.

What is the significance of the orientation of an LED when connecting it to a circuit?

The orientation of an LED is significant because LEDs only allow current to pass through them in one direction. The longer leg of the LED should be connected to the positive side of the circuit, and the shorter leg to the ground.

How can one find out the pinout of an integrated circuit (IC) like the TL074?

The pinout of an IC can be found by searching the chip's name followed by the word 'pinout' online. This will provide a diagram showing the function of each pin and the supply connectors.

What is the basic concept behind the voltage inverter circuit demonstrated in the script?

The basic concept of the voltage inverter circuit is that it inverts the input voltage. If a negative voltage is applied to the inverting input, the output LED will light up, and if a positive voltage is applied, the LED will turn off.

How does the script suggest modifying the square wave oscillator circuit to make the signal audible?

To make the signal audible, the script suggests replacing the 100k resistor between the inverting input and output with a 1k resistor to increase the oscillation frequency, and swapping the output LED for an output audio socket with a 10k-1k voltage divider to reduce the signal to line level.

Outlines

00:00

🛠️ Introduction to Synthesizer Circuit Design

This paragraph introduces the video's purpose, which is to guide beginners through the basics of designing synthesizer circuits using a breadboard. It emphasizes the practical aspects of breadboard usage, component handling, and schematic reading without delving into theoretical details. The presenter mentions that a list of necessary parts and tools will be provided in the description and highlights the importance of using batteries as a safer power source for beginners. Jumpers, jack sockets, and alligator clips are discussed as essential tools for connecting components, and a digital multimeter is recommended for troubleshooting.

05:02

🔌 Understanding Breadboards and Basic Components

The second paragraph delves into the specifics of breadboards, their tie points, and power rails, explaining how they are interconnected. It covers the use of resistors, capacitors, LEDs, and integrated circuits (ICs), including how to identify and use them in circuit design. The importance of not exceeding capacitor voltage ratings to prevent explosion is stressed. The paragraph also discusses how to read resistor color codes and the practicality of using a multimeter for determining resistance values.

10:03

💡 Building a Simple LED Circuit

This paragraph demonstrates the process of building a simple circuit to light up an LED. It explains the function of each component in the circuit, including the power source, resistor, and LED, and how they are connected. The importance of understanding the breadboard's internal connections is highlighted, with a detailed explanation of power rails and the middle section's tie points. The paragraph also addresses the correct orientation of the LED and how to connect it to the breadboard properly.

15:05

🔧 Constructing an Op-Amp Based Voltage Inverter

The fourth paragraph introduces a more complex circuit, an op-amp based voltage inverter, which inverts the input voltage to control an LED. It discusses the need for additional information beyond the basic schematic, such as powering the op-amp, which is found using a pinout diagram. The paragraph explains how to set up the IC on the breadboard, ensuring pin isolation, and how to connect the IC to power rails. It also details the steps to connect the op-amp's inputs and output to create the inverter circuit, including the use of jumpers and the importance of the IC's power supply.

20:05

🎛️ Creating a Fixed Frequency Square Wave Oscillator

The final paragraph describes the construction of a fixed frequency square wave oscillator, which automatically switches an LED on and off at regular intervals. It outlines the steps to modify the previous circuit by adding a resistor and capacitor to the op-amp's inputs and output. The paragraph also explains how to adjust the frequency of oscillation and convert the output to an audible signal by replacing the LED with an audio socket and using a voltage divider. It concludes with instructions on identifying the correct connections on the audio socket using a multimeter and connecting it to the breadboard to listen to the oscillator signal.

Keywords

💡Breadboard

A breadboard is an essential tool in electronics for building and testing circuits without the need for soldering. It provides a platform with tie points that allow components to be easily inserted and connected. In the video, the breadboard is described as having 830 tie points, which is a standard full-size variant, offering ample space for experimenting with various circuits.

💡Components

Components refer to the individual electronic parts used to construct circuits, such as resistors, capacitors, LEDs, and integrated circuits (ICs). The script mentions the importance of identifying and handling these components correctly when designing synthesizer circuits. Examples from the script include resistors with color-coded bands to indicate their resistance value and capacitors with different physical appearances and voltage ratings.

💡Schematic

A schematic is a symbolic representation of an electrical circuit that shows the connections between components using standardized symbols. It is a crucial part of the design process and is used to understand and communicate the intended functionality of a circuit. The video emphasizes the practical aspects of reading and applying schematics to set up circuits on a breadboard.

