SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN SOSIOLOGI DARI MASA KE MASA

Summary

This script explores the history and development of sociology, from ancient Greek philosophers to modern scholars. It highlights key figures like August Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim, and discusses the evolution of sociological theories and methodologies. The script also touches on the impact of political revolutions and industrialization on the field, and the emergence of new sub-disciplines in the 21st century.

Takeaways

• 😀 Sociology has a long history, dating back to ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle who pondered on designing just and happy societies.
• 📚 The term 'sociology' was coined in the 19th century, with August Comte introducing it as a scientific study of society in his book 'Course in Positive Philosophy' in 1838.
• 🌏 Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century scholar from the Middle East, wrote about social solidarity and human civilization, contributing to early sociological thought.
• 🏛️ European thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau discussed organizing society for harmonious living through the concept of the 'social contract'.
• 🔬 Herbert Spencer applied Darwin's theory of evolution to sociology, introducing the idea of social evolution in his book 'Principles of Sociology'.
• 📘 Emile Durkheim detailed the scientific methodology of sociology in his work 'The Rules of Sociological Method', emphasizing the importance of empirical research.
• 🌐 The development of sociology as a modern scientific discipline began in the 19th century, influenced by the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
• 🏙️ Urbanization and industrialization in the United States led to significant social changes, sparking interest in studying these phenomena through sociology.
• 👨‍🏫 Karl Marx, though not a sociologist by profession, had a profound impact on sociological theory with his ideas on class struggle and economic and political changes.
• 📚 Max Weber critiqued the scientific methods of sociology, arguing that social sciences should focus on subjective social actions, differentiating them from the objectivity of natural sciences.
• 🌟 Talcott Parsons' work, particularly 'The Structure of Social Action', significantly influenced sociological theory in the 20th century, particularly in the United States.

Q & A

What does the term 'sociology' imply when understood as the study of society?

When 'sociology' is understood as the study of society, it implies a discipline that has been around since ancient times, with early philosophers like Plato and Aristotle contemplating the design of just and happy societies.

Who is Ibnu Khaldun and what did he contribute to the early understanding of society?

Ibnu Khaldun was a 14th-century scholar from the Middle East who wrote about social solidarity ('ashobiyah') and the civilization of human beings, contributing to the early understanding of societal structures and development.

What is the significance of the 'social contract' in the organization of society?

The 'social contract' is a term used by Western European philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau to describe how society can be organized for harmonious living under a system of governance.

How did the 19th-century political and industrial revolutions influence the development of sociology as a modern scientific discipline?

The political revolution in France and the Industrial Revolution in European countries led to dramatic changes in social life, prompting the development of sociology as a modern scientific discipline that aimed to understand and analyze these societal changes.

Who was August Comte and what was his contribution to the establishment of sociology?

August Comte was a French intellectual who coined the term 'sociology' in his book 'Course in Positive Philosophy' published in 1838. He emphasized sociology as a positive, rational, and empirical science that could be studied using scientific methods similar to natural sciences.

What is the significance of Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Sociology'?

Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Sociology' is significant as it applied Darwin's theory of biological evolution to sociology, introducing the concept of social evolution, which was widely accepted at the time.

What was the main focus of Lester F. Ward's 'Dynamic Sociology'?

Lester F. Ward's 'Dynamic Sociology' was the first book on the design of social action that society should undertake to progress, focusing on the proactive role of society in shaping its own development.

How did Emile Durkheim's 'The Rules of Sociological Method' contribute to the scientific methodology of sociology?

Emile Durkheim's 'The Rules of Sociological Method' detailed the scientific methodology of sociology, establishing it as a discipline that could be studied empirically with a focus on social facts and their causes and functions.

What impact did Karl Marx have on the development of sociological theory, despite not identifying as a sociologist?

Karl Marx, although not identifying as a sociologist, had a significant impact on sociological theory with his works on class struggle, which influenced the development of sociological theory and gave rise to Marxist streams within sociology.

How did Max Weber's critique of the scientific method in sociology differ from the positivist approach of the 19th century?

Max Weber criticized the positivist approach in sociology, arguing that the natural science methods were not relevant to social sciences, which should consider humans as subjects and include elements of subjectivity, in contrast to the objectivity emphasized in natural sciences.

