REVOLUÇÃO INGLESA (Resumo)

Summary

The English Revolutions were a series of civil wars and political upheavals that reshaped England, Scotland, and Ireland, marking the rise of the bourgeoisie and the establishment of parliamentary monarchy. Key events include the conflict between King Charles I and Parliament, the rise of Oliver Cromwell, the brief republican rule, and the eventual restoration of the monarchy under Charles II. Religious and political tensions culminated in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which limited royal power and established constitutional monarchy, significantly influencing England’s modern political structure and the development of democratic principles.

Takeaways

• 😀 The English Revolutions were a series of civil wars and political shifts that occurred in England, Scotland, and Ireland.
• 😀 These revolutions marked the rise of the bourgeoisie and the establishment of parliamentary monarchy in England.
• 😀 King Charles I's reign saw escalating conflicts with Parliament, culminating in the English Civil War.
• 😀 Charles I's attempt to impose religious uniformity between England and Scotland sparked rebellion in Scotland.
• 😀 The English Civil War pitted the monarchy against Parliament, with factions like the Levellers and Diggers emerging in Parliament.
• 😀 Parliament won the Civil War, and King Charles I was executed, marking the first and only republican experience in England under Oliver Cromwell.
• 😀 Cromwell implemented policies like the Navigation Acts to strengthen England’s naval industry and economic control.
• 😀 Despite his successes, Cromwell’s authoritarian rule and dissolution of Parliament led to a loss of support.
• 😀 After Cromwell’s death, the monarchy was restored in 1660 under Charles II, who attempted religious tolerance but faced opposition from Parliament.
• 😀 The discovery of Charles II’s Catholic brother, James, led to political divisions, with the Whigs seeking to exclude him from the throne.
• 😀 The Glorious Revolution of 1688 was a bloodless coup that saw James II flee and William of Orange and Mary ascend to the throne, marking the end of English absolutism.

Q & A

What was the main cause of the English Civil War?

The main cause of the English Civil War was the power struggle between King Charles I and Parliament, particularly over issues like taxation and the king's religious policies, including his attempt to impose a unified form of worship on both England and Scotland.

Who were the Levellers and what did they advocate for?

The Levellers were a political group within the Parliament that advocated for broader democratic reforms, including the abolition of private property and greater political rights for common people. They consisted of various members, from small landowners to those pushing for social equality.

What role did Oliver Cromwell play in the English Civil War?

Oliver Cromwell was a key leader in the Parliament's army during the English Civil War. After the defeat of King Charles I, he established the Commonwealth and became the de facto leader of England, implementing policies to benefit the bourgeoisie and promote religious and political reforms.

What were the Acts of Navigation, and why were they significant?

The Acts of Navigation, introduced by Cromwell in 1650, mandated that English products be transported only on English ships. This policy aimed to strengthen England's naval industry and reduce dependence on foreign shipping, boosting the country's economy.

What led to the collapse of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell?

The Commonwealth collapsed after Oliver Cromwell's death. His son, Richard Cromwell, lacked the leadership skills and prestige of his father, which led to the collapse of his government. The bourgeoisie, who had supported Cromwell, eventually called for the restoration of the monarchy.

What were the political factions that emerged after King Charles I's death?

After King Charles I's death, two major political factions emerged: the Whigs, who opposed the Catholic James II and wanted to exclude him from the throne, and the Tories, who supported James II's succession and were loyal to the monarchy.

What was the Glorious Revolution, and what were its key outcomes?

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 was a peaceful overthrow of King James II, who fled to France, and the ascension of William of Orange and his wife, Mary, to the throne. It marked the end of absolutism in England and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, with Parliament assuming more control over government.

How did the Glorious Revolution affect the English monarchy?

The Glorious Revolution significantly limited the power of the English monarchy. It established a constitutional monarchy where the monarch's powers were constrained by laws passed by Parliament, marking the end of absolute monarchy in England.

Why was King James II distrusted by many in England?

King James II was distrusted by many in England because of his Catholic faith, which clashed with the Protestant majority. His attempt to increase Catholic influence in the government and military further fueled suspicion and led to his eventual removal from the throne.

What did the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II signify?

The restoration of the monarchy under Charles II in 1660 marked the return of the Stuart family to the throne. However, even with the monarchy restored, political and religious tensions continued, leading to ongoing struggles between Parliament and the king, which ultimately set the stage for the Glorious Revolution.