Magisterial Lectures | Ambeth Ocampo - Rizal Without the Overcoat

Summary

This lecture explores the multifaceted life of Philippine national hero Jose Rizal, beyond the iconic overcoat, through the lens of personal research spanning four decades. It delves into Rizal's humanity, humor, and the cultural impact of his legacy, challenging the one-dimensional portrayals in monuments and textbooks. The speaker encourages a nuanced understanding of Rizal by engaging with his writings and personal artifacts, emphasizing the importance of recognizing his relatable humanity in appreciating his greatness.

Takeaways

• 🗝️ The lecture aims to present a more nuanced view of Jose Rizal, a national hero of the Philippines, beyond the traditional image often depicted.
• 🧥 Rizal's iconic image wearing a heavy winter coat in the tropics was a humorous point raised by the lecturer's father, sparking a lifelong curiosity about Rizal.
• 📚 The book 'Rizal Without the Overcoat' encourages readers to see Rizal from a different perspective and has been influential for over three decades.
• 🗝️ Rizal's overcoat in Indonesia is due to the Swiss origin of the monument, highlighting the influence of context on how historical figures are represented.
• 👕 There is a debate about whether Rizal wore Filipino clothes, with evidence suggesting he did wear a barong tagalog and other traditional attire.
• 🎩 A unique 'salakot' (traditional Filipino hat) made of carabao horn and silver in a museum is a personal relic that connects the lecturer to Rizal.
• 🏛 Monuments around the world honor Rizal, but their ubiquity can lead to them being overlooked and the stories they represent being forgotten.
• 🤔 The lecture emphasizes the importance of questioning and curiosity in understanding history and the human aspects of heroes like Rizal.
• 📖 Rizal's writings are extensive but often overlooked; the lecturer suggests that reading Rizal's original works can offer deeper insights into his humanity.
• 🎭 Rizal is depicted in various ways in art and monuments, sometimes humorously, showing that heroes can be relatable and have a lighter side.
• 💡 The lecture concludes by reflecting on the relevance of heroes like Rizal in contemporary times, suggesting that their humanity makes them relatable and inspiring.

Q & A

Why does the speaker's father's question about Rizal's winter coat have a significant impact on the speaker's life?

The question sparked the speaker's curiosity and interest in history, leading to a lifelong career in research and public history, as it encouraged him to ask 'why' instead of simpler questions that have one answer.

What is the main argument the speaker makes about Rizal's representation in the book 'Rizal Without the Overcoat'?

The speaker argues that Rizal should be viewed beyond the traditional, formal representations and that questioning these representations can offer a more nuanced understanding of Rizal as a person and a national hero.

Why does Rizal wear a heavy winter overcoat in the Indonesian monument?

Rizal wears a heavy winter overcoat in the Indonesian monument because it was made by a Swiss sculptor in Switzerland, where a coat was necessary for the climate, not a traditional Filipino barong tagalog.

What does the speaker find significant about the 'salah' mentioned in Rizal's letters?

The 'salah' is significant because it shows Rizal's connection to Filipino culture, as he wore it during a carnival in Madrid, drawing attention and making him wish he had brought more Filipino attire.

What did the speaker discover about the 'salah' made of carabao horn and silver in the Berlin Ethnographic Museum?

The speaker discovered that the 'salah' was part of a collection of items Rizal sent to the museum, and it was a personal item of Rizal, marked with 'esgehert mir' (this is mine) in German, making it a 'holy relic' to the speaker.

Why do the speaker and others find the monuments of Rizal around the world interesting?

The monuments are interesting because they represent Rizal in various ways, some more traditional and others more unique or unusual, which can lead to discussions and a deeper understanding of Rizal's impact and legacy.

What is the problem the speaker identifies with monuments?

The problem is that while monuments are erected to make people remember, they often have the opposite effect, causing people to see but not notice them, leading to the fossilization of heroes and a disconnect from their humanity.

Why does the speaker believe that reading Rizal's original works is important?

Reading Rizal's original works is important because it allows people to connect with Rizal's humanity and understand his thoughts and experiences directly, without the barriers of translation or interpretation.

What is the significance of the photograph of Rizal with other Filipinos in Paris?

The photograph is significant because it is one of the latest images of Rizal to come to light and shows him in a casual, social setting with other notable Filipinos, humanizing him and providing a rare glimpse into his personal life.