What is the significance of the Chicago School in the development of American sociology in the 20th century?

The Chicago School was significant in the development of American sociology in the 20th century, as it dominated the field in the 1930s with figures like Albion Small, who initiated the prestigious 'American Journal of Sociology', and later contributed to expanding the methodological aspects of sociology.

What are some of the contemporary sub-disciplines of sociology that have emerged in the 21st century?

Some of the contemporary sub-disciplines of sociology that have emerged in the 21st century include digital sociology, tourism sociology, health sociology, sports sociology, literary sociology, legal sociology, economic sociology, and gender sociology.

How has the scope of sociology expanded in the contemporary era?

The scope of sociology has expanded in the contemporary era by moving away from the tradition of positivism and embracing a broader range of subjects and disciplines, including the study of dynamic societal aspects such as those in the information society.

Outlines

00:00

📚 The Origins and Development of Sociology

This paragraph traces the roots of sociology back to ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, who pondered the design of just and happy societies. It then moves to the 14th century, highlighting the contributions of Ibn Khaldun on social solidarity and human civilization. The paragraph further discusses the early modern period with European thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, who wrote about organizing society through social contracts. The scientific development of sociology as a modern discipline began in the 19th century, post the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. August Comte, a French intellectual, is credited with coining the term 'sociology' in his 1838 book, emphasizing its rational and empirical nature. Herbert Spencer and Lester Frank Ward are also mentioned for their contributions to the field, with Spencer applying Darwin's evolutionary theory to sociology. Emil Durkheim's detailed explanation of the scientific methodology of sociology in 'The Rules of Sociological Method' is highlighted, marking a significant development in the field.

05:00

🌐 The Evolution of Sociology in the United States

This paragraph delves into the popularity of sociology in the United States, particularly during the 1930s, with the Chicago school dominating the field. Albion Woodbridge Small is noted for initiating the prestigious 'American Journal of Sociology'. Pitirim Sorokin is highlighted for expanding the methodological aspects of sociology. The paragraph also mentions other influential sociologists like William Aiesec Thomas, Robert Zafar, Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead, Jane Addams, and others who contributed to the field. Talcott Parsons is recognized for his significant impact on sociological theory with his 1937 book 'The Structure of Social Action', influenced by Durkheim and his interpretation of American society. The debate between objectivity and agency, structure and agency, and micro and macro perspectives in sociology is discussed. The paragraph concludes with a mention of the contemporary era, where sociology has diversified into various sub-disciplines such as digital sociology, tourism sociology, health sociology, and others, reflecting the broad scope of the discipline in the 21st century.

Keywords

💡Sociology

Sociology is the study of society, social relationships, and social institutions. The script discusses how sociology as a formal discipline emerged in the 19th century, but the study of society has been present since ancient times, with philosophers like Plato and Aristotle considering how to create a just society.

💡August Comte

August Comte was a French intellectual who coined the term 'sociology' in 1838. He viewed sociology as a positive science akin to the natural sciences, emphasizing the use of scientific methods to study society. His contributions laid the groundwork for sociology as a distinct academic discipline.

💡Positivism

Positivism is a philosophical approach that advocates for the use of scientific methods to study social phenomena. The script highlights how August Comte's positivist approach influenced early sociology by promoting empirical and rational investigation of society, akin to natural sciences.

💡Social Contract

The social contract is a theory that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of a ruler or magistrate in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. Philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote about how social contracts could organize society harmoniously.

💡Karl Marx

Karl Marx was an influential thinker whose ideas on class struggle and social change significantly impacted sociology. Although he did not identify as a sociologist, his theories on class conflict and the dynamics of capitalism have profoundly influenced sociological thought and the development of Marxism in sociology.

💡Max Weber

Max Weber was a German sociologist who critiqued the application of natural science methods to social sciences. He emphasized the importance of understanding the subjective meanings and motivations behind social actions, advocating for a more interpretative approach in sociology.

💡Chicago School

The Chicago School refers to a group of sociologists at the University of Chicago who significantly contributed to the development of sociology in the early 20th century. They focused on urban sociology and used empirical research to study social problems in urban settings, profoundly shaping the discipline in the United States.

💡Emile Durkheim

Emile Durkheim was a foundational sociologist who established the methodology of sociology as a scientific discipline. His book 'The Rules of Sociological Method' outlined principles for conducting sociological research, emphasizing the importance of studying social facts objectively.

