The biological approach - Approaches [A-Level Psychology]

Summary

This video explores the biological approach to psychology, explaining how brain structures, neurochemistry, genetics, and evolution influence human behavior. It discusses the brain's organization, hormones, neurotransmitters, and the role of genes in behavior. The video uses examples like OCD, drug therapies, and case studies to illustrate these concepts. It highlights real-life applications of biological theories, such as the development of drug therapies for mental health. The video also evaluates the biological approach by discussing its scientific reliability and limitations, such as biological determinism.

Takeaways

• 🧠 The biological approach in psychology emphasizes that human behavior is influenced by biological structures such as the brain, neurochemistry, genetics, and hormones.
• 📊 The brain is divided into various regions, each responsible for specific functions, and these regions communicate to regulate behavior.
• 💉 Hormones, such as adrenaline, influence bodily responses, like the 'fight or flight' reaction, which is activated during stressful situations.
• 🧬 Neurotransmitters, like serotonin and dopamine, play a key role in regulating mood and behavior, and imbalances can lead to psychological conditions such as depression and OCD.
• 💊 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in treating depression and OCD by enhancing serotonin levels in the brain.
• 👶 The biological approach includes genetics, explaining that our genes shape both physical traits and behaviors, such as aggression and mental health disorders.
• 👯 Twin and family studies are used to explore the genetic influence on behavior, showing higher concordance rates for conditions like OCD among individuals who share more genetic material.
• ⚡ Neurochemicals either excite or inhibit neural activity, which impacts how messages are passed between neurons and subsequently affects behavior.
• 🔬 The biological approach is highly scientific, relying on tools like fMRI scanners and genetic analysis, leading to objective and reliable findings in psychology.
• 🌍 Evolutionary psychology suggests that certain behaviors, such as aggression, have been naturally selected because they provided survival advantages in early human societies.

Q & A

What is the biological approach to psychology?

The biological approach assumes that humans are biological beings, and behavior should be explained with reference to biological structures, neurochemistry, genetics, and evolution.

How do hormones influence behavior according to the biological approach?

Hormones, released by glands in the endocrine system, act as chemical messengers that influence behavior. For example, adrenaline increases blood flow to the brain and muscles during the fight-or-flight response, while testosterone is linked to aggression.

What role does the brain play in the biological approach?

The brain is central to the biological approach as it controls conscious and unconscious processes. Different brain structures, such as the cerebellum and frontal lobe, are associated with specific functions, including movement coordination, decision-making, and emotional regulation.

What are neurotransmitters, and how do they affect behavior?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. They can be excitatory or inhibitory, influencing neural communication. Different neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, are linked to specific behaviors, including mood regulation and reward processing.

How do SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) work to treat conditions like depression and OCD?

SSRIs increase serotonin levels by preventing its reabsorption in the synapse, enhancing its activity and improving mood and well-being. Research shows SSRIs are effective in reducing symptoms of depression and OCD.

What is the relationship between genes and behavior in the biological approach?

Genes influence behavior by providing the blueprint for brain development and function. Specific genes, such as those affecting serotonin transport, are linked to conditions like OCD. However, gene expression may be affected by environmental factors, leading to variations in behavior.

What is the diathesis-stress model, and how does it relate to mental health disorders?

The diathesis-stress model suggests that genetic vulnerability (diathesis) to disorders like OCD requires environmental stressors, such as trauma or drug use, to trigger the condition. This highlights the interaction between nature and nurture in mental health.

How does evolutionary psychology explain human behavior?

Evolutionary psychology argues that behaviors are inherited and were naturally selected because they provided survival advantages. For example, aggression in males may have been adaptive for hunting and protection in early human societies.

What are the strengths of the biological approach in psychology?

The biological approach is considered scientific due to its use of technologies like fMRI and genetic analysis. It has practical applications, such as developing effective drug therapies for mental health conditions like schizophrenia and OCD.

