IKATAN KIMIA IKATAN KOVALEN

Summary

In this chemistry lesson, Ibu Cica explains the concept of covalent bonding. She compares it with ionic bonds, highlighting how covalent bonds occur between nonmetals and involve the sharing of electrons. The video covers different types of covalent bonds, such as single, double, and triple bonds, and introduces the concept of coordinate covalent bonds. The lesson also delves into concepts like valence electrons, central and surrounding atoms, and the octet rule. Examples of molecular structures such as H2O, CH4, and CO2 are provided for better understanding.

Takeaways

• 😀 Covalent bonds occur between non-metal elements, unlike ionic bonds, which form between metals and non-metals.
• 😀 The octet rule (8 electrons in the outer shell) applies to most atoms involved in covalent bonding, except for hydrogen, which follows the duet rule (2 electrons).
• 😀 In a single covalent bond, two electrons are shared between atoms, while in double and triple covalent bonds, 4 and 6 electrons are shared, respectively.
• 😀 The central atom in a covalent bond is typically the element that requires more electrons to complete its octet, and it's usually the element with a lower group number.
• 😀 In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons to achieve stability, which is different from ionic bonding where electrons are transferred.
• 😀 The Lewis dot structure is a useful tool for representing covalent bonds, where dots represent valence electrons.
• 😀 Examples of covalent bonds include HCl (single bond), O2 (double bond), N2 (triple bond), and molecules like H2O, CH4, and PCl3.
• 😀 In molecules like PCl3, the central atom (P) is determined by its higher electron requirement compared to chlorine (Cl).
• 😀 In the case of coordinate covalent bonds, one atom provides both electrons in the bond, as seen in SO2 and NH3 reactions.
• 😀 The concept of free electron pairs (PEB) and bonding electron pairs (PEI) is essential when describing the electron arrangement in covalent compounds.
• 😀 Covalent bonds follow the principle of sharing electrons to fulfill the octet or duet rule, with exceptions based on atomic needs and molecule structure.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the video script?

The main topic of the video script is about covalent bonding in chemistry, explaining the formation of covalent bonds, types of covalent bonds, and related concepts such as octet rule, electron pairs, and coordination bonds.

What is a covalent bond, and how does it differ from an ionic bond?

A covalent bond is formed when two non-metal atoms share electrons to achieve stability, typically following the octet rule. In contrast, an ionic bond occurs between a metal and a non-metal, where electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal, leading to the formation of oppositely charged ions.

What are the different types of covalent bonds mentioned in the video?

The video discusses several types of covalent bonds, including single covalent bonds, double covalent bonds, triple covalent bonds, and coordinate covalent bonds.

Can covalent bonds occur between two non-metal elements?

Yes, covalent bonds occur between two non-metal elements. Non-metals share electrons to achieve stability, forming a covalent bond rather than transferring electrons as in ionic bonding.

How is a single covalent bond formed? Can you give an example?

A single covalent bond is formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons. An example is the HCl molecule, where hydrogen (H) shares one electron with chlorine (Cl) to complete their respective duplet and octet configurations.

What is a coordinate covalent bond and how does it differ from a regular covalent bond?

A coordinate covalent bond occurs when both electrons shared in the bond come from the same atom, typically after that atom has already achieved an octet. This differs from a regular covalent bond where each atom contributes one electron to the bond.

What does 'octet rule' mean in the context of covalent bonding?

The octet rule states that atoms tend to form bonds in a way that allows them to achieve a stable configuration of eight electrons in their valence shell, similar to the noble gases. This is often achieved by sharing electrons in covalent bonds.

How do you determine which atom is the central atom in a covalent molecule?

The central atom in a covalent molecule is typically the element that requires the most electrons to complete its octet or is located lower in the periodic table, which allows it to bond with multiple atoms. In some cases, the atom with a smaller group number might also act as the central atom.

What are the terms 'PI' and 'PEB' in the context of covalent bonding?

PI stands for 'Pasangan Elektron Ikatan' (bonding electron pair), which refers to electron pairs shared between atoms in a covalent bond. PEB stands for 'Pasangan Elektron Bebas' (lone electron pair), which refers to pairs of electrons that are not involved in bonding but are present on an atom.

Why does oxygen (O) tend to form double bonds with other atoms like in the O2 molecule?

Oxygen forms double bonds with other atoms like in O2 because it needs two electrons to complete its octet, and it shares two pairs of electrons with another oxygen atom to achieve stability. This is what forms a double covalent bond.