Sejarah Dan Kritik Demokrasi Dan Pemilu Menurut Socrates, Plato Dan Aristoteles

Ardhianzy
13 Feb 202420:33

Summary

TLDRThis script explores the origins and evolution of democracy, from its ancient Greek inception in Athens to modern representative democracies. It discusses the Athenian model of direct democracy, the influence of philosophers like Socrates and Plato who critiqued its potential for demagoguery and the 'tyranny of the majority,' and the Roman Republic's complex political system. The script also touches on the Magna Carta's significance, the spread of democratic ideals through revolutions, and the 20th-century expansion of voting rights and civil rights movements. It cautions against demagoguery and the manipulation of public opinion, advocating for informed and wise leadership in democracies, and suggests the 'philosopher-king' concept as an ideal for modern political leadership.

Takeaways

  • πŸ›οΈ Direct democracy was first practiced in ancient Athens, where citizens gathered to voice concerns and directly vote on laws and policies.
  • πŸŒͺ️ The turmoil of the Peloponnesian War led to a brief oligarchic rule in Athens, but democracy was restored within a year.
  • πŸ“‰ The rise of Macedonia and later Roman conquest introduced property ownership requirements, effectively excluding many common citizens from political participation.
  • πŸ›οΈ The Roman Republic featured a complex political system with the influential Senate and four assemblies, each with distinct roles and compositions.
  • πŸ“œ The Magna Carta was a pivotal document that limited the power of the English king, marking a significant step towards constitutional governance and democracy.
  • 🌱 The Enlightenment era fostered ideas of freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty, emphasizing the importance of human rights, social contracts, and consent-based governance.
  • πŸ—½ The American Declaration of Independence articulated the right to overthrow tyrannical governments, spreading democratic ideals and influencing subsequent revolutions.
  • πŸ“Š The 19th and 20th centuries saw the expansion of suffrage, the introduction of universal voting systems, and the establishment of democratic institutions globally.
  • πŸ‘₯ The struggle for women's suffrage and civil rights movements worldwide underscored the importance of inclusion and equality in democracy.
  • 🌐 Post-World War II, the establishment of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reinforced international norms regarding democratic governance and human rights.

Q & A

  • What was the initial form of democracy developed in ancient Athens?

    -The initial form of democracy developed in ancient Athens was direct democracy, where citizens would gather to express their concerns and opinions directly in front of city-state leaders and directly elect new laws and regulations.

  • How did the political situation during the Peloponnesian War impact Athenian democracy?

    -During the Peloponnesian War, there was turmoil that led to the establishment of an oligarchy in Athens. However, this oligarchy was overthrown within less than a year, and democracy was fully restored.

  • What was the role of the Macedonian conquest in shaping Athenian democracy?

    -The Macedonian conquest introduced property ownership requirements that effectively eliminated many ordinary citizens of Athens from the dΔ“mos, or the group of citizens entitled to political rights.

  • How did the Roman Republic's political system differ from the Athenian democracy?

    -The Roman Republic had a complex and unique political system involving an influential Senate and four assemblies, each with different roles and compositions. Unlike Athenian democracy, these assemblies were not sovereign, and the Senate, inherited from the previous monarchical era, continued to wield significant power.

  • What is the significance of the Magna Carta in the development of democracy and the rule of law?

    -The Magna Carta was a document that limited the power of the English king, stating that even the king must submit to written laws and rules within a constitution. It marked an important step in the development of the concept of constitutional government and democracy.

  • How did the American Declaration of Independence contribute to the spread of democratic ideals?

    -The Declaration of Independence, with its assertion of the right to overthrow tyrannical governance, became a significant document that helped disseminate democratic ideas and the concept of inalienable human rights.

  • What were the key developments in the 19th and 20th centuries that expanded democracy?

    -The 19th and 20th centuries saw the expansion of voting rights, the introduction of universal suffrage systems, and the establishment of democratic institutions in many countries. The struggle for women's suffrage and civil rights movements worldwide emphasized the importance of inclusion and equality in democracy.

  • How did the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights strengthen international norms regarding democratic governance?

    -The formation of the United Nations and the declaration of Universal Human Rights in 1948 reinforced international standards concerning democratic governance and the protection of human rights.

  • What criticisms did Socrates have towards Athenian democracy as described by Plato?

    -Socrates, as described by Plato, was critical of Athenian democracy because he believed that only individuals with deep knowledge and understanding of justice and goodness should be entrusted with leading or managing a state. He argued that decision-making should be based on skill and knowledge, not just instinct.

  • How did Plato's concept of the 'philosopher-king' propose to address the issues within democracy?

    -Plato's concept of the 'philosopher-king' suggested that the ideal rulers are those who have achieved a high level of knowledge and understanding, especially about eternal and perfect ideas, including the idea of goodness itself. These individuals, through rigorous education and upbringing, are prepared to understand the highest truths and thus can rule not for personal benefit but for the common good of society.

  • What was Aristotle's perspective on Plato's 'philosopher-king' concept?