💡Power Source

A power source provides the electrical energy needed to operate a circuit. In the context of the video, the recommended power source for beginners is a 9V battery, with two batteries suggested to prevent overheating in case of a short circuit. The power source is connected to the breadboard's power rails, which distribute the power to the components.

💡Jumpers

Jumpers are pre-cut solid-core wires used to connect components on a breadboard. They help in organizing and cleaning up the layout of a circuit. The script mentions that jumpers can be bought in a box of various sizes or made from a roll of wire, emphasizing their convenience and importance in circuit building.

💡Multimeter

A multimeter is a versatile measuring instrument that can measure voltage, current, resistance, and sometimes frequency. It is highlighted in the video as a useful tool for troubleshooting, allowing the user to measure various aspects of a circuit, such as the voltage between points or the resistance of a component.

💡Resistor

A resistor is a passive component that opposes the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is characterized by its resistance value, which can be indicated by color bands or numerically printed on its body. In the video, the presenter discusses the use of small resistors capable of handling up to 0.4 watts and how to measure their resistance with a multimeter.

💡Capacitor

A capacitor is a component that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It comes in various types, such as electrolytic, ceramic, and foil, each with different characteristics and voltage ratings. The script explains the importance of not exceeding the voltage rating to prevent the capacitor from exploding and mentions how capacitor values are typically printed on the component.

💡LED

An LED, or light-emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it in the forward direction. The video script describes LEDs as self-explanatory components that can be damaged if not handled correctly, emphasizing the need to understand their polarity and current requirements.

💡Integrated Circuit (IC)

An integrated circuit, or IC, is a miniaturized electronic circuit that contains many components, such as transistors, resistors, and diodes, on a single chip. The IC mentioned in the script is the TL074, which contains four independent operational amplifiers (op-amps). ICs are used for their specialized functions and are central to the operation of complex circuits like the ones discussed in the video.

💡Op-Amp

An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a type of IC that has a high gain and is used in various linear and non-linear applications, such as amplifiers, comparators, and oscillators. The video demonstrates how to use an op-amp in a simple inverter circuit and a square wave oscillator, showing the versatility of this component in synthesizer circuits.

Highlights

Introduction to designing synthesizer circuits with a breadboard and components.

Explanation of the practical aspects of using a breadboard without delving into circuit theory.

List of common status items provided in the description for reference.

Use of a standard full-size breadboard with 830 tie points for ample working space.

Recommendation to use 9V batteries as a safe power source for beginners to prevent damage from short circuits.

Use of clips to connect batteries to the breadboard for easy setup.

Importance of jumpers in organizing and cleaning up breadboard layouts.

Options for connecting jack sockets to the breadboard with either soldering or alligator clips.

Introduction of a digital multimeter for troubleshooting and measuring various electrical properties.

Overview of main components used in synthesizer circuits, including resistors, capacitors, LEDs, and ICs.

Identification and handling of different types of capacitors and their voltage ratings.

Building a simple LED circuit as a foundational exercise in breadboarding.

Understanding the internal connections of a breadboard for proper circuit setup.

Creating a voltage inverter circuit using an op-amp to demonstrate basic signal processing.

Using a pinout diagram to understand the powering of an IC and matching it to a schematic.

Building a fixed frequency square wave oscillator to produce audible signals.

Adjusting the oscillator circuit to increase frequency and output through an audio socket.

Using a multimeter to identify connections on an audio jack for proper signal routing.

Final demonstration of a working square wave oscillator and listening to the generated signal.

Encouragement to explore the theory behind the circuits through the creator's DIY VCO series.

Invitation to support the creator on Patreon for additional benefits and community access.

