Viticulture

Summary

このビデオの脚本は、ブドウ農業がワイン作りの重要な第一歩であることを示しています。ブドウの品質は、場所の条件とブドウ畑での人間の意思決定によって決まります。場所の位置、気候、土壌、水分、日差し、および農業技術が、ブドウの成長とその独自の味わいへの影響を与えることを詳細に説明しています。また、ブドウの育て方、トレーニング、および収穫の過程を通じて、農業の持続可能性と技術の進歩がどのように農業に影響を与えているかについても触れています。

Takeaways

• 🌱 ブドウの栽培はワイン作りの重要な最初のステップであり、ワインの品質はその場所の条件とブドウ畑での人間の意思決定から始まります。
• 🌳 農業は動詞であり、何かを地面に植える後、それを見守るのではなく積極的に関与する必要があります。
• 📍 ブドウ畑の位置は、育つブドウの特性に決定的な影響を与えます。
• 🌡️ 気候は時間の経過にわたる平均気象条件であり、温度、日照、風など多くの要因を含みます。
• 🌤️ 熱量の蓄積は成長シーズン中に度日で測られ、ブドウの完熟に必要な最適な熱量は品種によって異なります。
• 🌞 日光は光合成と風味の発展に不可欠ですが、過剰な日照は日焼けや乾燥を引き起こします。
• 💧 ブドウは水を必要とするが、他の作物よりも水分への依存は少ないとされています。
• 🌿 土壌の種類はブドウに利用可能な水分の量を決定し、栄養需要を満たします。
• 🎋 ブドウのトレーニング方式は、ブドウの永久木の形状を定め、ブドウの独特な条件に合わせて決まります。
• 🌱 ブドウの年周期は刈り取りから始まり、次の季節に芽生えする新芽のための道を開きます。
• 🍇 ブドウの収穫時期はブrix測定（ブドウの糖分量）や天気予測、収穫班の可用性などの多くの要因によって決定されます。
• 🌳 ブドウ畑の持続可能性には、施肥から水使用、労働から土地管理までの多くの要因が関与しています。

Q & A

ブドウの栽培における重要な最初のステップは何ですか？

ブドウの栽培における重要な最初のステップはブドウ農業（Viticulture）であり、その品質はブドウの場所の条件とブドウ畑での人間の意思決定から始まります。

ブドウ畑の場所はどのようにブドウの特性に影響を与えますか？

ブドウ畑の場所は緯度、標高、アスペクト、傾斜度などの地理的因素に加えて、近くの水と山々が持つ緩和効果など、ブドウの特性に否定できない影響を与えます。

ブドウの成熟に必要な最適な熱量はどのように測定されますか？

ブドウの成熟に必要な最適な熱量は度日（degree days）によって測定されます。これは成長シーズン中に蓄積される熱量を意味します。

日差しはブドウの成長にどのように影響を与えますか？

日差しは光合成と風味の発展に不可欠ですが、過剰な日照は日焼けや乾燥を引き起こす可能性があります。

ブドウの水分需要は他の作物と比べてどのようにですか？

ブドウは他の多くの作物よりも水分に頼りません。ブドウ園は砂漠植物のように水分を多く必要とせず、乾燥した夏の条件や水分保持能力の低い土壌では人工的な灌漑が必要になります。

ブドウの種類はどのようにして選ばれますか？

ブドウの種類はその場所がどのような種類のブドウに最適であるか、そして市場でその特定の種類がどれほど需要されているかに基づいて選ばれます。

ブドウの栽培において土壌の種類はどの様に重要ですか？

土壌の種類はブドウに必要な水分と養分の提供に重要であり、また特定の土壌に適したルートストックとの組み合わせも決定する要素となります。

ブドウの栽培においてカノピー管理とは何ですか？

カノピー管理とは、ブドウの葉の成長を管理することで通気性と果実帯域の日照を増加させ、病気の圧力を減らす技術を指します。

ブドウの栽培においてトリムはどのような意義がありますか？

トリムは休眠している芽から新たに芽生えする枝を促し、次のシーズンに向けてブドウの成長を準備する重要なプロセスです。

ブドウの収穫時期はどのように決定されますか？

ブドウの収穫時期はブRIX測定（ブドウに含まれる糖分の量）や天気の見通し、収穫クルーの可用性などの要因に基づいて決定されます。

ブドウ農業における持続可能性とはどのような意味を持っていますか？

ブドウ農業における持続可能性とは、肥料使用から水使用、労働から土地管理までの様々な要因を考慮し、現在の農業方法を維持しつつ、将来の世代にも農業を続けることができるような実践を確立することを意味します。