    -Aristotle rejected Plato's 'philosopher-king' concept as too idealistic and impractical, arguing that it was nearly impossible to find or educate an ideal philosopher-king as described by Plato, and that even the wise could misuse absolute power and potentially become tyrants.

Outlines

00:00

πŸ›οΈ The Birth of Democracy in Ancient Greece

In the 5th and 4th centuries BC, before Greece was a unified nation and Athens was a collection of independent city-states, the citizens of Athens developed a form of government known as 'demokratia', which translates to 'power of the people' or 'rule by many'. This direct democracy was first realized in ancient Greek city-states like Athens, where citizens would gather to voice their concerns and opinions directly to city-state leaders and participate in the direct selection of new laws and regulations. However, during the turmoil of the Peloponnesian War, an oligarchy was established, which was short-lived and quickly replaced by the restoration of democracy in Athens. Later, the rise of Macedonia and subsequent Roman conquests introduced property ownership requirements that effectively excluded many common Athenians from political participation. The Romans, who had their own version of this concept called 'res publica', had a complex political system involving the influential Senate and four assemblies, each with different roles and compositions. Despite the collective representation of Roman citizens, these assemblies were not sovereign. The Roman Senate, an institution inherited from the previous monarchical era, continued to wield significant power.

05:05

πŸ“œ The Evolution of Democratic Thought and Its Critics

The Magna Carta, a document that limited the power of the English king, marked a significant step in the development of the concept of rule of law and democracy. It inspired subsequent revolutions that formed the basis of constitutional government and parliamentary rights, establishing principles against absolute monarchy and demanding that rulers obey the law of the land. The philosophy emphasized freedom, equality, and the sovereignty of the people, discussing and promoting ideas about human rights, social contracts, and government by consent, becoming a key milestone in the history of democracy. The American Declaration of Independence in 1776 declared the right to overthrow tyrannical governments, spreading democratic ideas. Despite periods of terror and chaos, the French Revolution contributed to the spread of democracy and human rights across Europe and the world. The 19th and 20th centuries saw the expansion of suffrage, the introduction of universal voting systems, and the establishment of democratic institutions in many countries. The struggle for women's suffrage and civil rights movements worldwide emphasized the importance of inclusion and equality in democracy. The victories of the Allies in World War II and the end of the Cold War paved the way for the spread of liberal democracy as the dominant form of government. The establishment of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 strengthened international norms regarding democratic governance and human rights.

10:05

πŸ€” The Critique of Democracy by Ancient Philosophers

Despite the positive developments in democracy, ancient Greek intellectuals, where democracy was first established, were not fond of the concept, especially its early form in Athens. Socrates, as portrayed by Plato in 'The Republic', was critical of Athenian democracy. Through a conversation with Adeimantus and the allegory of a ship, Socrates argues that only individuals with profound knowledge and understanding of justice and goodness should be entrusted with the responsibility of leading or managing a state. He emphasizes that choosing in an election is a skill, not merely following instinct. Plato further explains that in a democracy where everyone has an equal right to participate in decision-making, uninformed or less wise individuals can make decisions with the same power as those who are more informed or wise, potentially leading to decisions that are not in the public's best interest. Socrates warns that without a solid foundation in philosophical and moral thinking, democracy can easily slip into tyranny of the majority or demagoguery, where skilled speakers manipulate public opinion for personal or specific group interests. This was exemplified in Socrates' own trial, where an uneducated jury, influenced more by rhetoric and emotion than rationality and fact, found him guilty, highlighting the 'disaster of foolish voters'.

15:07

πŸ—³οΈ The Risks of Uneducated Democracy and the Rise of Demagoguery

Plato was concerned that in an uneducated democracy, decisions might not reflect wisdom or the best interests of society as a whole. He feared that decisions could be driven by the short-term interests of the majority, even at the expense of the rights and interests of minorities or the entire society. He believed that an uneducated democracy could lead to 'tyranny of the majority', where political power is used to satisfy the desires and interests of the majority, even if it's not always the wisest or fairest decision for the whole society. Aristotle, Plato's student, took a more empirical approach to analyzing forms of government. He studied various systems, including democracy and oligarchy, identifying their strengths and weaknesses. Aristotle warned that without clear limitations and principles, democracy could turn into 'tyranny of the majority', where the desires of the majority override everything, including the basic rights and justice for minorities. A healthy democracy should prevent situations where the majority uses its power to separate, expel, or harm minority groups. Ideally, a functioning democracy respects the interests and rights of all its citizens, regardless of their size or political power.

20:07

🌍 The Relevance of Philosopher-Kings in Modern Democracy

In his work, Plato proposed a solution to the problems of democracy with the concept of the 'philosopher-king', where he believed that individuals who have achieved a high level of knowledge and understanding, especially about eternal and perfect ideas, including goodness itself, are ideal for ruling. The philosopher-king is someone who has undergone long and rigorous education and upbringing, prepared to understand the highest truths and thus able to rule not for their personal benefit but for the common good of society. Plato argued that only with leaders possessing such knowledge and wisdom could society be governed justly and effectively. His system rejected the idea of democracy that gives power to the uneducated masses, favoring a philosophical aristocracy where the wisest rulers control political decisions. However, Aristotle rejected this solution as too idealistic and impractical due to the near impossibility of finding or educating an ideal philosopher-king as described by Plato, and their ability to rule effectively without becoming a tyrant. The concentration of power in the hands of one individual or a small group, even the wisest, can sometimes be misused. Nevertheless, the idealistic concept of the philosopher-king can still be creatively adopted in modern democracy, such as in Indonesia, by translating and implementing the concept in upcoming general elections, even if we cannot directly change the democratic system or create a position of philosopher-king.