💡Structural Functionalism

Structural functionalism is a theoretical framework that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This approach, elaborated by Talcott Parsons, views society as composed of interrelated structures that function to maintain social order and equilibrium.

💡Postmodernism

Postmodernism is a critical perspective that emerged in the late 20th century, challenging traditional ideas of objectivity and universal truths in sociology. It emphasizes the subjective nature of social realities and critiques grand narratives and ideologies, reflecting the diverse and fragmented nature of contemporary society.

Highlights

Sociology has been a field of study since ancient times, with philosophers like Plato and Aristotle considering how to design a just and happy society.

Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century scholar, wrote about social solidarity and human civilization, contributing to early sociological thought.

In the 17th century, Western European philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau discussed organizing society for harmonious living under a social contract.

The modern scientific development of sociology began in the 19th century, post the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.

August Comte, a French intellectual, coined the term 'sociology' in his 1838 book, emphasizing a rational, empirical approach to social study.

Herbert Spencer, influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution, introduced the concept of social evolution in his 1876 book 'Principles of Sociology'.

Lester Frank Ward's 1883 book 'Dynamic Sociology' is considered the first on the design of social action for societal progress.

Emile Durkheim detailed the scientific methodology of sociology in his 1895 book 'The Rules of Sociological Method'.

Karl Marx, though not a sociologist by profession, had a significant impact on sociological theory with his class struggle theories.

Max Weber criticized the scientific methods of 19th-century sociology, arguing for a more subjective approach in social sciences.

Sociology in the 20th century saw rapid development in the United States, influenced by industrialization and urbanization.

The Chicago School dominated early 20th-century American sociology, with Albion Small initiating the prestigious 'American Journal of Sociology'.

Pitirim Sorokin contributed significantly to expanding the methodological aspects of sociology.

Talcott Parsons' 1937 book 'The Structure of Social Action' had a significant impact on sociological theory, influenced by Durkheim.

Sociology in the Parsonian era focused on macro debates between objectivity, agency, structure, and micro-macro dynamics.

The Frankfurt School, including critical intellectuals like Adorno and Horkheimer, criticized positivistic sociology for ignoring transformative and emancipatory aspects.

Towards the 21st century, sociology faced challenges from postmodernism, globalism, post-positivism, postcolonialism, and other emerging schools of thought.

George Ritzer formulated sociology as a double-paradigm science, indicating a broad and flexible scope.

The 21st century marks sociology as a very fluid and broad science, extending its study beyond industrialization and urbanization to dynamic societal aspects like information society.

Contemporary sociology in the 21st century is characterized by the proliferation of sub-disciplines such as digital sociology, tourism sociology, health sociology, and others.

There is a trend in contemporary sociology to move away from positivism, rejecting the relevance of natural laws in social science.

Globally, faculties of social sciences are teaching sociology independently of its founding fathers, with figures like Michel Foucault and Slavoj Žižek gaining popularity over Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim.

Transcripts

ia menyuruh penuh ilmu pengetahuan

tentang masyarakat telah ada

berabad-abad lamanya sebelum Istilah

sosiologi dikemukakan jika sosiologi

dipahami sebagai studi tentang

masyarakat maka sosiologi sudah ada

sejak zaman Yunani kuno filsuf besar

pada masa Yunani kuno seperti Plato dan

Aristoteles telah memikirkan tentang

bagaimana cara mendesain masyarakat yang

adil dan bahagia Kemudian pada abad

ke-14 ilmuwan dari Timur Tengah yang

bernama Ibnu Khaldun menuliskan tentang

solidaritas sosial ashobiyah dan

peradaban manusia pada periode awal abad

punch

Khan di Eropa Barat Thomas Hobbes John

Locke dan jean-jacques rousseau telah

menulis tentang Bagaimana mengorganisir

masyarakat agar hidup harmonis dalam

satu sistem pemerintahan melalui istilah

yang dikenal dengan kontrak sosial

sejarah perkembangan sosiologi sebagai

ilmu pengetahuan modern yang ilmiah

dimulai pada abad ke-19 pasca meletusnya

revolusi politik di Perancis dan

terjadinya Revolusi industri di

negara-negara Eropa brush The promise of

energy industry

[Musik]