Transcripts

let's say you want to start designing

your own synthesizer circuits

so you bought a breadboard and some

components but now you're having trouble

figuring out how to use them properly

then this video is for you in it i will

walk you through the absolute basics

from identifying and handling components

understanding the breadboard's internals

to reading schematics and then setting

up your first

simple circuits keep in mind that we

won't dive into the theory behind those

circuits

this video is strictly about the

practical aspects of using a breadboard

though if you're interested i'm

regularly doing circuit analysis videos

on my channel before we begin let's make

sure we have all the necessary parts and

tools you can find a list of common

status items in the description

so obviously the star of the show is

going to be your breadboard

and these come in different shapes and

sizes but i'm using a standard

full size variant with 830 tie points

and this will give us plenty of room to

play around with

next we need some sort of power source

if you're just starting out

i strongly recommend you use 9v

batteries here

two of them to be precise this is

because batteries

will only get a little warm if you

accidentally create a short circuit

whereas with a wall plug power supply

you might actually see things go up in

smoke

to connect the batteries with our

breadboard we'll also need

two of these simple clips here speaking

of connecting things

a box of different size jumpers can make

your life a lot easier

these are basically just pre-cut solid

core wires

so all they do is connect components on

the breadboard

but often that can really help clean up

and organize your layouts

you could of course also just buy a big

roll of wire

and cut jumpers from it yourself but for

me

this is way more convenient since we're

dealing with audio signals here

we'll also need a few jack sockets to

get those signals into

and out of our circuits you can use

3.5 millimeter once if you prefer but

i'm going with big

6.35 millimeter sockets now

in order to connect these with your

breadboard you've essentially got two

options if you're comfortable with a

soldering iron

you could simply solder wires to the

socket connectors

but in case you're not you can always

fall back on alligator clips like these

just attach them to the connectors and

to a small jumper

and you're good to go this next tool is

not exactly necessary

but it will save you a lot of headaches

especially while troubleshooting

a simple digital multimeter with it

you can measure all kinds of things the

voltage between two points

or the amount of current flowing or the

resistance value

or even an oscillations frequency super

useful

but okay time to talk meat and potatoes

here are some of the main components

you'll be dealing with

when building synthesizer circuits first

off

let's check our resistors these come in

different physical sizes which will

roughly indicate their power rating

a bigger resistor can handle more

electricity flowing through it

because it dissipates heat better with

our use case

we'll rarely be pushing large currents

through our resistors though

which is why i'm using these small and

handy ones that can handle just up to

0.4 watts

now you'll probably notice these collet

rings across

the resistor's surface and those tell

you the resistance value

if you can decipher them but honestly i

think that's too much of a hassle

which is why i normally just use my

multimeter to determine resistances

for that you simply have to set it to

the resistance detection mode

and hold each probe to one end of the

resistor you want to test

as you can see i've got a few 100k 10k

and 1k resistors here now these values

are not going to be super critical

so if you've got some that are in the

same ballpark

we should be good next we'll look at

capacitors

these can be a tad confusing because

there's a bunch of types that look

wildly different

this here for example is an electrolytic

capacitor

you can identify them by their cylinder

shape and silver top

foil caps on the other hand often come

in this kind of boxy format

and ceramic ones have this round

knob-ish appearance

now with capacitors you thankfully don't

need to learn any color codes

their value is usually printed right on

the outside somewhere

so here we have a one microfarad foil

capacitor

that can handle up to 63 volts and this

here

is a 100 microfarad electrolytic cap

that's rated for

50 volts that voltage rating is

important

your capacitors can actually explode if

you exceed it

but since we are only toying around with

9 volt batteries here

we are perfectly safe in that regard and

like with the resistors the capacitor

values are not that crucial

as long as you've got a few different

ones to play around with

next up leds these are probably

self-explanatory

you can get them in different sizes and

colors and some of them

can handle bigger currents than others

but apart from that

there's not much to look out for be sure

to buy more than one though

you'll probably fry a few along the way

still happens to me sometimes

finally we've got an integrated circuit

here or

ic for short ics are basically like

plugins

they serve a specific specialized

purpose and encapsulate that in a handy

little form factor

this one right here is a tl074

which has four independent op-amps on a

single chip

you can use other op-amp ics this is

just the one i have laying around

in spades okay so to get started let's

check out a very simple schematic

all this circuit supposed to do is make

an led

light up there's three components

involved

a power source a resistor and of course

an led it works like this electricity

flows from the battery's positive

terminal

through a current limiting 1k resistor

and the led

and then back to the battery's negative

terminal making that led

light up in the process now in most

schematics you won't find the circuit

laid out in a circular form like this

i just drew it this way because it's

easier to read at first

in the wild you'd probably see something

looking more like the schematic over

