TEORIAS DA APRENDIZAGEM (PARTE1) Empirismo x Inatismo x Racionalismo x Behaviorismo

Summary

This video explores the evolution of learning theories, from ancient Greek philosophers to 20th-century psychological movements. It discusses Plato's theory of innatism, which suggests that knowledge is inherent, and contrasts it with Aristotle's empiricism, which emphasizes learning through sensory experience. The video further covers Descartes' rationalism, behaviorism's focus on external stimuli, and the later development of constructivism. By tracing these philosophical perspectives, the video provides a comprehensive overview of how our understanding of learning has evolved through the centuries.

Takeaways

• 😀 The debate over whether humans are born with innate potentialities or if they develop through experience has been ongoing for centuries.
• 😀 Plato's theory of innate knowledge posits that people are born with dormant knowledge that must be organized to become true knowledge, with teachers helping students access it.
• 😀 Aristotle opposed Plato's ideas, arguing that knowledge comes from external reality and is absorbed through the senses. He described the mind as a 'blank slate.'
• 😀 The theory of empiricism, supported by philosophers like Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes, emphasizes that knowledge comes from external experiences and is acquired through senses.
• 😀 Nativism asserts that children are born with innate qualities, and education facilitates psychological evolution from within, with minimal teacher interference.
• 😀 In contrast, the behaviorist approach, influenced by the ideas of John Watson and B.F. Skinner, suggests that human behavior is shaped entirely by environmental influences and experiences.
• 😀 The 'Law of Effect' by Edward Thorndike states that behaviors followed by rewards tend to be repeated, while behaviors followed by punishment are less likely to occur.
• 😀 Watson was a key figure in environmentalism and behavioral psychology, coining terms related to behaviorism and advancing its concepts.
• 😀 Skinner expanded on behaviorist theories with operant conditioning, where behaviors are reinforced through rewards, leading to learned associations between actions and outcomes.
• 😀 The 20th century introduced the constructivist perspective, which opposes the extremes of nativism and empiricism, suggesting that knowledge is both an internal and external process, shaped by interaction.

Q & A

What is Plato's theory of knowledge?

Plato's theory, known as Innatism, asserts that knowledge is inherent and present within every individual from birth. He believed that learning is the process of organizing this innate knowledge to become true understanding, rather than acquiring new knowledge from the external world.

How does Aristotle's theory of knowledge differ from Plato's?

Aristotle opposed Plato's view by suggesting that knowledge comes from sensory experiences. He believed the mind begins as a 'blank slate' (tabula rasa), and knowledge is acquired through interactions with the external world via the senses, as opposed to being pre-existing in the mind.

What role do teachers play in Aristotle's theory of learning?

In Aristotle's view, teachers are crucial in transmitting knowledge that is gathered through sensory experiences. The teacher's role is to guide students in absorbing external knowledge, using repetition and imitation as tools for learning.

What does the theory of behaviorism propose about knowledge acquisition?

Behaviorism suggests that knowledge is acquired through environmental stimuli. It emphasizes the role of external factors and argues that human behavior can be shaped by rewards and punishments. Learning, according to this view, is about conditioning responses to stimuli.

Who are the key figures associated with the development of behaviorism?

Key figures in the development of behaviorism include Edward Thorndike, who formulated the Law of Effect, John Watson, who introduced the term 'behaviorism,' and B.F. Skinner, who expanded on earlier behaviorist ideas and introduced operant conditioning.

What is the Law of Effect in behaviorism?

The Law of Effect, proposed by Edward Thorndike, states that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes tend to be repeated, while those followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This principle underpins the process of conditioning in behaviorism.

What is the concept of 'tabula rasa' in Aristotle's theory?

'Tabula rasa' refers to the idea that the human mind starts as a blank slate, with no inherent knowledge. According to Aristotle, knowledge is written onto this blank slate through sensory experiences, with learning being a process of absorbing external information.

How does Descartes' rationalism relate to Plato's innatism?

Descartes' rationalism is similar to Plato's innatism in that both assert that knowledge is innate and not acquired through sensory experience. Descartes believed that reasoning was an inborn capacity and that knowledge arises through intellectual reasoning rather than sensory input.

What is the significance of Descartes' phrase 'Cogito, ergo sum' in his theory of knowledge?

'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am') encapsulates Descartes' belief that the ability to think and reason is the foundation of existence and knowledge. He argued that reason, not sensory experience, is the primary source of knowledge.

What is the main idea of the constructivist theory of learning?

Constructivism, which emerged in the 20th century, proposes that knowledge is not solely internal or external, but rather constructed through an interaction between the individual and the environment. This theory emphasizes the active role of the learner in the knowledge-building process.