How does the speaker suggest we should remember and appreciate Rizal?

The speaker suggests that we should remember and appreciate Rizal by reading his works, understanding his humanity, and recognizing the Filipino capacity for greatness that he embodied.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Unveiling Rizal Beyond the Overcoat

This paragraph introduces the speaker's lifelong journey to understand the national hero of the Philippines, Jose Rizal, beyond the traditional iconography. The speaker recounts his childhood curiosity sparked by his father's humorous question about Rizal's winter coat in the tropics, which led to a career in public history. The paragraph highlights the speaker's 40-year research culminating in the book 'Rizal Without the Overcoat,' which challenges the conventional portrayal of Rizal. It discusses the origins of Rizal's heavy coat, the significance of his clothing, and the discovery of Rizal's personal items, including a unique 'salakot' hat, in a museum, emphasizing the human aspect of the national hero.

05:02

🗿 Monuments and the Myth of Rizal

The second paragraph delves into the role of monuments in shaping our understanding of history and heroes, specifically focusing on Rizal. It discusses the global presence of Rizal monuments and their varying depictions, from the simple to the extravagant. The speaker points out the irony that while monuments are intended to foster remembrance, they can lead to oblivion as people become desensitized to their presence. The paragraph also touches on the commercialization of Rizal's image on various products and the disconnect between the public's perception and the historical Rizal, urging a deeper engagement with the real person behind the monument.

10:02

👤 Humanizing the National Hero

In this paragraph, the speaker emphasizes the importance of viewing Rizal as a human being rather than an untouchable icon. Through personal anecdotes and interactions with Rizal's descendants, the speaker uncovers intimate details about Rizal's life, such as his sense of humor and personal effects like a rosary. The paragraph also highlights the speaker's research findings, including a fingerprint on a letter and a potential DNA source, reminding us of Rizal's humanity. It also touches on the public's limited knowledge of Rizal's personal life and the need to appreciate him as a relatable figure.

15:03

🎭 The Paradox of Rizal's Fame and Obscurity

The fourth paragraph explores the paradox of Rizal's widespread recognition and simultaneous obscurity. It discusses how Rizal's image is ubiquitous in Philippine culture, from currency to various consumer products, yet his writings and true legacy are often overlooked. The speaker reflects on surveys showing the public's varying perceptions of Rizal and the need to engage with his original works to understand his significance. The paragraph also addresses the disconnect between Rizal's wishes for a simple commemoration and the extravagant celebrations that take place in his honor.

20:04

🌟 Celebrating Rizal's Humanity and Greatness

The final paragraph concludes the speaker's reflections on Rizal's legacy, advocating for a more profound understanding of Rizal through his writings. It emphasizes that Rizal's greatness lies in his humanity and ability to overcome challenges, which makes him relatable and inspirational. The speaker also contemplates the changing nature of heroes and the importance of recognizing the human aspects of those we idolize. The paragraph ends with a call to action to read Rizal's works to truly appreciate his impact on the nation.

Keywords

💡Rizal

Rizal refers to Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, known for his significant role in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. In the video's theme, Rizal is portrayed not just as a historical figure but as a human being with depth and complexity. The script mentions Rizal's various representations in monuments, literature, and popular culture, emphasizing the need to understand him beyond the conventional hero narrative.

💡Monuments

Monuments in the script symbolize the commemoration of historical figures and events. They are physical representations that are meant to inspire remembrance and reverence. The video discusses how monuments of Rizal can be found worldwide and how they often depict him in a formal attire, which can lead to a fossilized perception of him, detached from his humanity. Examples include the Lunetta monument and the various depictions of Rizal in different countries.

💡Humanity

Humanity in this context refers to the quality of being human, with all the attendant emotions, flaws, and characteristics that make a person relatable and real. The video script emphasizes the importance of recognizing Rizal's humanity to make him more relatable and to understand his greatness not in spite of his imperfections, but because of them. It contrasts the common serious depictions of Rizal with instances that show his humor and everyday life.

💡Overcoat

The overcoat is a recurring motif in the script, symbolizing the conventional and sometimes misleading representations of Rizal. It is mentioned that Rizal is often depicted wearing a heavy winter coat, even in tropical climates, which is an oddity that the speaker's father pointed out. This detail serves as a metaphor for the layers of interpretation and myth that can obscure the true understanding of historical figures.

