Pengertian Geografi dan Sejarah Perkembangan Ilmu Geografi/ Geografi Kelas X (10) SMA

Summary

This video delves into the fascinating evolution of geography, from its ancient roots to modern-day applications. It covers geography's origins, defined by Eratosthenes, and traces its development through classical, medieval, modern, and late 19th-20th century phases. Key figures like Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, and Copernicus are highlighted for their contributions. The video also discusses the rise of geographical studies in Indonesia, from early exploration to academic advancements post-independence. With a focus on how geography evolved to solve human problems today, the video also introduces critical geographical theories, including determinism and possibilism.

Takeaways

• 😀 Geography is the study of the Earth's surface and the activities of humans, nature, and other living things.
• 😀 The word 'Geography' comes from two Greek words: 'Geo' meaning Earth and 'Graphia' meaning picture or writing.
• 😀 The term 'Geography' was coined by the Greek scientist Eratosthenes in 276-194 BC, who also calculated the Earth's circumference with impressive accuracy.
• 😀 Geography studies both human and natural phenomena, including the distribution and interaction of these phenomena across space.
• 😀 The development of geography is divided into five eras: Classical Geography, Medieval Geography, Modern Geography, Late 19th Century Geography, and Modern Geography today.
• 😀 Classical Geography (600 BC - 400 BC) was influenced by mythology and folklore, where natural phenomena were often attributed to gods or supernatural forces.
• 😀 During the Classical era, the first maps were created using the Periplus technique, which listed ports and coastlines for navigation.
• 😀 Key figures in Classical Geography include Eratosthenes (the Father of Geography), Herodotus, and Anaximander, who contributed significantly to geographic knowledge.
• 😀 Medieval Geography (1000-1500 AD) saw rapid development through Arabic scholars who expanded on Greek and Roman knowledge, including innovations in map-making and geography.
• 😀 Modern Geography emerged in the 19th century as a more scientific discipline, focusing on both physical and human geography, including political geography and the study of the Earth's surface in universities.
• 😀 The 19th and 20th centuries introduced the concepts of determinism and possibilism in geography, with determinism arguing that humans are bound by their environment, and possibilism suggesting humans can alter their environment to meet their needs.
• 😀 Modern Geography today focuses on solving practical problems using advanced technology and quantitative methods, including innovations like Google Maps.
• 😀 Geography in Indonesia developed through three main stages: before colonialism, during colonialism, and after independence. Key figures include Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, and colonial-era scholars.

Q & A

What is the definition of geography?

Geography is the science that studies the Earth's surface and the activities occurring on it, including both physical nature and socio-economic activities involving humans and other living organisms.

Who is credited with coining the term 'geography'?

The term 'geography' was first coined by the Greek scientist Eratosthenes around 276 to 194 BC. He defined geography and also calculated the Earth's circumference.

What was Eratosthenes' significant contribution to geography?

Eratosthenes is known for calculating the Earth's circumference, which he estimated to be around 250,000 km, and for being one of the first to propose that the Earth is round.

How does geography as a science differ in Indonesia's context?

In Indonesia, geography was initially referred to as 'earth science,' but after independence, it was officially renamed 'geography' starting in 1963 with the establishment of the Faculty of Geography at Gadjah Mada University.

What is the significance of the Periplus technique in classical geography?

The Periplus technique was used in classical geography for map-making by drawing coastlines and listing ports, which helped sailors navigate by estimating distances between strategic locations.

What were the main characteristics of classical geography?

Classical geography, which existed between 600 BC and 400 BC, was heavily influenced by mythology and folklore, with natural phenomena explained through supernatural beliefs rather than scientific reasoning.

How did medieval geography contribute to the development of geography?

Medieval geography, which spanned from 1000 to 1500 AD, saw significant advancements through Arab discoveries and European exploration, helping to expand the geographical knowledge beyond Greek and Roman mythology.

What is the difference between determinism and possibilism in geography?

Determinism suggests that human life is shaped and restricted by the environment, while possibilism argues that humans can alter and influence the environment to meet their needs.

What advancements marked modern geography in the 19th and 20th centuries?

During the 19th and 20th centuries, geography focused more on the study of physical elements like climate, plants, and animals, with less emphasis on human geography. Two schools of thought, determinism and possibilism, emerged during this period.

Who are some prominent figures in the development of modern geography?

Prominent figures in modern geography include Richard Hartshorne, who contributed to the study of regions, and Immanuel Kant, who is known as the 'Father of Political Geography.' These scholars helped shape geography as a complete and scientific discipline.