Hai sebagai ilmu pengetahuan sosial yang

rasional dan empiris sosiologi berusia

relatif lebih mudah ketimbang ilmu

sosial lainnya seorang tokoh intelektual

Perancis bernama August Comte

Mencetuskan istilah sosiologi yang saat

itu memiliki konotasi fisika sosial

dalam bukunya yang berjudul course the

philosophy positif pada tahun 1838 dalam

teori hukum tiga tahap ya konten

menegaskan bahwa sosiologi adalah ilmu

yang berada pada tahap positif positif

yang ia maksud adalah rasional empiris

dan bisa diteliti dengan metode-metode

ilmiah sebagaimana natural science

berada di tahap positif artinya

meninggalkan unsur-unsur teologi sedang

metafisis metodologinya mengikuti

hukum-hukum dalam ilmu alam sehingga

dinamakan fisika sosial setelah itu pada

tahun 1876 seorang intelektual Inggris

bernama Herbert Spencer menuliskan buku

yang berjudul principles of sociology of

sel adalah orang yang percaya pada teori

evolusi Darwin ia menerapkan hukum

evolusi biologi pada sosiologi bensin

mengenalkan teori besarnya tentang

evolusi sosial yang diterima secara luas

beberapa tahun kemudian pada tahun 1883

seorang intelektual dari Amerika Serikat

yang bernama lechter Framework menulis

buku yang berjudul Dynamic sosiology

buku tersebut dianggap sebagai buku

pertama tentang Desain tindakan sosial

yang harus dilakukan masyarakat menuju

kemajuan berikutnya pada 1895 Emil

durkheim menerangkan secara detail

metodologi ilmiah sosiologi dalam

bukunya yang berjudul The Rules of

sociological Method sosiologi berkembang

pesat di Eropa Barat pada abad 19

perkembangan tersebut banyak dipengaruhi

oleh revolusi politik dan revolusi

industri yang mengubah tatanan kehidupan

sosial secara dramatis minat kaum

intelektual untuk mengetahui perubahan

sosial masyarakat saat itu menjadi poin

penting dalam sejarah perkembangan

sosiologi Salah satu tokoh berpengaruh

dalam sosiologi adalah seorang

intelektual Inggris bernama Karl Marx

meskipun ia tidak pernah mengklaim

dirinya sebagai sosiolog namun

karya-karyanya memiliki dampak ekonomi

dan politik yang besar bagi laju

perubahan sosial di Eropa teorinya

tentang perjuangan kelas mempengaruhi

perkembangan teori sosiologi bahkan

sampai hari ini teori-teori marxis

melahirkan aliran marxisme dalam

sosiologi pada abad ke-20 seorang

intelektual Jerman bernama Max Weber

mengkritik metode ilmiah sosiologi yang

muncul pada abad ke-19 Weber berpendapat

metode ilmu alam tidak relevan

diterapkan pada ilmu sosial ilmu sosial

menjadikan manusia sebagai subjeknya

sehingga terkandung unsur subjektivitas

dalam ilmu sosial Hal ini berbeda dengan

ilmu alam yang mengedepankan unsur

objektivitas menurut Weber sosiologi

seharusnya meneliti tindakan-tindakan

sosial yang bersifat subjektif pada abad

ke-20

juga berkembang pesat di Amerika Serikat

pada saat itu industrialisasi dan

urbanisasi terjadi secara besar-besaran

di perkotaan Amerika Serikat akibatnya

terjadi perubahan sosial dengan eskalasi

yang besar masyarakat desa dan kota

terlihat mencolok perbedaannya kondisi

demikian mematikan intelektual Amerika

untuk mengkaji gejala-gejala sosial yang

timbul akibat perubahan sosial tersebut

sehingga sosiologi menjadi salah satu

studi ilmu sosial yang paling diminati

pada saat itu sejarah perkembangan

sosiologi di Amerika Serikat sampai

tahun 1930-an didominasi oleh aliran

Chicago school dengan tokoh utamanya

Albion woodbridge mal yang sekaligus

menjadi inisiator jurnal sosiologi

paling prestisius di dunia sampai saat

ini yaitu American journal of sociology

pada fase berikutnya perkembangan

Chicago school melahirkan tokoh besar

yang bernama pitirim sorokin Ia banyak