💡Barong Tagalog

Barong Tagalog is a traditional Filipino garment worn by men. In the script, it is mentioned that despite Rizal being commonly depicted in a coat, there are instances where he is shown wearing a Barong Tagalog, such as in a Philippine postage stamp. This reflects the cultural significance of the attire and the desire to connect Rizal to his Filipino roots.

💡Salah

Salah is a traditional Filipino hat made of woven palm leaves. The script recounts a story where Rizal wore a Salah during a carnival in Madrid, which attracted attention and led him to wish he had brought more traditional Filipino clothing. This anecdote highlights Rizal's connection to his Filipino heritage and the cultural significance of traditional attire.

💡Commercialization

Commercialization refers to the process of making something into a commodity for widespread distribution and sale. The script discusses how Rizal's image and name have been used in various products and brands, from cigarettes to banks, indicating the extent to which his legacy has been commercialized and integrated into everyday life in the Philippines.

💡Fossilized

Fossilized in the script is used metaphorically to describe how historical figures like Rizal can become fixed in the public's perception, losing their dynamic and human qualities. The term is used to critique the way monuments and textbooks often present a static image of Rizal, making it harder for people to connect with his humanity and complexity.

💡Research

Research in this context is the systematic investigation and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The speaker emphasizes the importance of ongoing research in understanding Rizal more fully, revealing new insights about his life and character, and challenging established narratives.

💡Cultural Relatability

Cultural relatability refers to the ability of individuals to identify with aspects of a culture or the experiences of others within that culture. The script suggests that by understanding Rizal's humanity and his relatable experiences, such as humor and daily life, we can better appreciate his significance as a national hero and as a representation of Filipino capacity for greatness.

💡Deepfake

Deepfake is a term used to describe AI-generated synthetic media where a person's likeness is superimposed onto another's body or face. The script mentions the potential for deepfakes in historical imagery, such as making old photos of Rizal move, which raises questions about authenticity and the manipulation of historical narratives.

Highlights

The speaker aims to present a more nuanced view of Jose Rizal, a national hero of the Philippines, beyond the traditional iconography.

A childhood question about Rizal's heavy coat in the tropics sparked the speaker's lifelong curiosity and research.

Rizal's overcoat in monuments is attributed to the Swiss origins of the sculptor, emphasizing the influence of context on historical representation.

Rizal's personal attire, including a barong tagalog and a salakot, reveals a blend of Filipino and international influences.

The discovery of Rizal's personal effects, such as clothing and a salakot, humanizes the historical figure and provides intimate connections to his life.

Monuments of Rizal worldwide reflect a global recognition of his significance but also the risk of reducing him to a static symbol.

The speaker critiques the common depiction of Rizal in monuments, suggesting that they can lead to a forgetting of the complexity of his life.

Rizal's humanity is emphasized through personal artifacts like a rosary and handwritten letters, inviting a deeper understanding of his character.

The speaker recounts meeting Rizal's descendants and learning about his personal life, which adds layers to the public persona of the hero.

Rizal's writings, including his deathbed instructions, reveal his personal wishes and the gap between his desires and how he is commemorated.

The speaker discusses the commercialization of Rizal's image on various products, indicating the extent of his presence in Filipino culture.

Rizal's image on currency is examined, with the speaker questioning the significance of his placement on the one peso coin.

Survey results about Filipinos' knowledge and recognition of national heroes highlight a potential disconnect between the public and historical figures.

The speaker argues for the importance of reading Rizal's original works to truly understand his thoughts and character.

Rizal's humanity and imperfections are presented as what make him relatable and inspiring, rather than an idealized figure.

The use of technology to bring Rizal's image to life, such as moving pictures and deepfake apps, raises questions about the authenticity of historical representation.

The lecture concludes by emphasizing the importance of seeing Rizal as a human being who overcame challenges, thereby inspiring the audience to recognize the Filipino capacity for greatness.