What are some criticisms of the biological approach?

One criticism is biological determinism, which suggests that behaviors are entirely controlled by biology, such as genes or neurochemistry. This view may undermine personal responsibility and overlooks the role of cognitive or environmental factors in behavior.

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Biological Approach in Psychology

This paragraph introduces the biological approach to psychology, explaining how behavior is influenced by the brain's functioning. Psychologists divide the brain into structures that communicate with each other and the body. The paragraph also highlights the roles of hormones and neurotransmitters in behavior. Genes play a key role in brain development, and evolutionary processes explain why certain features of the brain have been retained for human survival.

05:00

📚 Biological Assumptions and Core Features

Here, the biological approach is simplified, explaining that human behavior is rooted in biology. Key influences include biological structures, neurochemistry, genetics, and evolution. It emphasizes that biopsychology is critical for understanding psychology and plays a major role in exam preparation, with OCD being a focus for this approach. The paragraph encourages early understanding of these ideas for better exam performance.

10:02

🔬 Endocrine System and Hormonal Influence

This section discusses the largest biological structure influencing behavior: the endocrine system. Hormones, such as adrenaline released by the adrenal gland during the fight-or-flight response, play a key role. Testosterone and estrogen are highlighted as sex hormones with significant long-term behavioral effects. The brain’s importance is reiterated, with descriptions of its anatomy, such as the cerebrum, cerebellum, and limbic system, along with the concept of localization of function.

15:03

👂 Brain Functions and Case Studies

The paragraph explains the functions of different brain areas: the brainstem regulates vital functions, the cerebellum manages coordination, and lobes (occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal) handle specific tasks like vision, hearing, sensation, and decision-making. It introduces case studies, such as Tan and Broca’s area, to support the idea of localization of brain functions. The research provides strong evidence for the biological role of brain structures in behavior.

⚡ Neurochemistry and Behavior

Neurochemistry's role in behavior is explored by explaining synaptic transmission, where neurotransmitters either excite or inhibit neural signals. Specific neurotransmitters like serotonin (well-being), dopamine (reward), and norepinephrine (attention) are detailed, along with their influence on behavior. Drug therapies like SSRIs for depression and OCD are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of altering neurochemistry in treating behavioral disorders.

🧬 Genetic Influence on Behavior

This section examines how genes influence behavior, using OCD as an example. The concepts of genotype (genetic makeup) and phenotype (expression of traits) are introduced, with explanations of family studies and twin studies to show how genetics contributes to the likelihood of developing OCD. The diathesis-stress model is discussed, explaining how both genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors can lead to the expression of mental health disorders.

🐒 Evolution and Behavioral Inheritance

The paragraph connects Darwin’s theory of evolution to behavior, suggesting that adaptive behaviors, like aggression, were selected for survival in early human societies. Aggressive males were more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes. Modern-day human aggression may be linked to these inherited traits, even if they are less relevant in today's society.

📊 Evaluating the Biological Approach

This summary concludes the biological approach, mentioning research evidence such as OCD studies and case studies like Tan. The diathesis-stress model is highlighted as an evaluation point, showing the complexity of nature vs. nurture in behavior. The paragraph praises the practical applications of biological theories, such as drug therapies, and acknowledges the scientific rigor of the biological approach. However, concerns about biological determinism and its ethical implications, such as criminal behavior being blamed on genes, are raised.

🛠 Tools and Methods in Biological Research

The final paragraph discusses the advanced tools used in biological research, such as fMRI scanners and genetic analysis, which offer objective, reliable data. While the biological approach is highly scientific, it may lead to deterministic thinking, which can reduce individual responsibility for behavior. Cognitive approaches that assume people can change their thought processes are contrasted, offering a more empowering perspective.