here

semantically these two are completely

identical

we just separated the positive and

negative terminal of our battery

this way we can lay out our circuit in a

more compact fashion

and once you look at more complex

designs you'll see how much that

simplifies things

with this we have all the information

needed to build the circuit

the battery connects to the resistor

which connects to the led

which leads back to the battery but now

the question is

how do we get it onto the breadboard for

this

we'll first need to understand how all

these tie points are connected

internally

so here's what we'd see if the

breadboard was transparent

you'll notice that there's a clear and

simple pattern

on the sides we have what's called the

power rails

these run all the way along the

breadboard's length

connecting all these tie points together

and are normally used to distribute

power to wherever we need it

that's why they have these plus and

minus labels

suggesting that we match them with our

batteries terminals

be careful though some breadboards split

these rails into two isolated sections

per side

and this is usually indicated by a gap

in the red and blue lines like this

and can give you some mysterious power

issues if you miss it

next let's look at our breadboard's

middle section

this is split in half by this big rift

giving us two separate areas to work

with

you'll see how that's useful later now

unlike with the power rails

the tie points in these sections are

connected across the breadboard in

chains of five

so they run perpendicular to those power

rails

okay so now that we know all this

setting up our circuit should be doable

first of all i'll connect a battery to

the power rails on this side

using one of our clips

now all the tie points on this rail

carry nine volts

while this rail sits at zero volts or

ground

looking at the schematic we can see that

the only thing directly connected to the

positive rail

is the resistor so i'll grab a 1k

and stick it into one of the positive

rails tie points

it doesn't matter which one i pick since

they all connect to our battery's 9v

terminal

then i plug the other end into one of

the middle sections tie points

and again i'm free to choose whichever i

like best

this one seems appealing so now this

entire five point row

connects to the positive rail through

the resistor

next up we'll need to plug in our led

there's a small caveat here while for

the resistor

the orientation does not matter setting

up an led

requires a little more care that's

because leds

only let current pass through them in

this direction

how do we tell these two connectors

apart then easy

you just have to check their length one

leg is always longer than the other

and that's the one that connects to our

resistor

so i'll just plug it into the same row

finally

the short leg needs to loop back to the

ground rail to complete our circuit

and while you could just squish it past

the resistor like this

i prefer to use a jumper to create a

cleaner looking layout

to do that i'll first connect the led's

short leg to a new row

then from here i can comfortably use a

small jumper

to link that row to the ground rail

and as if it's telling us we did

everything right

the led lights up great next

we'll tackle a slightly more complex

circuit idea

this is a crude op-amp based voltage

inverter

the basic idea is this if we apply a

negative voltage here

the output led will light up and if we

apply a positive voltage

it will turn off now in order to be able

to translate this

into a breadboard layout we need a bit

more information

information which is only implied in

this schematic

looking at the op-amp symbol it's

actually unclear how it's powered

we only see two inputs and one output

this is because the supply pins are only

implied here

the schematic assumes that you know you

have to power

your op amp sometimes people will draw

it with the supply pins

but that's the exception okay but how do

you power an op-amp ic

or any ic for that matter simple

you just google your chip's name in this

case tl074

followed by the word pin out this will

most likely prompt you

with what we call a pin out diagram

which shows you what each pin is for and

also indicates the supply connectors

if you're now wondering how to match

your real chips pins

with the diagram that's what this little

notch is for

which you'll find in the diagram as well

as on the actual component

okay so now we know that this pin should

get the positive

while this one's for the negative supply

voltage

only one slight problem there right now

we only have a positive and a neutral

or ground rail on our breadboard luckily

for us

adding a negative rail is really easy

when you're using batteries

all we have to do is get our second

battery

attach the clip then plug the positive

red cable into our ground rail while

connecting the black one

to a power rail on the opposite side

that's it

now we have an additional negative rail

right there

so next we'll set up our op-amp ic and

this is where this middle rift gets its

time to shine

because by plugging the chip in like

this we ensure that

all of its pins are isolated from each

other

if the rift wasn't there all of these

pin pairs

would be connected together which is not

what we want okay

time to supply the ic with power from

the pinout diagram

we know that this pin should connect to

the positive rail

so i'll use a small jumper to link this

row

to that positive rail same thing on the

opposite side

small jumper connects this row to the

negative rail

and with that our ic is powered and

ready to use

next we'll have to pick one of the four

op-amps on the chip

to build our circuit with it doesn't

matter which one we choose

so i'll go with this one here looking at

the schematic

we can start by tying the non-inverting

input

that's the one level plus to ground so

i'll use another jumper and connect this

row to the ground rail

then i'll set up our output led so we'll

first need to plug a 1k resistor into

this row

connecting it to the op-amp's output

from here