Transcripts

[Music]

filipinos know jose result as the face

on a coin

a figure in a monument a name on a

street or a textbook

in this lecture i want to show you

result without the overcoat

a result i have come to know and love

following four decades of research

i hope to persuade you not to overlook

result but to give him

a second more nuanced look

when i was a boy my father took me to

lunetta and introduced me to the

national hero

he then asked a question that changed my

life

why does result wear a heavy winter coat

in the tropics

little did he know that by adding humor

to the day's history lesson

my father planted a seed that grew into

the public historian i

am today instead of asking who

what where when and how simple questions

that lead to one answer

he asked why that required some

explanation

why was tricky open-ended and generated

more follow-up questions than

answers in retrospect that question

opened the natural curiosity that has

fueled a life of research

leading to 40 books the most memorable

being

result without the overcoat that has

been in print for the past three decades

that's actually older than many of my

students

overcoat encouraged readers to see

result from another angle

in the beginning the book was resisted

by those who prefer the old result

to question this was deemed reverent

disrespectful

unpatriotic writing about result taught

me

that questions can sometimes be more

important than

answers that learning like life is a

journey

not a destination result wears a heavy

winter overcoat in indonesia

because the monument was made in

switzerland by a swiss sculptor

we see it here in the alps in the

background

photographed before shipment to manila

rizal

needed a coat not a barong tagalog in

switzerland

so this leads us to the second question

which is did the national hero of the

philippines

wear filipino clothes all his

photographs show him wearing a coat

but that is it didn't stop the

philippine post from issuing a stamp of

result

wearing a beautifully embroidered barong

tagalog

in his letters we actually see a

reference

that says that rizal wore his barongasa

in the carnival in madrid in 1883

and it drew so much attention that rizal

actually said

i wish i had brought my salah this

little historical reference stayed in my

mind for many years it was just there

and then some years ago while we were

going through

material in the berlin ethnographic

museum this comment of result became

relevant again in an unpublished

unknown letter of result he sent a

packing list

of objects that he sent to this museum

and the collection includes a lot of

clothing

including a pina barone and also a

woman's

pina outfit but of all the things in

that

museum what really struck me

was a salahu made of carabao horn and

silver

that i had held reverently resisting the

overwhelming urge to try it on to be

photographed

this hat was merely a curious

19th century hat from the philippines to

the german

curators but to me it meant something

else

because in the packing list rizal wrote

one salacoat

of horn and silver and he wrote in

german

esgehert mir this is mine

therefore this salakot was a holy relic

to me

this is one example that this year 2021

160 years since result's birth or 125

years since his death

result is far from old hat only the

disinterested can claim that anything

and everything on resale

is already known i have been studying

results since i was in college

and discover new things about him every

day because i continue to ask

questions so today we will look at

monuments

what do monuments teach us about history

what do monuments teach us about heroes

what the monuments teach us about result

all over the world you will find result

monuments not many people know

that in madrid there is an exact replica

of the lunetta monument in what is

called the avenida de filipinas

in xinjiang fujian province in the

people's republic of china

you also have another result monument

which was built on a rice field

that is close to the town where results

ancestors came from

all over the world you will find it i've

seen him resale in honolulu

i've seen him in canada i've seen him in

tokyo i've seen him in singapore

all these monuments show result in his

code

but if you will go back to history and

we go back to the very first

result monument in marines norte

which was unveiled in december 30 1899

you will realize that this is just squat

obelisk it has no human figure

but this shows us that that early that

filipinos considered rizal

their hero long before the americans

encouraged it

so monuments are representations of

people

and historical events these endure

because of nobility of material

they are made in stone cement bronze and

marble

and so we have things very elaborate

like this one in binyan laguna

this wedding cake fantasy in zamboanga

this one in dumaguete that even has a

clock

or something simple with just results

face

in burnham park in baguio the problem

with monuments is while they are erected

to make people remember

they often have the opposite effect they

make

people forget when monuments become so

common

people see but do not notice them when

this happens

heroes are fossilized requiring

more effort for us to resurrect them in

our mind

and to make them flesh and blood like

you and me in our slides look at this

you will see

result in a wedding cake he's wearing

white but it doesn't have

he doesn't have his wife on the wedding

cake my students say that maybe

he's wearing white because they didn't

want him to wear the iconic black

or maybe they thought the overcoat was a

lap gown

