Falsafah Dan Isu Semasa : 7 (A) Ideologi Semasa (Modenisme / Pasca Modenisme)

Summary

In this video, Nova explores the ideologies of modernism and postmodernism. Modernism, emerging in the 18th century, emphasizes rationality, scientific methods, and human progress through intellect. Prominent figures include Immanuel Kant and other Enlightenment philosophers. Postmodernism, reacting against modernism, critiques its focus on rationality and objectivity, highlighting the importance of intuition, spirituality, and societal influences on knowledge. Philosophers like Derrida and Foucault argue that science and knowledge are influenced by social and psychological factors, challenging the idea of objective truth.

Takeaways

• 📚 The discussion centers around ideologies, specifically postmodernism and modernism.
• 🕰️ Postmodernism emerged in the West around the 1150s as a reaction to modernist thinking.
• 🧠 Modernism emphasizes rational thinking and scientific methods to determine truth and societal organization.
• 🔬 The Enlightenment era furthered the modernist project, focusing on rationality and scientific progress.
• ⚖️ Modernist thinkers believed in the power of science and rationality to improve human life and society.
• 🚫 Postmodernists opposed modernism, criticizing its focus on rationality and objective science.
• 🌐 Postmodernists argue that human knowledge is influenced by social, psychological, and cultural factors, not just rationality.
• 🔍 Thomas Kuhn challenged the modernist view of science as objective and progressive, highlighting non-rational factors in scientific development.
• 🛠️ Social constructivists claim that knowledge reflects societal interests and perspectives rather than objective reality.
• 📖 Philosophers like Derrida and Foucault contributed to postmodern thought, emphasizing human, social, and spiritual aspects over objective rationality.

Q & A

What is postmodernism and how does it differ from modernism?

Postmodernism is a reaction against modernism, which emerged in the West around the mid-20th century. Modernism emphasized rationality, scientific reasoning, and the ability of humans to create a better life through knowledge and science. In contrast, postmodernism challenges these notions, arguing that knowledge and science are not entirely objective and are influenced by social, psychological, and cultural factors.

What historical context gave rise to modernism?

Modernism began to develop in the 18th century, heavily influenced by the Enlightenment movement in Germany, where philosophers like Immanuel Kant and others emphasized the importance of rational thinking and empirical science in understanding truth and shaping society.

Who are some key figures associated with postmodern philosophy?

Key figures in postmodern philosophy include Jean-François Lyotard, who critiqued the meta-narratives of modernity, and Thomas Kuhn, who argued that scientific paradigms are influenced by psychological and sociological factors, not just objective rationality.

How did the success of science contribute to the beliefs of modernists?

The success of science, particularly in physics, chemistry, and other fields, reinforced the modernist belief in rationality and empirical methods as the ultimate tools for understanding the world and solving human problems, leading to a new confidence in human progress and the ability to create a better life.

What criticisms do postmodernists have against modernist science?

Postmodernists criticize modernist science for its claims of objectivity and rationality, arguing that scientific knowledge is also shaped by social, psychological, and cultural influences, making it less objective than modernists claim.

What is 'logocentrism' and how is it related to modernism?

Logocentrism is the focus on rational, logical thought as the primary means of understanding and interpreting the world. It is a cornerstone of modernist philosophy, which values objective, scientific reasoning over other forms of knowledge.

How do postmodernists view the relationship between knowledge and power?

Postmodernists, such as Michel Foucault, argue that knowledge and power are intertwined. They believe that what is considered 'truth' is often a reflection of the power dynamics within a society, rather than an objective reality.

What role does intuition and spirituality play in postmodern thought?

Postmodern thought values intuition, spirituality, and other non-rational ways of knowing, challenging the modernist emphasis on rationality and empirical science as the only valid forms of knowledge.

What is 'social constructivism' in the context of postmodernism?

Social constructivism is the idea that knowledge is constructed through social processes and interactions, rather than being an objective reflection of reality. This view is central to postmodern critiques of scientific objectivity.

How do postmodernists explain the evolution of scientific theories?

Postmodernists, like Thomas Kuhn, argue that the evolution of scientific theories is influenced by social, psychological, and cultural factors, not just rational analysis and empirical data. This challenges the modernist view of science as a purely objective and rational enterprise.