Outlines

00:00

🌱 ワイン作りの第一歩

ビティカルチャーはワイン作りの重要な第一歩です。ワインの品質は、ブドウ畑の立地条件と人間の判断に依存します。農業は能動的な活動であり、土に植えた後も積極的に関与する必要があります。ブドウ畑の位置はブドウの性格に影響を与え、気候、土壌、地理的要因がブドウ栽培に大きな影響を与えます。気候は長期間の平均気象条件であり、さまざまな要因から成り立ちます。適切なブドウの品種を選び、土壌を理解することが重要です。

05:01

🌞 日光と水の管理

日光は光合成と風味の発達に不可欠ですが、過剰な日光は日焼けや乾燥を引き起こします。ブドウ畑の配置や水の管理も重要で、ブドウは他の多くの作物よりも水に対する依存度が低いです。灌漑の適切なタイミングと量を管理することが、果実の品質に直結します。現代の科学技術を活用して、ブドウのストレスレベルや必要な水分量を理解することが可能です。

10:01

🍇 ブドウ畑の設立と管理

土壌の種類はブドウの水分と栄養の供給量を決定します。気候、土壌、地理の相互作用と人間の決定が、ワインに特有の「テロワール」を与えます。ブドウ畑の設立には、ブドウの品種や接木の選択、植栽密度、列間隔、向きを考慮する必要があります。植栽後、ブドウの根や幹を確立するための初期の数年間の管理が重要です。ブドウの剪定やトレーニングシステムの選択も、ブドウの成長と収穫に大きく影響します。

Keywords

💡ヴィンクルチャー

ヴィンクルチャーとは、ブドウの栽培において、ブドウの根元から生える枝をどのように育て、どのように形作るかという技術的手法です。ビデオでは、ヴィンクルチャーの形がブドウの品質に大きな影響を与えると説明されており、例えば、アームやスプルの形などがあります。これはブドウの健康や生産性に直接関係しており、ビデオの主題であるブドウの栽培方法に不可欠な要素です。

💡根株

根株とは、ブドウの根元部分を指し、ブドウの基礎となる部分です。ビデオでは、根株がブドウの健康や生産性に重要な役割を果たしていると述べられています。特に、根株から生える枝を適切に管理することで、ブドウの成長や果実の品質を高めることができます。

💡クローン

クローンは、ブドウの特定の品種を指し、ビデオではクローンの選択がブドウの品質に影響を与えると説明されています。クローンは、特定の土地条件や市場ニーズに適したブドウの特性を保持しており、適切なクローンの選択はブドウの栽培において重要なステップです。

💡緩和効果

緩和効果とは、ブドウの栽培において、気候や地形などの自然条件が果実の成長に与える影響を和らげる現象です。ビデオでは、山や水の近くにあるブドウ畑が、気候の緩和効果を受けることで、ブドウの品質向上に寄与すると触れています。

💡熱蓄積

熱蓄積とは、ブドウの成長期間中に蓄積される熱エネルギーを指し、ビデオでは、これはブドウの成熟に必要な最適な熱量を表す度目として使用されます。熱蓄積の量は、ブドウの品種によって異なり、適切な成熟度に達するのに必要な熱の量を決定する重要な要素です。

💡日射

日射とは、太陽からの光線がブドウに直接当たることを指し、ビデオでは、これはブドウの光合成や風味の形成に不可欠であると説明されています。しかし、過剰な日射は、ブドウに日焼けや乾燥を引き起こす可能性があるため、適切な日射量の管理が重要です。