another image shows him wearing gray

because it is the middle

between black and white and i've

actually seen him wear

screaming red in santa barbara iloilo

there is a very

interesting monument where rizal is

flanked by four different figures

and the city tourism officer of of santa

barbara

couldn't tell me what it was all about

she just laughed nervously and said

ang alampuna minjan rissal and friends

and i asked

sinopoulou being friends yeah and she

couldn't answer so i got off looked at

the

friends and i was able to identify

marcelo del pilar pedro paterno and two

others who i cannot remember now and i

told them

but this shows you that even people who

are living

in the shadow of a monument sometimes do

not know

what these monuments mean or what they

are supposed to tell us

so when you go to valenzuela city you

will find this

let us dance result which nobody can

explain

to me and the most amazing is in

katbalog and summer

it used to be no one used to notice it

when it was plain and whitewashed

but when it was painted showing result

being carried on his books by three

naked men

it went viral and later people had to

explain

that the three naked men actually

represented

luzon visayas and mindanao

monuments and textbook history have

fossilized results so much that we tend

to forget that he was human

and i was fortunate to see results

rosary when i was in high school

it was donated by father jose cruz a

descendant from rizal's sister maria

who happened to be president of the

university i guess the rosary was

displayed to make students more

prayerful but its effect on me

was to see result first as a man

and second as a hero not the other way

around

after college i interviewed other

descendants i met

carmen guerrero khrushnakil who married

into the result family during the war

and passed on to me what she heard

firsthand from the hero's sister

maria rizal i met the descendants of

paciano

and narcissa narcissist in los banos in

the home

of results brother the white man here in

this photograph

is not a relative is actually results

british biographer

austin coates from them i learned to

refer

to result as lolo jose not because i was

a relation or pretended to be one

but because the national hero can be

seen as the father or grandfather of the

nation

our lolo whom we should all appreciate

with affection

and understanding some years ago i went

to the lopez museum

to evaluate the result collection and i

asked one of my students to come with me

and we measured

all of the handwritten letters result

and i looked at it not just for the

content

i looked at the size i looked at the

condition of paper but there were some

things that were strange like

this one actually shows uh what looked

like

a lip mark so result must have kissed

the piece of paper

and then i looked at all the smudges now

in this other paper you will look in the

back

and it just looks like any old smudge

but if you look

very closely with the magnifying glass

you will see that it is a fingerprint

this is the closest we can get to being

with the real

result and some of my friends actually

asked where are the letter envelopes and

i said why

why do you need them they're not there

because if rizal had sealed it with his

tongue

that means that we have his dna and we

can actually clone him

so when you see this this all makes us

think and should remind us that resal is

actually human and how do we see that

you ask yourself

did risa laugh did result smile we have

many photographs of him but

there's none of him laughing and all we

have is this one with half a smile

but just to show you that result had a

sense of humor

in the national library there is this

drawing of result

which is not reproduced in our textbooks

because it depicts a farting man

and we cannot have a national hero of

the philippines drawing a farting man

but this shows you that rizal had a

healthy

sense of humor in my research i saw this

photograph

supposedly of aguinaldo and his family

but it was

grainy so i know i didn't mind it but

some years ago in the library of

congress

i saw the same photograph and very

clearly

it was a picnic that was taken in paris

sometime in 1889

and in this picture when you look very

closely you will see

jose rizal with the other filipinos and

we know it is paris because we see here

juan luna

his ill-fated wife past pardo de tavera

we see that they even had ayaya taking

care of them

you see here nelly bowstead and adeline

about that who are romantically

linked to result so where is rizal

rissal is in the center of the picture

a bit blurred because he probably moved

when the picture was taken

so this is the latest picture of result

that has come to light which we did not

know about before

this picture is also interesting because

it shows you

in luna studio they had themselves

photographed behind an

empty picture frame from left to right

you have felix hidalgo juan luna

pardo de tavera another picture

shows us result playing a flute and

you i can identify luna you can identify

hidalgo

and there's a pinoy in the back who i

cannot identify

but again we see them having fun

now also in luna's studio once they

wanted to play

and reenact luna's painting the death of

cleopatra

so luna played the dead geopatra and

seated in front

as a scribe is jose rizal so he put

a funny thing on his head and you see

that that's not the first time

in this other photograph he wore a piano

shawl or a manton de manila on his head

the last picture that i will show you

you will never see in our

textbooks because it shows our heroes

eating

from left to right rizal felix hidalgo