Mindmap

Keywords

πŸ’‘Democracy

Democracy refers to a system of government where power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through elected representatives. In the context of the video, it is highlighted as a form of government that originated in ancient Greece, particularly in Athens, where citizens had the right to participate directly in decision-making. The script discusses the evolution of democracy from direct participation to representative forms, emphasizing its significance in modern governance and its challenges, such as the potential for demagoguery and the importance of an informed electorate.

πŸ’‘Direct Democracy

Direct democracy is a form of democracy where citizens make decisions directly, rather than through intermediaries or representatives. The video script mentions that ancient Athens practiced direct democracy, where citizens would gather to voice their concerns and directly vote on laws and policies. This concept is foundational to understanding the origins of democratic practices and the script uses it to contrast with modern representative democracies.

πŸ’‘Oligarchy

An oligarchy is a form of government where power is vested in a few individuals or a dominant class. The script refers to the establishment of an oligarchy during the turmoil of the Peloponnesian War, which temporarily replaced democracy in Athens. This keyword is crucial for understanding the shifts in power structures throughout history and the video uses the example to illustrate the resilience of democratic ideals in the face of authoritarianism.

πŸ’‘Macedonian Conquest

The Macedonian Conquest, led by Philip II and later his son Alexander the Great, had a profound impact on the Greek city-states, including Athens. The script mentions that the Macedonian rule introduced property ownership requirements that effectively disenfranchised many common citizens. This keyword is important for understanding how external conquests can alter the political landscape and the accessibility of democratic participation.

πŸ’‘Roman Republic

The Roman Republic was a period in the history of ancient Rome when the government was not ruled by a monarch but by elected representatives. The script discusses the Roman Republic as a political system that, while not a democracy in the modern sense, had elements of shared governance among its citizens. This keyword helps to broaden the understanding of democratic principles beyond the Greek context and into the Roman world.

πŸ’‘Magna Carta

The Magna Carta was a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England in 1215. It is considered a cornerstone in the development of constitutional law. The video script highlights the Magna Carta as a document that limited the power of the king, asserting that even the monarch was subject to the law. This keyword is significant for understanding the evolution of democratic principles and the concept of governance under the rule of law.

πŸ’‘Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence is a document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, that announced the thirteen American colonies' separation from Great Britain. The script refers to the Declaration as a pivotal document that spread democratic ideals and the right to overthrow tyrannical governance. This keyword is integral to the narrative of the video as it marks a significant step in the global spread of democratic principles.

πŸ’‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948 by the United Nations General Assembly, is a milestone document that proclaims the inalienable rights to which all members of the human family are entitled. The video script mentions this declaration as a reinforcement of international norms regarding democratic governance and human rights. This keyword is essential for understanding the post-World War II efforts to establish global standards for human rights and democracy.

πŸ’‘Demagoguery

Demagoguery is the manipulation of public opinion by a leader through appeals to emotion and prejudice, rather than through rational argument. The script discusses the dangers of demagoguery in ancient Athens and draws parallels to modern politics, where charismatic leaders can exploit public discontent for personal gain. This keyword is critical for understanding the potential pitfalls of democratic systems and the importance of vigilant and informed citizenship.

πŸ’‘Philosopher-King

The philosopher-king is a concept introduced by Plato, where the ideal ruler is a philosopher who possesses wisdom and virtue, and rules for the benefit of the state. The video script uses the philosopher-king as a counterpoint to the potential flaws in democracy, suggesting that only those with deep understanding and moral integrity should lead. This keyword is significant for exploring Plato's critique of democracy and his vision for an ideal form of governance.

πŸ’‘Aristotle's Analysis of Government

Aristotle's analysis of government is a systematic study of various forms of governance, including democracy and oligarchy, identifying their strengths and weaknesses. The script refers to Aristotle's empirical approach to understanding governance and his concerns about the potential for democracies to become tyrannies of the majority. This keyword is important for understanding the nuanced views on democracy and the need for checks and balances to protect minority rights.

Highlights

In the 5th and 4th centuries BC, before Greece was a unified nation, the citizens of Athens developed a system of government by the people that lasted nearly two centuries.

Democracy was first realized in the form of direct democracy, particularly in ancient Greek city-states like Athens.

In direct democracy, citizens gathered to express their concerns and opinions directly to city-state leaders and to directly elect new rules and laws.

The concept of democracy, where decisions are made by the people rather than rulers, began with this form of government.

During the turmoil of the Peloponnesian War in 411 BC, an oligarchy was established but was quickly overthrown within a year, and democracy was fully restored in Athens.