💡灌漑

灌漑とは、ブドウの栽培において、人工的に水分を供給することを指します。ビデオでは、乾燥した夏や水分保持能力の低い土地では、灌漑が不可欠であると述べています。灌漑のタイミングや量は、ブドウの成長段階や土壌の状態に応じて調整されます。

💡土壌

土壌は、ブドウの根が水分や栄養素を吸収する場所であり、ビデオでは、土壌の種類がブドウに利用可能な水分量や栄養素ニーズに影響を与えると説明されています。土壌の管理は、ブドウの健康や生産性に重要な役割を果たしており、適切な土壌条件を維持することは栽培成功の鍵です。

💡葉緑体

葉緑体とは、ブドウの葉や新芽に存在する色素で、光合成を通じてエネルギーを得るための重要な部分です。ビデオでは、葉緑体がブドウの成長や果実の品質に寄与すると触れています。適切な葉緑体管理は、ブドウの健康や生産性に重要な影響を与えます。

💡収穫

収穫とは、ブドウの栽培過程で成熟したブドウを収取することを指し、ビデオでは、これはブドウの品質や成熟度を決定する重要なステップです。収穫の時期は、ブドウの糖分測定や天気予測、収穫作業者の可用性などによって決定されます。

💡休眠期

休眠期とは、ブドウの成長サイクルの一環で、冬に入ると葉が落ち、ブドウが休止状態に入ることを指します。ビデオでは、休眠期がブドウの成長サイクルの重要な部分であり、次の春に新しい芽が生え始める準備をするために必要な期間であると説明されています。

Highlights

Viticulture is the critical first step of winemaking, with the quality of wine beginning with the conditions of the site and human decisions in the vineyard.

Farming is an active engagement with the land, not a passive activity.

The location of a vineyard significantly impacts the character of the grapes grown due to factors like variety and soil understanding.

Geographic factors such as latitude, elevation, aspect, and slope, along with nearby water and mountains, influence grape growing.

Climate, defined as average weather conditions over time, affects grape ripeness through factors like temperature, sunlight, and wind.

Heat accumulation, measured in degree days, varies by grape variety for achieving ripeness.

Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis and flavor development, but must be managed to prevent sunburn and raisining.

Water is crucial for vine productivity, but wine grapes are less reliant on it compared to many crops, often requiring irrigation.

Soil type is key in determining water availability and nutrient needs for the vine.

The interaction of climate, soil, and geography, combined with human decisions, gives wine a sense of place.

Viticultural decisions like vineyard architecture and rootstock selection are tailored to the unique conditions of each site.

Resistant rootstock is used to protect vines from soil parasites like phylloxera.

Vine density, row spacing, and orientation are important considerations when establishing a new vineyard.

The training system defines the shape of the vine's permanent wood and is crucial for managing the vine's growth.

Canopy management is essential for increasing airflow and sunlight, decreasing disease pressure, and improving fruit quality.

Managing the vineyard floor through practices like cover crops influences soil fertility and water availability.

Pruning is the starting point of the annual vine cycle, setting up the vine for the next year's growth and crop.

Budbreak marks the beginning of the growing season, with shoots elongating to reveal leaves, flower clusters, and next year's buds.

Successful pollination and fruit set are critical for the quantity and quality of the grape harvest.

Veraison is the beginning of the ripening period, where grapes accumulate color, sugar, and flavor.

Harvest timing is influenced by factors like Brix measurement, weather, and harvest crew availability.

As the vine prepares for winter, energy is stored in the trunk and roots for the next spring's growth.

Weather challenges such as hail, frost, drought, and rain can significantly impact vineyards.

Pests, diseases, and viruses require proactive management to ensure the longevity of a vineyard.

Labor shortage is a significant threat to traditional farming methods, prompting the need for mechanization.

Sustainability in vineyards involves careful consideration of fertilization, water usage, labor, and land management for long-term farming.

Transcripts

(bright, playful music)

>> (narrator) Viticulture is the critical first step

of winemaking.