pardo de tavera luna

and a guy in the back who is francisco

ramirez but my students

simply call him the waiter now in the

next picture you will see that part of

the tavera is on the ground

the waiter has joined them and results

going to throw

either an orange or a hard bread roll

they posed for this

they laughed when they had this and we

will never see this in our textbooks

because the heroes don't look heroic

enough

but this shows you that they were

ordinary young men like you and me

people who had fun and people who also

knew

the time to be serious but why is it

result

always serious he doesn't smile from us

on the one peso point

and it makes people ask is result worth

less

than rojas on the 100 pesos for the

three people in the 1000

peso bill result is on the one peso coin

because it is the basic unit of currency

he is our national hero but more the

national

hero this man was a brand and a brand

name

he was on cigarettes before and

cigars and today he's on t-shirts with

his

raven eyeglasses when i was researching

i found so many pre-war

cigarettes with the picture of rissal on

them

so if you have cigarettes that means you

need matches

and in my childhood the most famous

matches were called result matches

the san miguel corporation used to have

a cerveza result which has been

discontinued and i wonder why

and you wonder when you build a house

you need result cement

if you need to fund the house maybe you

can take a loan from the result

commercial

and banking corporation you have him on

the name

of a stadium the most modern theater in

makati in the 60s was called result

theater it was torn down and it's now

the makati shangri-la

so what you see here is that result is

in

our lives from womb to tomb you can be

born

in a result hospital and when you die

you can be put

in area result so what you actually see

here is that result is everywhere

but nowhere but how do we take him do we

remember him

in 2011 sws

asked a question uh who are the

people who are considered genuine

filipino heroes

jose rizal got 75

andres bonifacio got 34 to the great

dismay of our friends from diliman

but you will see here you have benigno

aquino cory aquino

aquino all we need is chris and bimbi

and we complete the set

there are pulse asia the other

company asked to your knowledge who is

the national hero of the philippines

number one is jose

salad 82 number two was manny pacquiao

but that's only 2.8 percent and you

wonder how they did this survey because

there's 2.1 who don't know who the

national hero

is and there were 3.6 who did not even

answer

but the thing here is when you think of

national heroes in 2011 who did they

think were heroes

and i'm sure today this will give us

different

names but what should we remember we

should remember that result's greatest

misfortune

was to become national hero of the

philippines because his national hero we

see him

but we don't notice him he wrote a lot

for a nation that does not read him he

left twenty five volumes of writing for

ambet okampo to read but nobody reads it

and if resale is read at all he's read

in translation

very bad translation or inaccurate which

means that we are separated from our

past

because of language and to give you an

example

this is results death bed

instructions what were the what was the

family to do

when he died now when you look at it

he said i prefer pang bundo that's

cemeterio del norte we buried him in

lunetta

bury me in the ground they put him under

a monument put a tombstone and cross

over my grave they put monument

on top of it it says my tombstone is

simple my name

date of birth date of death nothing more

they put

whole text they said if you want to

fence my grave you can put a fence

that's the only thing we followed

worse he said no anniversaries please

and for nine years as chair of the

historical commission

i would accompany the president of the

philippines in laying a wreath

to a man who told us not to celebrate

any

anniversaries at all so what we have to

remember

is that we have to get to know result by

reading result

and nobody but scholars reads him but

he's there and we should read him

and when we read him we will realize

that result was great

because result was human and viscose

result

was not perfect just recently during the

pandemic i found out

that with an app we can actually make

results

old picture move and this picture is

quite interesting because it's quite

scary because

result will move and there's a new app

that can make us

change our put our picture into an

archival picture like

you have result but now you can put

pacquiao's picture on results head

so this gives us the opportunity for

fake news or deep fake news

so the thing that we have to remember

today is

why are our heroes male old

and dead is here history and hero is him

irrelevant today do we still still have

heroes today

i like to think that we still have them

but they don't look like result in his

overcoat anymore

he looks more fancy with better hair and

better glasses

so i think the best way that we should

remember result is to read him

because reading result makes us see him

lame

imperfect human this doesn't pull him

down from the pedestal

but actually makes him relatable to us

who see

in him someone who transcended

challenges and became the best that he

could be

with or without an overcoat rizal

remains national hero of the philippines

he inspires not because he was shot for

writing two novels that nobody reads

result inspires because by seeing him

playing

we recognize in his humanity the

filipino capacity for greatness

[Music]

you