berkontribusi memperluas aspek

metodologi sosiologi sejumlah ahli

sosiologi pasca World

lebih Amerika Serikat misalnya seperti

William aiesec Thomas Robert Zafar

Charles Horton cooley George Herbert

mead Jane Adam Sherlock Perkins Gilman

Ana Julia Cooper Mariana Weber Beatrix

Potter web dan William Edward burger

Dubois secara kontras unsur objektivitas

sosiologi justru berkembang di Amerika

Serikat melalui karya tokoh besar

bernama talcott parsons pada 1937

watsons menerbitkan buku yang berjudul

the structure of social action secara

signifikan buku ini berpengaruh besar

pada perkembangan teori sosiologi

parsons banyak dipengaruhi oleh durkheim

dan lebar interpretasinya terhadap

masyarakat Amerika Serikat mempengaruhi

perkembangan teori sosiologi Amerika

beberapa tahun kemudian Banten sebanyak

mengelaborasikan teori fungsionalisme

struktural dalam menganalisis sistem

sosial sosiologi yang berkembang di

Amerika pada periode parsonian adalah

sosiologi makro perdebatan antara

objektivitas sub

aktivitas agency struktur dan mikro

makro dalam sosiologi berlangsung sejak

abad 20 sampai hari ini Sejumlah aliran

pemikiran ekstrim yang condong pada

subjektivitas mengkritik keras sosiologi

Pada awal berdirinya sosiologi

positivistik yang dicetus oleh Comte

belakangan mulai ditinggalkan salah satu

aliran pemikiran paling keras yang

mengkritik sosiologi Comte adalah de

France for school yang terdiri dari

intelektual kritis dari Jerman

defraggler menapaki periode

popularitasnya pada pertengahan abad 20

kritik paling pedas yang dilontarkan

adalah sosiologi positivistik tidak

berkontribusi apa-apa pada sejarah

manusia karena mengabaikan aspek

transformatif dan emansipatoris yang

seharusnya menjadi agenda sosiologi

ilmu-sosial tidak bisa Netral melainkan

harus berpihak pada cita-cita

transformasi sosial menjelang abad 21

sosiologi sebagai ilmu pengetahuan

modern mendapat serangan bertubi-tubi

dari aliran-aliran sosiologi seperti

postmodernisme

globalisme post-positivisme

postkolonialisme dan lain sebagainya

memasuki abad ke-21 sejarah perkembangan

sosiologi menuju variasi aliran

pemikiran dan disiplin yang semakin

banyak George memformulasikan sosiologi

sebagai ilmu pengetahuan yang

berparadigma ganda artinya jarak pandang

Sosiologi tidak tunggal sehingga

sosiologi secara historis adalah ilmu

pengetahuan yang luas cakupannya abad

Milenium menandai sosiologi sebagai ilmu

yang sangat cair dan luas objek

kajiannya tidak sebatas pada perubahan

struktur sosial dalam konteks

industrialisasi urbanisasi perdesaan dan

perkotaan melainkan juga sampai pada

aspek dinamika masyarakat yang sifatnya

kekinian misalnya seperti sosiologi pada

masyarakat informasi sosiologi abad 21

adalah sosiologi kontemporer indikasi

semakin meluasnya ruang lingkup

sosiologi bisa dilihat dari

berkembangbiaknya subdisiplin yang

menjadi cabang sosiologi beberapa

diantaranya yang bisa disebutkan adalah

sosiologi digital sosiologi turisme

sosiologi kesehatan sosiologi olahraga

sosiologi sastra sosiologi hukum

sosiologi ekonomi sosiologi gender dan

sosiologi kontemporer lainnya

kecenderungan lain yang bisa

diidentifikasi adalah semakin menjauhnya

sosiologi dari tradisi positivisme

sejarah perkembangan sosiologi di era

kontemporer cenderung menolak relevansi

hukum-hukum alam pada ilmu sosial saat

ini fakultas fakultas Ilmu Sosial

diseluruh dunia Mulai mengajarkan

sosiologi terlepas dari bapak pendirinya

tak heran tokoh-tokoh seperti Michel

foucault biar bordir dan slavoj zizek

lebih diminati ketimbang August Comte

dan Emil durkheim

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