Rekayasa Genetika pembuatan Antibiotik - antibiotik penisilin dan sefalosporin

Summary

In this educational video, Dedi Setiawan discusses the concept of antibiotics, focusing on their history, production, and specific examples. He explains how antibiotics are molecules that can inhibit or stop biochemical processes in organisms, particularly bacteria. The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 is highlighted, alongside its industrial production from the Penicillium chrysogenum fungus. The video also covers the creation of beta-lactam antibiotics, including cephalosporins, using genetic engineering techniques to enhance production. The practical application of these antibiotics in treating bacterial infections is explored through various case studies and experiments.

Takeaways

• 😀 Antibiotics are molecules, either natural or synthetic, that inhibit or stop biochemical processes in organisms, especially bacteria.
• 😀 The concept of antibiotics was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming when he observed that a fungus could stop bacterial growth.
• 😀 Penicillin was first produced by the *Penicillium notatum* fungus, but production switched to *Penicillium chrysogenum* in 1951 for higher efficiency.
• 😀 Penicillin works by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls, leading to bacterial death, particularly in *Staphylococcus aureus*.
• 😀 The production of penicillin involves growing the fungus in a liquid medium at 27°C for 96 hours to create the antibiotic.
• 😀 Cephalosporins, another class of antibiotics, belong to the beta-lactam family and are derived from *Acremonium chrysogenum*.
• 😀 Genetic manipulation of *Acremonium chrysogenum* is used to enhance the production of secondary metabolites like cephalosporin C.
• 😀 The production of cephalosporins requires the use of recombinant plasmids and genetic engineering techniques to improve the yield of the antibiotic.
• 😀 *Staphylococcus aureus* is commonly used in testing antibiotics like penicillin due to its thick bacterial cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
• 😀 Antibiotic production, both for penicillin and cephalosporins, involves optimizing fungal growth and conditions, including temperature and medium, to maximize output.
• 😀 The lecture concludes with a traditional greeting, and the speaker thanks the audience for their attention.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the presentation?

The main topic of the presentation is antibiotics, specifically focusing on molecular genetics and the production of antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporin.

Who discovered antibiotics, and when was it discovered?

Antibiotics were discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, when he accidentally found penicillin.

How did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin?

Fleming discovered penicillin when he left a petri dish of bacteria uncovered over the weekend. Upon returning, he found that mold had grown in the dish, and bacteria surrounding the mold were absent, indicating that the mold was producing a substance that killed the bacteria.

What is the role of penicillin in fighting bacterial infections?

Penicillin works by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a critical component of bacterial cell walls. This prevents bacteria from forming their cell walls properly, causing them to die and preventing further bacterial growth.

Which fungus is used in the production of penicillin?

Penicillin is produced by the fungus *Penicillium chrysogenum*, which is cultured in liquid media to produce the antibiotic.

What is the significance of peptidoglycan in bacteria?

Peptidoglycan is a structural component of bacterial cell walls. It provides rigidity and protection. In Gram-positive bacteria, the cell wall is thick with peptidoglycan, and penicillin disrupts its synthesis, leading to the bacterial cell's inability to survive.

What is a beta-lactam antibiotic?

A beta-lactam antibiotic is a class of antibiotics that includes penicillin and cephalosporins. These antibiotics contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure, which interferes with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, ultimately killing the bacteria.

What is the role of *Acremonium chrysogenum* in antibiotic production?

*Acremonium chrysogenum* is the fungus used in the production of cephalosporins, another type of beta-lactam antibiotic. Genetic engineering is often used to increase its production of cephalosporins due to the slow growth rate of this fungus.

How does genetic engineering enhance antibiotic production?

Genetic engineering techniques, such as plasmid manipulation and recombinant DNA, are used to enhance the production of antibiotics. These techniques can help increase the yield of secondary metabolites, like cephalosporins, by modifying the fungal strains used in production.

Why is the use of fungi important in antibiotic production?

Fungi, such as *Penicillium chrysogenum* and *Acremonium chrysogenum*, are important in antibiotic production because they naturally produce these antibiotics as secondary metabolites. These organisms are cultured in controlled environments to produce large amounts of the antibiotics for use in medicine.