Kebijakan Ekonomi masa Demokrasi Liberal

Summary

This video explores the economic policies of Indonesia during the Liberal Democracy era (1950-1959). It discusses the challenges the country faced post-independence, including the legacy of colonial economic systems, the circulation of multiple currencies, and the national debt. Key policies like Gunting Syafrudin, Rencana Sumitro, and Gerakan Benteng are examined, along with their objectives and outcomes. The video also covers the nationalization of De Javasche Bank, the Alibaba Program, and the country's efforts to sever economic ties with the Netherlands. Despite ambitious initiatives, many programs faced failure due to competition, lack of experience, and political tensions.

Takeaways

• 😀 The economy during Indonesia's Liberal Democracy era (1950-1959) was heavily influenced by its post-independence struggles, including inflation and foreign debt.
• 😀 Three currencies circulated in Indonesia at the time: De Javasche Bank notes, NICA money, and Republic of Indonesia (ORI) notes.
• 😀 The Indonesian economy inherited a colonial system from the Dutch, which posed challenges in building a self-sustaining national economy.
• 😀 The 'Gunting Syafrudin' policy (1950) aimed to reduce inflation and control the money supply by cutting old currency notes, though its impact was limited.
• 😀 The 'Rencana Sumitro' was introduced to transform the colonial economy into a national economy with a focus on large-scale industries, but it faced resource and implementation challenges.
• 😀 The 'Gerakan Benteng' aimed to build a class of indigenous entrepreneurs by offering credit, but it failed due to the inability of native businesses to compete with Chinese entrepreneurs.
• 😀 The nationalization of De Javasche Bank in 1953 established Bank Indonesia as the country's central bank, marking a key step in economic sovereignty.
• 😀 The 'Alibaba' program aimed to foster cooperation between native and non-native entrepreneurs, but it failed because native entrepreneurs lacked experience and the program favored non-native businesses.
• 😀 The 'Gerakan Asaat' in 1956 sought to protect indigenous businesses from foreign competition but led to ethnic tensions and anti-Chinese sentiments, resulting in violence.
• 😀 The 'Finek' agreement, which aimed to renegotiate financial relations with the Netherlands, was rejected by the Dutch, forcing Indonesia to pursue its own economic policies.

Q & A

What was the economic condition in Indonesia during the Liberal Democracy period?

The economic condition during the Liberal Democracy period (1950-1959) was challenging. It was marked by the circulation of three different currencies (De Javasche Bank money, NICA money, and Republic of Indonesia money), the legacy of the Dutch colonial economic system, and numerous economic setbacks due to battles and rebellions.

What was the 'Gunting Syafrudin' policy, and what were its objectives?

The 'Gunting Syafrudin' policy, introduced by Finance Minister Sjafruddin Prawiranegara in 1950, aimed to tackle the budget deficit, curb inflation, and reduce the circulation of money in the economy. This policy involved cutting higher-denomination currency notes to reduce the amount of money in circulation.

What was the purpose of the Sumitro Plan (Rencana Sumitro) during the Liberal Democracy era?

The Sumitro Plan, proposed by Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, aimed to transform Indonesia's colonial economic system into a national economic system. It focused on the development of large industries, such as cement factories, textile mills, and food production, while encouraging foreign investment.

What were the main issues with the 'Gerakan Benteng' or 'Benteng System'?

The 'Gerakan Benteng' system, introduced by Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, aimed to support indigenous Indonesian entrepreneurs by providing credit. However, it failed because indigenous entrepreneurs struggled to compete with Chinese entrepreneurs, and many import licenses were misused.

What was the significance of the nationalization of De Javasche Bank?

The nationalization of De Javasche Bank in 1953, which was renamed Bank Indonesia, marked a crucial step in Indonesia’s economic independence. It was part of the broader effort to assert control over economic institutions previously dominated by the Dutch.

What was the goal of the 'Ali Baba' program, and why did it fail?

The 'Ali Baba' program aimed to encourage collaboration between indigenous (Ali) and non-indigenous (Baba, usually Chinese) entrepreneurs to advance the national economy. However, it failed due to the inexperience of indigenous entrepreneurs and their inability to compete with more established Chinese businesses.

How did the 'Gerakan Asaat' (Asaat Movement) aim to protect local businesses?

The 'Gerakan Asaat' movement, introduced in 1956, sought to protect native Indonesian businesses from foreign competition, particularly from Chinese traders. The government planned to issue special licenses for native entrepreneurs, though this sparked negative reactions and led to anti-Chinese sentiments.

What was the role of the FINEK (Financial Economic Agreement) in Indonesia’s post-independence economic relations?

FINEK was an agreement where Indonesia aimed to resolve financial and economic disputes with the Netherlands. The agreement sought to dissolve the colonial economic ties with the Netherlands and focus on establishing bilateral economic relations based on Indonesian national laws.

What was the purpose of the National Planning Bureau (Biro Perancang Nasional)?

The National Planning Bureau, established during the Djuanda Cabinet, was responsible for designing long-term development plans. It created the Five-Year Plan (Rencana Lima Tahun), aimed at fostering large-scale industries and public service enterprises while encouraging private sector investment.

Why did the Musyawarah Nasional Pembangunan (MUNAP) face difficulties in its implementation?

The Musyawarah Nasional Pembangunan (MUNAP) was hindered by political tensions between the central government and local governments, which criticized the centralization of development planning. There was also disagreement on development priorities, leading to conflicts and the eventual failure of the initiative.