Falsafah Dan Isu Semasa : 7 (A) Ideologi Semasa (Modenisme / Pasca Modenisme)

myislammedia

11 Nov 202015:10

Summary

TLDRIn this video, Nova explores the ideologies of modernism and postmodernism. Modernism, emerging in the 18th century, emphasizes rationality, scientific methods, and human progress through intellect. Prominent figures include Immanuel Kant and other Enlightenment philosophers. Postmodernism, reacting against modernism, critiques its focus on rationality and objectivity, highlighting the importance of intuition, spirituality, and societal influences on knowledge. Philosophers like Derrida and Foucault argue that science and knowledge are influenced by social and psychological factors, challenging the idea of objective truth.

Takeaways

📚 The discussion centers around ideologies, specifically postmodernism and modernism.
🕰️ Postmodernism emerged in the West around the 1150s as a reaction to modernist thinking.
🧠 Modernism emphasizes rational thinking and scientific methods to determine truth and societal organization.
🔬 The Enlightenment era furthered the modernist project, focusing on rationality and scientific progress.
⚖️ Modernist thinkers believed in the power of science and rationality to improve human life and society.
🚫 Postmodernists opposed modernism, criticizing its focus on rationality and objective science.
🌐 Postmodernists argue that human knowledge is influenced by social, psychological, and cultural factors, not just rationality.
🔍 Thomas Kuhn challenged the modernist view of science as objective and progressive, highlighting non-rational factors in scientific development.
🛠️ Social constructivists claim that knowledge reflects societal interests and perspectives rather than objective reality.
📖 Philosophers like Derrida and Foucault contributed to postmodern thought, emphasizing human, social, and spiritual aspects over objective rationality.

Q & A

What is postmodernism and how does it differ from modernism?
-Postmodernism is a reaction against modernism, which emerged in the West around the mid-20th century. Modernism emphasized rationality, scientific reasoning, and the ability of humans to create a better life through knowledge and science. In contrast, postmodernism challenges these notions, arguing that knowledge and science are not entirely objective and are influenced by social, psychological, and cultural factors.
What historical context gave rise to modernism?
-Modernism began to develop in the 18th century, heavily influenced by the Enlightenment movement in Germany, where philosophers like Immanuel Kant and others emphasized the importance of rational thinking and empirical science in understanding truth and shaping society.
Who are some key figures associated with postmodern philosophy?
-Key figures in postmodern philosophy include Jean-François Lyotard, who critiqued the meta-narratives of modernity, and Thomas Kuhn, who argued that scientific paradigms are influenced by psychological and sociological factors, not just objective rationality.
How did the success of science contribute to the beliefs of modernists?
-The success of science, particularly in physics, chemistry, and other fields, reinforced the modernist belief in rationality and empirical methods as the ultimate tools for understanding the world and solving human problems, leading to a new confidence in human progress and the ability to create a better life.
What criticisms do postmodernists have against modernist science?
-Postmodernists criticize modernist science for its claims of objectivity and rationality, arguing that scientific knowledge is also shaped by social, psychological, and cultural influences, making it less objective than modernists claim.
What is 'logocentrism' and how is it related to modernism?
-Logocentrism is the focus on rational, logical thought as the primary means of understanding and interpreting the world. It is a cornerstone of modernist philosophy, which values objective, scientific reasoning over other forms of knowledge.
How do postmodernists view the relationship between knowledge and power?
-Postmodernists, such as Michel Foucault, argue that knowledge and power are intertwined. They believe that what is considered 'truth' is often a reflection of the power dynamics within a society, rather than an objective reality.
What role does intuition and spirituality play in postmodern thought?
-Postmodern thought values intuition, spirituality, and other non-rational ways of knowing, challenging the modernist emphasis on rationality and empirical science as the only valid forms of knowledge.
What is 'social constructivism' in the context of postmodernism?
-Social constructivism is the idea that knowledge is constructed through social processes and interactions, rather than being an objective reflection of reality. This view is central to postmodern critiques of scientific objectivity.
How do postmodernists explain the evolution of scientific theories?
-Postmodernists, like Thomas Kuhn, argue that the evolution of scientific theories is influenced by social, psychological, and cultural factors, not just rational analysis and empirical data. This challenges the modernist view of science as a purely objective and rational enterprise.

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Understanding Postmodernism and Modernism

The paragraph begins with a greeting and introduces the topic of ideologies, focusing on postmodernism and modernism. It describes postmodernism as a reaction to modernist thought, which emerged in the West during the 11th and 12th centuries. The text mentions influential philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, John Dewey, and positivists who shaped modernist ideology. Modernism emphasizes rationality, empirical science, and the belief in human progress through reason. The paragraph sets the stage for discussing how modernist thought developed, particularly in Germany, and its focus on rationality and scientific methodology.