The quality of a wine begins with the conditions of the site

and the human decisions in the vineyard.

(bright, playful music)

>> Farming is a verb.

It's an activity-- it's a proactive concept.

So you stick something in the ground

and then you can't sit back on the porch and watch it happen.

You have to actively engage in it.

>> (narrator) The location of a vineyard

has an undeniable impact on the character

of the grapes grown.

>> It all starts with variety.

And once you kind of have that perspective

and knowing what variety does well,

what's gonna make the best wine for your particular land,

then it's really important to really understand your soil.

>> And that's part of the skill of farming.

You pick the right spot for the right variety,

and hopefully there's a market for that particular variety

when you grow it.

>> (narrator) Geographic factors

that impact grapegrowing include latitude, elevation,

aspect, and slope.

Nearby water and mountains can also have a moderating effect

that is essential in many of the world's great wine regions.

(bright, playful music)

Climate is defined as the average weather conditions

over time.

It encompasses myriad factors

from temperature to sunlight to wind.

Heat accumulation throughout the growing season

is measured in degree days.

The optimum amount of heat required for grapes

to achieve ripeness varies by variety.

>> So in these cool areas, you don't have the degree days.

It's not as hot during the day.

So we need to plant earlier ripening grapes

like Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

so we can get that full maturity.

>> (narrator) Sunlight is essential

for photosynthesis and flavor development.

But too much causes sunburn and raisining.

>> As you're laying out a vineyard,

it's really important that-- the row direction and sunlight.

So you really wanna make sure that the afternoon sun

is on the non-exposed part of where the fruit is.

>> (narrator) While water is essential

to the productivity of the vine,

wine grapes are less reliant than many crops.

>> We like to refer to a vineyard as a desert plant

because it has more behavior of desert plant

rather than a tropical water-hog plant.

>> (narrator) Dry summertime conditions

or poor water-holding capacity

necessitate the use of irrigation.

>> Tantamount to fruit quality is knowing

how much stress for the site you have,

for the variety you have, for the market you have,

to determine when you're going to start that first irrigation,

and then when the subsequent irrigations will be

and the duration of those subsequent irrigations.

>> Once a vine is at full maturity,

we're looking to give it as little amount of water

as possible.

So with that, and now with all the science and technology

and instruments we have,

we can really understand the stress level of the plant,

we can understand how much the plant's using,

how much the pant needs.

(serene music)

>> (narrator) Soil type determines

the amount of water that is available to the vine,

and provides for its nutrient needs.

>> It's nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium,

and then as far as the macronutrients that we need,

we're very lucky here in that a lot of Sonoma County sites

need very, very little fertilizer.

>> (narrator) The interaction of climate,

soil, and geography,

in combination with human decisions and traditions,

can provide a wine with a sense of place.

(serene music)

>> A grapevine is a vine.

It'll grow between a crack in the sidewalk.

And so, we have to tame it.

>> (narrator) Viticultural decisions

from vineyard architecture

to clonal and rootstock selection

are made to complement the unique conditions of each site.

Grapevines are susceptible to the soil parasite phylloxera,

so resistant rootstock is often used to protect the vine.

>> So if you look right here, this is the graft union

that was made with a machine on a grafting bench.

And so, this part would have been

the Calera clone Pinot Noir on the top,

which is the scion wood.

And then this was the rootstock on the bottom.

And they were joined together with a machine,

and then put into a callusing house,

which is high humidity at about 80 degrees temperature,

for several weeks.

And it came out callused, and then brought to a field

and planted in the field.

Rootstock is a key component,

because that's really gonna set the foundation for the plant.

With it, there's hundreds of different rootstocks.

We're very fortunate with all the research that's out there

that we can pair the rootstocks with the particular soil.

>> (narrator) When establishing a new vineyard,

growers must consider vine density

as well as row spacing and orientation.

>> The field is prepped, obviously,

with big equipment.

Then we lay it out,

put the marks where we want every stake and vine to be.

Then we put the stakes in.

And then we come through and we dig a hole.