Later, the stronger northern neighbor, Macedonia, introduced property ownership requirements that effectively eliminated many common Athenians from the political process.

The Romans adopted a similar concept with the name 'Republic,' referring to a system owned by the Roman people.

The complex and unique Roman political system involved an influential Senate and four assemblies, each with different roles and compositions.

Despite collective representation of all Roman citizens, these assemblies were not sovereign, and the Senate maintained significant power throughout the Republic.

The Magna Carta was a document that limited the power of the English king, stating that even the king must obey written laws and constitutions.

The Magna Carta marked an important step in the development of the concept of rule of law and democracy.

The American Declaration of Independence in 1776 declared the right to overthrow tyrannical governments, spreading democratic ideas.

The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed the expansion of suffrage, the introduction of universal voting systems, and the establishment of democratic institutions in many countries.

The struggle for women's suffrage and civil rights movements around the world emphasized the importance of inclusion and equality in democracy.

The victory of the Allies in World War II and the end of the Cold War paved the way for the spread of liberal democracy as the dominant form of government.

The formation of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 strengthened international norms regarding democratic governance and human rights.

Despite the positive view of democracy today, the intellectual citizens of ancient Athens, where democracy was first established, did not overly favor the concept.

Socrates, as depicted by Plato, was critical of the Athenian democracy in 'The Republic,' using an allegory of a ship to symbolize the state.

Socrates emphasized that only individuals with deep knowledge and understanding of justice and goodness should be entrusted with leading or managing a state.

Plato argued that democracy could easily slip into 'tyranny of the majority,' where the uninformed or less wise are given the same power as the more informed or wise.

Aristotle took a more empirical approach to analyzing forms of government, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of democracy and oligarchy.

Aristotle was concerned that without clear limitations and principles, democracy could turn into 'tyranny of the majority,' where the desires of the majority override the rights and justice of the minority.

Indonesia, with its rich religious and cultural diversity, sometimes experiences the imposition of majority identity or cultural values onto minorities.

Demagoguery in ancient Athens was a concern, where a charismatic and wealthy individual could exert influence over the masses.

In modern democracies, representation by elected officials is intended to mitigate issues and trust that these representatives are more informed and capable of evaluating policy complexities.

Plato proposed the concept of the 'philosopher-king,' where the ideal ruler is one who has achieved a high level of knowledge and understanding, particularly of eternal and perfect ideas.

Aristotle rejected the philosopher-king concept as too idealistic and impractical, considering the difficulty of finding or educating such an individual and the potential for abuse of power.

Transcripts

play00:10

Selama abad ke-5 dan ke-4 SM,

play00:13

sebelum Yunani bukan sebuah negara,

play00:15

tetapi masih kumpulan kota independen,

play00:19

warga Athena mulai mengembangkan sistem pemerintahan rakyat yang hampir bertahan hampir dua abad,

play00:32

yang diterjemahkan sebagai kekuatan dari orang-orang atau bisa juga diartikan sebagai memerintah bersama,

play00:40

Demokrasi ini pertama kali diwujudkan dalam bentuk demokrasi langsung,

play00:43

terutama di kota-kota Yunani seperti Athena kuno,

play00:45

di mana rakyat berkumpul untuk menyampaikan kekhawatiran dan pendapat mereka secara langsung di depan para pemimpin kota-negara,

play00:52

serta secara langsung memilih aturan dan undang-undang baru.

play00:54

Ini dianggap sebagai titik awal demokrasi,

play00:57

di mana keputusan dibuat oleh rakyat,

play00:59

bukan oleh penguasa semata.

play01:01

Pada tahun 411 SM,

play01:03

di tengah kerusuhan yang dipicu oleh Perang Peloponnesia

play01:06

yang menghancurkan dan berkepanjangan antara Athena dan Sparta,

play01:13

dan mendirikan sebuah oligarki.

play01:15

Namun, dalam waktu kurang dari setahun,

play01:17

oligarki ini digulingkan dan demokrasi dipulihkan sepenuhnya di Athena.

play01:21

Sembilan dekade kemudian,

play01:27

negara tetangga yang lebih kuat di utara.

play01:29

Makedonia memperkenalkan syarat kepemilikan properti yang efektif mengeliminasi banyak warga biasa Athena dari dΔ“mos,

play01:36

atau kelompok warga negara yang berhak atas hak politik.

play01:44

akibat penaklukan oleh Romawi.

play01:46

Romawi sebelumnya juga mengadopsi konsep mirip dengan nama berbeda,

play01:49

yaitu Republik.

play01:58

mengacu pada sistem yang dimiliki oleh rakyat Romawi.

play02:01

Sistem politik Romawi yang kompleks dan unik melibatkan Senat yang berpengaruh dan empat majelis:

play02:11

yang masing-masing memiliki peran dan komposisi yang berbeda.

play02:14

Meskipun mereka secara kolektif mewakili semua warga negara Romawi,

play02:17

majelis-majelis tersebut tidak berdaulat.

play02:19

Sepanjang seluruh periode republik,

play02:21

Senat sebuah institusi yang diwarisi dari era sebelumnya dari monarki Romawi

play02:25

terus menjalankan kekuatan besar.