05:01

🤔 The Rise of Postmodernism

This paragraph discusses the emergence of postmodernism as a challenge to the intellectual and scientific focus of modernist philosophy. Postmodernists critique the modernist emphasis on rationality and objective science, arguing that it neglects other human aspects like intuition, spirituality, and subjective experience. They introduce the concept of 'logocentrism,' which prioritizes rational thought to the detriment of other ways of knowing. The paragraph highlights thinkers like Thomas Kuhn, who question the objectivity of science, suggesting that scientific paradigms are influenced by psychological and sociological factors.

10:04

🔍 Sociological Perspectives on Science

The third paragraph explores the influence of sociological and psychological factors on scientific knowledge. It provides examples like the metaphors used in describing bacterial infections, which reflect human-centered perspectives rather than objective realities. The discussion extends to how societal contexts, such as Victorian Britain, influenced scientific theories like Darwin's theory of evolution. Postmodernist thinkers argue that science is not purely objective but is shaped by social and cultural factors. This paragraph underscores the postmodern critique of the objectivity claimed by modernist science.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Postmodernism

Postmodernism is a broad intellectual stance or mode of discourse that emerged as a reaction to modernism, typically characterized by a skeptical, self-referential, and relativistic approach to culture, art, philosophy, and literature. In the script, it is presented as opposing the rationality and objectivity emphasized by modernist thinkers, arguing that knowledge and reality are socially constructed.

💡Modernism

Modernism refers to a cultural, artistic, and philosophical movement that arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing reason, scientific inquiry, and a belief in progress. The video explains that modernism values rational thought, scientific methods, and the potential for human progress through knowledge, as seen in the works of Enlightenment philosophers.

💡Rationality

Rationality is the quality or state of being reasonable, based on facts or reason. In the context of modernism, rationality is crucial for determining truth and organizing society. The video contrasts this with postmodernist views, which question the sole reliance on rationality and emphasize the role of emotions and intuition.

💡Scientific Method

The scientific method is a systematic procedure for acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation, and hypothesis testing. Modernists highly regard this method for its empirical and objective approach to understanding the world. The video discusses how the success of science reinforced the modernist belief in rationality and progress.

💡Empiricism

Empiricism is the theory that all knowledge originates from sensory experience. It is a foundational aspect of modernist philosophy, emphasizing observation and evidence as the basis for knowledge. The script highlights how empirical methods contributed to scientific advancements and the modernist confidence in human capability.

💡Objectivity

Objectivity is the concept of being unbiased and unprejudiced. Modernist thinkers strive for objectivity in science and knowledge. However, the video illustrates postmodernist critiques that argue objectivity is an illusion, as knowledge is influenced by social and cultural contexts.

💡Enlightenment

The Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement in the 17th and 18th centuries advocating reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional doctrines. It laid the groundwork for modernist thought, emphasizing rationality and scientific inquiry. The script refers to the Enlightenment as the root of modernist ideology.

💡Social Constructivism

Social constructivism is the theory that knowledge and many aspects of the world around us are not independent realities but are constructed through social processes and interactions. In the video, it is associated with postmodernism, challenging the notion of objective knowledge by highlighting how social dynamics shape our understanding of reality.

💡Logocentrism

Logocentrism is a term used by postmodernists to criticize the Western tradition of privileging rationality and logic over other ways of knowing. The script explains that postmodernists oppose logocentrism, advocating for a more balanced view that includes intuition and emotion.

💡Thomas Kuhn

Thomas Kuhn was a philosopher of science whose work challenged the traditional view of scientific progress as a steady, rational accumulation of knowledge. The video mentions Kuhn's argument that scientific revolutions involve paradigm shifts influenced by non-rational factors such as social and psychological elements.

Highlights

Introduction to the topic of postmodernism as a reaction to modernism.

Explanation of the historical context of modernism, starting in the 18th century.

Discussion of key figures in modernist philosophy, such as Immanuel Kant and other German philosophers.

Description of the Enlightenment Project and its emphasis on rationality and scientific methods.

The role of science in modernist thought, emphasizing empirical and rational methods.

Critique of modernism by postmodernist thinkers for its focus on rationality and exclusion of other human aspects.

Introduction to the concept of logocentrism and its critique by postmodernists.

Mention of influential postmodernist philosophers like Thomas Kuhn and their critique of objective science.

Discussion of social constructivism and its view on the subjective nature of knowledge.

Examples of how scientific language reflects human interests and societal influences.

Mention of metaphorical language in science, such as 'bacterial attack' and its implications.

Discussion of Darwin's theory of evolution and its societal influences.

Introduction to key postmodernist concepts like deconstruction by Derrida.

Discussion on the relationship between knowledge and power by Michel Foucault.

Conclusion highlighting the ongoing debate between modernism and postmodernism.