i'll route the signal to an unused row

where we'll have space

for the led next plug the led's long leg

into that row and the short leg into the

ground rail

almost done now we just need a way to

send a voltage

into the op-amp's inverting input that's

the one labeled minus

to keep it nice and simple i'll just use

a long jumper here

plug it into this row and we're good to

go

first let's send in a positive voltage

as expected the led goes dark but if i

use

the negative rail the led lights up

great

but to be honest a simple inverter is

not all that exciting

so let's pick things up a notch this

here is a simple

fixed frequency square wave oscillator

that will make our leds switch on and

off automatically

in regular intervals as you can see

there's a bunch more components at play

so let's divide things into smaller

easier to handle chunks

since the output led and current

limiting resistor are set up the exact

same way as with our previous circuit

we can simply carry them over no change

is required

next we'll deal with the op-amp's

non-inverting input

here we have to make two changes we need

to replace

the direct connection to ground with a

100k resistor

and then we need to connect that

non-inverting input to the op-amp's

output

through another 100k resistor so in

practice

i'll first remove the jumper that's

connecting this row and the ground rail

next i'll plug in a 100k resistor in its

place

finally connect these two rows with

another 100k resistor

now all that's left to deal with is the

op-amp's inverting input

the setup here is very similar to the

one down here

but it exchanges the resistor to ground

with a one microfarad capacitor

we have to be a bit cautious here this

symbol tells

us that we need to use a non-polarized

capacitor

because both of these lines are straight

if one of them were curved

we'd know to use a polarized one so

which type is polarized

and which one is not easy both the

foil and ceramic caps are non-polarized

while the electrolytic one

is polarized for audio applications

it's generally a good idea to favor foil

capacitors

so let's go with this one setting it up

is a bit tricky

because its legs are so close together

this means that we can't simply connect

one of them

to the inverting inputs row while

plugging the other

into the ground rail we'll have to find

another way

to give us a bit more space to operate

i'll first use a medium sized jumper to

connect this row

to another row further to the left

now if i connect this row to ground with

another jumper

we can comfortably plug in the capacitor

right here

so that this side is connected to the

inverting input

while this one links straight to ground

finally we'll have to connect

inverting input and output through yet

another 100k resistor

plug it in right here and as expected

the light is flashing

cool but while looking at a flashing

light is nice

it would be even better if we could

listen to our oscillator signal

for that we'll have to make two

adjustments first

we replace the resistor here with a 1k

this will increase the oscillations

frequency and make it audible

and then we'll swap our output led for

an output audio

socket to get the signal down to line

level

in order to not damage our headphones or

speakers

we use a 10k 1k voltage divider between

our socket and the op amps output let's

start out by

swapping the 100k between inverting

input and output

for a 1k resistor next i'll remove the

led

the 1k resistor here then gets replaced

with a 10k

and we can use that 1k to connect this

row to ground

finally we'll set up the audio socket

again looking at the schematic

we can see that one of its connectors

should be tied straight to the ground

rail

while the other needs to link up to the

voltage divider

now the question is how do we identify

them on the real-life socket

this is where our multimeter comes in

handy again

if we take a look at a standard mono

audio jack

we can see that it's split into two

sections the tip

and the sleeve now conventionally the

sleeve should be connected to ground

while the tip carries the actual signal

so if we insert the jack into our socket

we can use the multimeter to check for

continuity

which is just a fancy word for saying

that two points

are electrically connected for that i

set the mode dial to this setting which

in this case

is a two in one diode testing and

continuity testing

to switch it into the latter mode i

press the function button

now if i bring the two probes together

we can hear a loud beeping noise telling

us that there is

continuity so if i hold one probe

to the tip of the jack here i can use

the other

to check the sockets connectors

okay so this one should get the audio

signal

i'll attach a red alligator clip cable

to mark it

next hold the probe to the jack sleeve

and test the remaining two connectors

seems like this one should link to the

ground rail so i'll attach a black

alligator clip cable

now what about the third connector well

we can safely ignore it this is a

special kind of switched socket

but we're not using that feature here

all that's left to do

is attach the red and black cables to

small jumpers

which we can then plug into their

respective destinations

the black one connects to the ground

rail while the red one

goes where the led's long leg used to be

and now we can listen to the signal

either through headphones

or anything with an aux input audio

interfaces work too

and there you have it a nicely annoying

fixed frequency square wave oscillation

if you've made it this far you should

now be able to translate

most basic synth schematics into a

breadboard layout

now if you're curious about the theory

behind those schematics

i'd recommend you take a look at my diy

vco series

where i explain and analyze a fully

featured vco

also if you've enjoyed this content and

would like to see

more of it in the future consider

supporting me on patreon

you can get access to a bunch of

benefits there

one of which being a private discord

community where

patrons can ask for help and share ideas

anyways thanks for watching and until

next time