It's gonna be about almost a foot deep.

And then we plant the vine in that.

>> (narrator) Planting is the first step

in a long process.

During the first few years,

the focus is on establishing the roots, trunk, and cordons.

>> At three years, you'll get a little fruit.

Fourth, you'll get a little more.

Fifth year is when they really go into full production.

>> Vine training starts the year after planting.

When you plant a vine,

whatever grows on the top that first year,

we always cut back to a two-bud spur.

The idea behind the first year of planting

is that we're growing a root system on the vines.

>> (narrator) The training system

refers to the shape of the vine's permanent wood.

>> Vines are therefore cane-pruned,

or they're cordon-trained and spur-pruned.

>> (narrator) The trunk of the vine

is analogous to a tree trunk.

It's the vertical, woody portion of the vine.

Cordon-trained vines have one or more

horizontal extensions of the trunk.

Along the cordon, there are vertical,

permanent wood structures called "arms."

Each arm typically has two spurs,

which are short sections of last year's canes

left behind after pruning.

Each spur contains one to three dormant buds.

These buds will become shoots,

the vertical green growth that emerges each season.

Along the shoot at each node,

there are leaves, clusters, tendrils,

and next year's buds.

Each shoot has between one and three berry clusters.

At the end of the growing season,

shoots lignify, or become woody, and are called "canes."

On cane-pruned vines, one or more canes

attached directly to the trunk are tied each year.

Next year's shoots will push from dormant buds

along the cane.

With the exception of head-pruned vines,

which have arms with spurs growing directly

out of the trunk,

grapevines require trellising systems for support.

Trellising systems range from lyre, to California sprawl,

to high-trained pergolas.

Vertical shoot positioning, or VSP,

is an important modern trellising system

where shoots are trained straight up.

>> And what that's allowed us to do

is as we plant closer together, we get better sunlight,

we get better efficiency for getting equipment through.

And the most important thing is it allows us

to manage the canopy better.

(carefree guitar music)

Canopy management is an ongoing process

for us all the time.

We do several passes a year through the vineyard,

manipulating the growth up the trellis wire.

It doesn't just grow naturally up into a vertical trellis.

It actually has to be manipulated up.

>> (narrator) Canopy management

can increase airflow and sunlight in the fruiting zone,

and decrease disease pressure.

Techniques include shoot positioning,

removing leaves and laterals, suckering, and hedging.

Farmers influence soil fertility and water availability

by managing the vineyard floor.

Cover crops are used to reduce excess soil moisture

or are mowed to minimize competition.

>> Mostly the way we use cover crops

is to deliver organic matter back to the soil

or fix nitrogen back in the soil.

So we always have some kind of purpose

that we're putting the cover crop in for.

>> (narrator) Some vineyards

till nitrogen-rich cover crops into the soil,

removing plants that compete with the vine for water.

>> Non-till would be you never turn the soil over

with any kind of an implement.

You simply mow the cover crops down every year,

and that does a number of things.

One, it conserves your soil.

It holds nutrients in the soil better.

(bright, delicate music)

>> (narrator) The annual cycle of the vine

begins with pruning, which makes way

for new shoots that will grow from dormant buds

in the coming season.

>> What we're doing with pruning

is we're actually taking the vines

and setting them up for the next year

and deciding how much crop we want on each vine

and how much each vine can handle,

by then pruning it back.

>> (narrator) On spur-pruned vines,

the canes from the previous year are removed,

leaving only spurs that contain one to three buds each.

On cane-pruned vines, one or more of the canes

from the previous year are retained and tied down,

and the rest of last year's wood is cut away.

During budbreak, the dormant buds swell

until the first leaves emerge,

marking the beginning of the growing season.

>> The shoot that exists in tight buds,

not even swollen yet, haven't pushed yet,

inside that bud, and it's all within half a centimeter.

>> The shoots elongate telescopically,

revealing leaves, flower clusters, and next year's buds.

>> And what's interesting is that the act of bloom

is actually pollination.

Because grapevines are self-fertilized.