play02:27

Senator dipilih secara tidak langsung oleh Comitia Centuriata; selama monarki,

play02:31

mereka diambil secara eksklusif dari kelas patrician yang berprivilegi,

play02:35

meskipun kemudian,

play02:36

selama republik,

play02:37

anggota dari beberapa keluarga plebeian juga diakui.

play02:40

Setelah kehilangan kekuasaan dan pengaruhnya,

play02:42

bentuk awal demokrasi Yunani memudar,

play02:48

Magna Carta merupakan dokumen yang membatasi kekuasaan Raja Inggris,

play02:52

menyatakan bahwa bahkan raja harus tunduk pada hukum dan aturan yang tertulis dalam konstitusi,

play02:58

menandai sebuah langkah penting dalam perkembangan konsep pemerintahan berbasis hukum dan demokrasi.

play03:03

Dan ini menginspirasi revolusi-revolusi setelahnya,

play03:12

yang membentuk dasar konsep pemerintahan konstitutisuional dan hak-hak parlemen,

play03:16

menanamkan benih untuk ide-ide demokratis yang lebih modern

play03:19

dan menetapkan prinsip-prinsip yang menentang kekuasaan absolut monarki

play03:23

dan menuntut agar raja atau ratu mematuhi hukum negara.

play03:29

memperkuat dasar untuk demokrasi modern melalui filsafatnya yang menekankan kebebasan,

play03:33

kesetaraan,

play03:34

dan kedaulatan rakyat.

play03:38

membahas dan mempromosikan ide-ide tentang hak asasi manusia,

play03:42

kontrak sosial,

play03:43

dan pemerintahan oleh persetujuan yang diberikan.

play03:54

dengan penekanannya pada pembagian kekuasaan dan pemerintahan yang berdasarkan persetujuan dari yang diperintah,

play04:00

menjadi tonggak penting dalam sejarah demokrasi.

play04:03

Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1776,

play04:06

yang menyatakan hak untuk menggulingkan pemerintahan yang tirani,

play04:09

menjadi dokumen penting yang menyebarluaskan ide-ide demokratis.

play04:16

juga merupakan peristiwa penting dalam sejarah demokrasi,

play04:18

dengan semboyan

play04:22

yang menggema ke seluruh dunia.

play04:23

Meskipun revolusi tersebut mengalami periode teror dan kekacauan,

play04:27

ia berkontribusi pada penyebaran ide-ide demokrasi dan hak asasi manusia di seluruh Eropa dan bahkan dunia.

play04:33

Abad ke-19 dan ke-20 menyaksikan perluasan hak pilih,

play04:37

pengenalan sistem pemilihan umum,

play04:39

dan pembentukan institusi demokratis di banyak negara.

play04:42

Perjuangan hak suara perempuan dan gerakan hak sipil di berbagai belahan dunia

play04:46

menegaskan pentingnya inklusi dan kesetaraan dalam demokrasi.

play04:49

Pada abad ke-20,

play04:50

kemenangan sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II dan berakhirnya Perang Dingin

play04:54

membuka jalan bagi penyebaran demokrasi liberal sebagai bentuk pemerintahan yang dominan.

play04:58

Pembentukan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia pada tahun 1948

play05:04

memperkuat norma-norma internasional mengenai pemerintahan demokratis dan hak asasi manusia.

play05:10

Dan semua perkembangan ini membentuk pemikiran yang sangat positif di hati kita mengenai demokrasi,

play05:14

sampai-sampai pemimpin-pemimpin yang ingin memenangkan hati rakyat menggunakan kata demokrasi untuk kampanye-kampanye mereka.

play05:21

Namun,

play05:22

warga intelektual tempat dimana demokrasi ini pertama didirikan tidak terlalu menyukai konsep demokrasi ini,

play05:27

apalagi konsep awalnya yang berada di Athena,

play05:34

Semua pemikir paling berpengaruh yang pernah ada dalam sejarah.

play05:42

Socrates,

play05:43

dalam tulisan Plato,

play05:44

di buku 6 Republik,

play05:46

terlihat sangat membenci sistem demokrasi di Athena.

play05:48

Plato menggambarkan Socrates terlibat dalam percakapan dengan seorang karakter bernama Adeimantus

play05:53

dan mencoba membuatnya melihat cacat yang ada dalam demokrasi dengan membuat alegori kapal sebagai simbolisasi negara.

play06:00

Socrates bertanya,

play06:13

Adaimantus menjawab yang kedua,

play06:16

namun Socrates bertanya lagi,

play06:24

Dengan analogi ini,

play06:26

Socrates menunjukkan bahwa hanya individu yang memiliki pengetahuan dan pemahaman yang mendalam tentang keadilan dan kebaikan

play06:32

yang seharusnya diberi tanggung jawab untuk memimpin atau mengelola negara.

play06:35

Socrates menekankan bahwa memilih dalam sebuah pemilihan adalah keterampilan,

play06:39

bukan hanya mengikuti insting.

play06:41

Dan seperti tukang sepatu yang bisa membuat sepatu,

play06:43

atau tabib yang bisa menyembuhkan orang,

play06:45

keterampilan,

play06:46

perlu diajarkan secara sistematis kepada orang-orang.

play06:49

Plato menjelaskan lebih lanjut dalam tulisannya:

play08:41

Dalam sistem demokrasi,

play08:43

di mana setiap orang memiliki hak yang sama untuk berpartisipasi dalam proses pengambilan keputusan,

play08:47

Socrates melihat potensi masalah ketika individu yang tidak terinformasi atau kurang bijaksana

play08:53

diberikan kekuasaan yang sama dalam membuat keputusan seperti mereka yang lebih terinformasi atau bijaksana.

play08:58

Ini bisa berakibat pada keputusan yang tidak menguntungkan kesejahteraan publik secara keseluruhan.

play09:03

Dalam pandangannya,

play09:04

tanpa dasar pemikiran filosofis dan moral yang solid,

play09:07

demokrasi dapat dengan mudah tergelincir menjadi tirani mayoritas atau demagogi,

play09:11

di mana pemimpin yang pandai berbicara dapat memanipulasi opini publik untuk kepentingan pribadi atau kelompok tertentu.

play09:18

Dan konsekuensi ini juga terjadi pada Socrates sendiri,

play09:22

dimana dia mengalami dampak dari kebodohan para pemilih.

play09:27

dikarenakan tuduhan merusak pemikiran pemuda-pemuda Athena

play09:31

dan tidak menghormati dewa-dewa kota,

play09:33

sebuah juri dengan kurang lebih 500 orang Athena diundang untuk mempertimbangkan kasus tersebut,

play09:38

dan mayoritas mengatakan bahwa filsuf itu Socrates bersalah.

play09:42

Proses pengadilan ini dianggap sebagai contoh dari kegagalan demokrasi,

play09:47

dimana pemilih yang tidak terdidik atau mudah dipengaruhi oleh retorika dan emosi daripada rasionalitas dan fakta

play09:53

dapat membuat keputusan yang tidak adil atau bahkan merusak.

play09:57

Ini adalah β€œbencana dari kebodohan pemilh”.

play10:05

Plato mengkritik demokrasi dengan alasan bahwa jika kekuasaan diberikan kepada massa yang tidak terdidik,

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maka keputusan yang diambil mungkin tidak akan mencerminkan kebijaksanaan

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atau kepentingan terbaik masyarakat secara keseluruhan.

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Plato khawatir bahwa dalam sebuah demokrasi yang tidak terdidik,

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keputusan bisa saja didorong oleh kepentingan jangka pendek dari mayoritas,

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bahkan jika itu berarti mengorbankan hak dan kepentingan minoritas,

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atau bahkan keseluruhan masyarakat.

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Istilah yang sering digunakan untuk merangkum konsep ini adalah

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Plato percaya bahwa demokrasi yang tidak terdidik dapat memicu tirani mayoritas ini,

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di mana kekuasaan politik digunakan untuk memenuhi keinginan dan kepentingan sebagian besar penduduk,

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bahkan jika itu tidak selalu merupakan keputusan yang bijaksana atau adil untuk keseluruhan masyarakat.

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Aristoteles,

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filsuf besar yang merupakan murid dari Plato,

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yang merupakan murid dari Socrates,

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mengambil pendekatan yang lebih empiris dalam analisisnya terhadap bentuk-bentuk pemerintahan.

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Dalam karyanya,

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dia mengkaji berbagai sistem pemerintahan,

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termasuk demokrasi dan oligarki,

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dan mengidentifikasi kelebihan dan kekurangan masing-masing.

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Aristoteles,

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mengatakan bahwa

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Aristoteles khawatir bahwa tanpa pembatasan dan prinsip yang jelas,

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demokrasi dapat berubah menjadi tirani mayoritas,

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di mana keinginan mayoritas mengesampingkan segalanya,

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termasuk hak asasi dan keadilan untuk minoritas.

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Oleh karena itu,

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penting bagi sebuah demokrasi yang baik untuk memiliki undang-undang yang dapat melindungi hak-hak kelompok yang lebih kecil dan rentan.

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Sebuah demokrasi yang sehat harus mencegah situasi di mana mayoritas menggunakan kekuasaannya untuk memisahkan,

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mengusir,

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atau melukai kelompok minoritas.

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Idealnya,

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demokrasi yang berfungsi adalah yang menghormati kepentingan dan hak-hak semua warganya,

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tanpa memandang ukuran atau kekuatan politik mereka.

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Indonesia adalah negara dengan keberagaman agama dan budaya yang sangat kaya.

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Namun,

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kadang-kadang terjadi pemaksaan identitas atau nilai-nilai budaya mayoritas kepada minoritas.

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Hal ini dapat terlihat dalam penggusuran tempat ibadah minoritas atau dalam tekanan sosial

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untuk mengikuti adat istiadat yang tidak sesuai dengan kepercayaan atau budaya mereka.

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Dan juga meskipun secara resmi tidak didukung,

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diskriminasi terhadap etnis tertentu masih terjadi di beberapa daerah.