So the pollen that are on the anthers,

which are surrounding that flower, are all that it needs.

>> (narrator) Successful pollination

requires warm temperatures.

After bloom comes fruit set,

where each pollinated flower turns into a berry.

>> And fruit set is everything to this commodity.

So you may have many, many flowers that are there,

and they're looking beautiful and the flowers are all out.

If you don't have sufficient fruit set,

the number of flowers will translate

into very, very few berries.

>> (narrator) After about six weeks

of berry growth, veraison signifies the beginning

of the ripening period,

as grapes accumulate color, sugar, and flavor.

>> And Chardonnay or the white wine varieties that we have,

the gourd green turns into a slightly more muted green.

And red varieties that we grow,

obviously you'll start seeing some pink.

>> We go through at that point

and we take off any green bunches.

(snipping sounds)

>> (narrator) Many factors influence

when farmers begin to harvest.

Brix measurement, which corresponds

to the amount of sugar in the grapes,

can be an important consideration,

as can impending weather

or the availability of a harvest crew.

>> Depending on the variety

and depending on the winemaker's preference,

Sauvignon Blanc may come in at 22 or 23 Brix,

where Chardonnay could be from 23 to 25.

The reds, the big reds-- the Merlots, Cab Francs,

Cabernet Sauvignons-- they're going to be

up to maybe 26, 27--

all in the hands of the winemaker's decision.

(general chatter)

(serene music)

>> (narrator) As the vine prepares

for winter, the shoots harden into canes

as energy is transported into the vine's trunk and roots

to be used the following spring.

>> What really starts a vine into entering the dormancy

is shorter day length.

>> (narrator) Leaf fall signifies

the beginning of winter dormancy.

And from here, the cycle will start again.

(serene music)

>> You know, as I joke with people,

you know how farming got its name,

is 'cause gambling was already taken.

So that's where it comes down to Mother Nature

at its finest.

(serene music)

>> The main challenge is weather.

It's the thing that affects us most,

that we have no control over.

>> (narrator) Hail, spring frost, drought,

excessive heat, and rain can reduce yields

or damage fruit quality in a given year.

And pests and disease can threaten the longevity

of a vineyard.

>> The most common vine disease in Sonoma County

is powdery mildew.

It's something that growers

have to be proactively preparing for

and acting on, beginning at budbreak.

As it's becoming ripe, it's loaded with sugar.

And after it gets riper, that sugar will leak

through the skin of the berry

and the naturally occurring fungi that are in our vineyards

will really appreciate that food source

on the surface of the berry.

And that's when we have a disease

that is called Botrytis bunch rot.

>> (narrator) Grapevine viruses such as leafroll,

and bacterial diseases such as Pierce's,

are transmitted via insects and require careful attention.

>> We're trying to get 25 to 30 years out of a vineyard.

With some viruses, it'll reduce it down to 10.

>> We use integrated pest management,

which is a process by which we assess

the level of the insect pest or disease

to determine what type of control measure there is.

And the control measure ranges from cultural practices

to canopy management practices,

vineyard floor practices, and maybe some pesticides.

(serene music)

>> One of the biggest threats to the current ways of farming

is the shortage of labor.

>> Our crops need hand labor,

and we're having to solve that right now.

>> (narrator) As technology develops

and labor costs rise, we can expect

increasing mechanization in the vineyard.

(lively, delicate music)

Sustainability is a crucial topic for growers today.

It involves factors in the vineyard

ranging from fertilization to water usage

and economic factors from labor to land management.

>> I'm hoping that my kids are the sixth generation,

so I wanna make every decision now not just for myself

but also for how it's gonna affect them

into their farming future.

>> Really, at the end of the day, our land is here.

Fortunately, we're stuck here

'cause it's one of the best places in the world

to grow wine grapes.

So it's really that collaboration,

and really understanding we're all in it together.

>> What it means to me is if we can institute practices today

that would help assure that either my kids or my grandkids,

just as our grandparents did,

provide opportunities to continue farming

in the county, that's to me what sustainability is--

making a long-term last.

(lively, delicate music)