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Misalnya,

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stereotip negatif dan perlakuan tidak adil terhadap orang Papua atau etnis Tionghoa

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dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan masih bisa kita lihat di kehidupan kita sehari-hari.

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Walaupun contoh yang diberikan cuma analisis umum,

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dikarenakan kondisi realitas sosial politik sangatlah dinamis dan dapat berubah kapan saja

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dan negara kita jelas memberikan segala yang bisa dilakukan untuk memiliki undang-undang

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yang dapat melindungi hak-hak kelompok yang lebih kecil dan rentan,

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tapi kita tidak bisa menolak bahwa realitas itu masih ada.

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Rakyat Athena menakuti sistem yang merupakan konsekuensi dari keputusan mayoritas,

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yaitu Demagogi.

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Demagogi di Athena kuno pernah terjadi dimana seorang demagog dapat memberikan pengaruh,

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seorang pria yang kaya dan karismatik.

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Orang yang mempraktikkan demagogi sering kali menggunakan retorika yang menarik secara emosional,

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tetapi mungkin tidak didasarkan pada fakta atau logika yang kuat.

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Mereka sering memanfaatkan ketidakpuasan atau kekhawatiran massa untuk memperoleh keuntungan pribadi atau kekuasaan politik.

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Alcibiades mampu memanfaatkan retorika yang meyakinkan untuk menghancurkan kebebasan dasar

play13:55

dan membawa Athena ke dalam petualangan militer yang berakhir tragis di Sisilia.

play13:59

Socrates menyadari betapa mudahnya orang-orang yang mencari kekuasaan politik

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dapat mengeksploitasi keinginan kita akan jawaban yang sederhana dan mudah.

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Analogi yang diberikan oleh Socrates untuk menjelaskan demagogi adalah dengan membandingkan dua kandidat dalam sebuah pemilihan:

play14:13

satu yang mirip dengan seorang dokter

play14:15

dan yang lainnya mirip dengan seorang pemilik toko permen.

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Kandidat yang mirip dengan seorang dokter akan berbicara dengan jujur tentang masalah yang ada dan kemungkinan solusi,

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bahkan jika itu tidak selalu sesuai dengan keinginan atau harapan pendengar.

play14:27

Namun,

play14:28

kandidat yang mirip dengan pemilik toko permen akan menggunakan retorika yang menarik emosi pendengar

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dengan menjanjikan kenikmatan dan kepuasan yang mudah dan instan,

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bahkan jika itu tidak realistis atau bahkan bertentangan dengan kepentingan jangka panjang mereka.

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Dengan analogi ini,

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Socrates menunjukkan bagaimana demagogi dapat memanipulasi dan memanfaatkan keinginan massa

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akan jawaban yang sederhana dan kenikmatan instan,

play14:51

tanpa mempertimbangkan konsekuensi jangka panjang atau kebenaran dari argumen yang mereka ajukan.

play14:55

Saat ini,

play14:56

sebagian besar demokrasi adalah tidak langsung dipegang oleh rakyat secara keseluruhan,

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melainkan dibuat menjadi perwakilan rakyat,

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yang berarti kita tidak perlu memilih undang-undang baru sendiri,

play15:06

tetapi memilih orang-orang yang akan membuat undang-undang baru untuk mewakili kepentingan kita.

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Ini ditujukan untuk memitigasi masalah

play15:15

dan mempercayakan perwakilan yang diharapkan lebih terinformasi,

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bijaksana dan mampu menilai kompleksitas kebijakan dan legislatif.

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Jadi, harusnya,

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kita harus bijak dalam memilih siapa orang-orang yang dapat mewakili kepentingan ini.

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Di Indonesia,

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kecenderungan politik demagogi terlihat dalam berbagai aspek,

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termasuk kampanye politik yang mengandalkan narasi hasutan demi kepentingan politik tertentu.

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Politisi dan aktor politik dapat memanfaatkan isu-isu sensitif untuk menggalang dukungan,

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sering kali dengan mengorbankan diskusi substantif mengenai solusi nyata terhadap masalah sosial dan ekonomi yang dihadapi masyarakat.

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Hal ini diperparah dengan kurangnya gagasan yang inovatif dan kritis,

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serta pengabaian terhadap data dan fakta yang relevan dalam menyusun kebijakan publik.

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Fenomena demagogi juga berkaitan erat dengan kemampuan seorang pemimpin atau aktor politik

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dalam mempengaruhi massa dengan mengedepankan identitas dan emosi daripada argumen rasional.

play16:07

Ini sering kali menciptakan polarisasi dalam masyarakat dan mengancam prinsip-prinsip demokrasi yang sehat.

play16:12

Sejarah telah menunjukkan bahwa demagogi bisa sangat merugikan,

play16:15

seperti yang terjadi di Jerman dengan naiknya Adolf Hitler ke kekuasaan,

play16:20

yang menggunakan retorika demagogi untuk memobilisasi massa.

play16:23

Di Indonesia,

play16:24

praktik demagogi terlihat dalam berbagai skala,

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dari tingkat lokal hingga nasional,

play16:28

di mana aktor politik menggunakan strategi serupa untuk mempengaruhi opini publik dan mencapai tujuan politik mereka.

play16:34

Perlu untuk melihat kecenderungan demagogi dalam kandidat politik yang ada,

play16:38

sangat dianjurkan untuk menganalisis pidato publik,

play16:40

usulan kebijakan,

play16:41

strategi kampanye,

play16:42

cara berdebat dengan kandidat politik yang lainnya

play16:45

dan cara mereka berinteraksi dengan para pemilih.

play16:47

Bagaimana mereka menggunakan daya tarik emosional,

play16:49

retorika populis,

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dan janji-janji.

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Perlu juga untuk mengamati bagaimana para kandidat mengatasi permasalahan yang kompleks,

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apakah mereka menawarkan soslusi yang praktis atau menggunakan jawaban general,

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jawaban umum,

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jawaban yang terlalu sederhana,

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tapi memiliki dorongan emosional.

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Dalam karyanya,

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Plato mengusulkan solusi terhadap masalah-masalah demokrasi dengan konsep

play17:34

dimana menurutnya,

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individu yang ideal untuk memerintah adalah mereka yang telah mencapai tingkat tinggi pengetahuan dan pemahaman,

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khususnya pengetahuna tentang ide-ide yang abadi dan sempurna,

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termasuk kebaikan itu sendiri.

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Philosopher-king adalah orang-orang yang melalui pendidikan dan pengasuhan yang panjang dan ketat,

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telah dipersiapkan untuk memahami kebenaran tertinggi,

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dan oleh karena itu dapat memerintah tidak untuk kepentingan pribadi mereka,

play17:57

tetapi untuk kebaikan bersama masyarakat.

play17:59

Plato berargumen bahwa hanya dengan pemimpin yang memiliki pengetahuan dan kebijaksanaan seperti itu,

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masyarakat dapat diatur dengan adil dan efektif.

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Sistem pemerintahannya menolak ide demokrasi yang memberikan kekuasaan kepada massa yang tidak terdidik

play18:12

dan lebih menyukai sebuah aristokrasi filosofis di mana penguasa yang paling bijaksana memegang kendali atas keputusan politik.

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Filsuf-raja atau Philosopher king adalah individu yang telah mencapai pemahaman mendalam tentang realitas,

play18:25

kebenaran,

play18:26

dan kebaikan melalui pendidikan filosofis yang panjang dan ketat.

play18:29

Mereka bukan hanya pemikir spekulatif tetapi juga praktisi yang mampu menerapkan kebijaksanaan filosofis dalam tindakan pemerintahan.

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Menurut Plato,

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filsuf-raja memiliki ciri khas berikut:

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Yang pertama

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Filsuf-raja memiliki pemahaman mendalam tentang "Bentuk"

play18:45

atau dalam bahasa Yunani:

play18:51

Pengetahuan ini termasuk pemahaman tentang "Bentuk Kebaikan"

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yang merupakan prinsip tertinggi dan sumber dari semua realitas dan nilai.

play18:57

Yang kedua

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Mereka didorong oleh hasrat untuk mengetahui dan memahami,

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bukan oleh keinginan untuk kekuasaan atau kekayaan.

play19:06

Yang ketiga

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Filsuf-raja memerintah bukan untuk keuntungan pribadi tetapi untuk kebaikan bersama masyarakat,

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menggunakan pengetahuan dan kebijaksanaan mereka untuk menciptakan keadilan dan kesejahteraan.

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Namun,

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Aristoteles justru menolak solusi ini dikarenakan konsep philosopher-king ini terlalu idealis

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dan terkadang tidak dapat diaplikasikan secara pragmatis dikarenakan hampir tidak mungkinnya menemukan

play19:29

atau mendidik seorang philosopher-king yang ideal seperti yang dijelaskan Plato,

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serta kemampuan mereka untuk memerintah secara efektif tanpa menjadi tiran.

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Konsentrasi kekuasaan dalam tangan satu individu dan kelompok kecil yang absolut,

play19:41

bahkan di tangan orang paling bijaksana sekalipun,

play19:44

terkadang bisa saja dapat disalahgunakan,

play19:45

tangan besi tidak selalu bagus karena seorang manusia rentan dengan emosi,

play19:50

dan terkadang tidak bisa menahan temptation atau keinginan untuk penyalahgunaan.

play19:55

Namun,

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konsep idealis philosopher king masih bisa diadopsi dengan kreatif terhadap demokrasi modern,

play20:00

seperti yang ada di Indonesia.

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Mungkin kita bisa menerjemahkan dan menerapkan konsep ini dalam pemilihan umum yang akan datang.

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Walaupun secara langsung kita tidak dapat mengubah sistem demokrasi atau menciptakan posisi filsuf-raja

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karena idealismenya yang mungkin terlalu tinggi,

play20:13

ide dasar tentang memilih pemimpin yang

play20:19

tetap relevan dan dapat diintegrasikan dalam cara kita menilai dan memilih pemimpin.

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Related Tags
DemocracyAncient GreecePhilosophyPolitical HistorySocratesPlatoAristotleDemagogueryHuman RightsPolitical Theory