Keywords

💡Biological Approach

The biological approach in psychology explains behavior by referring to biological processes such as brain function, neurochemistry, and genetics. It assumes that humans are biological beings, and thus our behaviors can be understood through these biological structures. This is the core theme of the video, linking various biological systems like the brain, hormones, and genes to human behavior.

💡Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons. The video explains how neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline affect behavior, with serotonin being linked to happiness and dopamine to pleasure. Altering neurotransmitters through drugs can change behavior, which the video highlights in relation to treating mental health disorders like OCD.

💡Endocrine System

The endocrine system consists of glands that release hormones, which influence various bodily functions. The video explains how hormones like adrenaline, testosterone, and estrogen impact behavior, with adrenaline being involved in the 'fight or flight' response. This system demonstrates how biological structures beyond the brain affect human actions and responses.

💡Hormones

Hormones are chemicals produced by glands in the endocrine system and play a role in regulating behavior. For example, adrenaline is released during stressful situations, influencing physical responses like increased heart rate and alertness. Hormones also have long-term impacts on behavior, such as testosterone influencing aggression.

💡Genotype and Phenotype

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, while phenotype is the observable expression of those genes, such as physical traits or behaviors. The video uses examples like eye color and height to explain how genes influence behavior. It also introduces the diathesis-stress model, explaining that genetic predispositions (genotype) may or may not be expressed (phenotype) depending on environmental factors.

💡Synapse

A synapse is the gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals. The video details how electrical signals are converted to chemical signals at the synapse, affecting communication between neurons. This process is crucial for understanding how neurochemistry influences behavior, such as the role of serotonin in mood regulation.

💡Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

SSRIs are a class of antidepressant drugs that work by preventing the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, thereby increasing its availability. The video discusses their use in treating depression and OCD, demonstrating how altering neurochemistry through drugs can improve mental health. SSRIs exemplify the biological approach's practical application in therapy.

💡Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary psychology explains behavior in terms of how it may have helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. The video links this to aggression, arguing that aggressive traits were selected for in early human societies because they helped males in hunting, protection, and attracting mates. This perspective ties into the biological approach by examining how evolutionary pressures shaped human behavior.

💡Localization of Function

Localization of function refers to the idea that specific brain areas are responsible for certain functions. The video discusses various brain structures such as the frontal lobe for decision-making, the temporal lobe for auditory processing, and the limbic system for emotions. This concept is key to understanding how brain damage or activation in particular areas can affect behavior.

💡Diathesis-Stress Model

The diathesis-stress model explains how genetic predispositions (diathesis) interact with environmental stressors to produce mental health disorders. The video uses this model to explain why not everyone with a genetic vulnerability to OCD will develop the disorder. It shows that while biology plays a crucial role, environmental factors also influence behavior.

Highlights

The biological approach in psychology examines behavior through biological structures, neurochemistry, genetics, and evolution.

The brain's functioning is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters, which are crucial in controlling behavior.

The largest biological structure influencing behavior is the endocrine system, responsible for hormone release, including adrenaline during the fight or flight response.

Testosterone is linked to increased aggression and male sexually dimorphic features.

Localization of function theory states that specific brain areas, like the frontal lobe and Broca's area, are responsible for specific functions, such as decision-making and speech production.

The brain’s limbic system, including structures like the amygdala and hippocampus, is the emotional center of the brain.

Neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline, significantly influence behavior by regulating feelings of well-being, pleasure, attention, and learning.

Drugs like SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) enhance serotonin activity to treat conditions like OCD and depression.

Genes play a crucial role in shaping behavior, with research indicating that genetic inheritance affects mental health conditions like OCD.

The concordance rate for OCD is higher among individuals who share more genetic material, such as identical twins (68%) compared to non-identical twins (31%).

The diathesis-stress model explains how genetic vulnerability combined with environmental stressors can influence whether someone develops a mental disorder.

Evolutionary psychology argues that certain behaviors, such as aggression, have been naturally selected for survival purposes.

The biological approach contributes to developing effective drug therapies for mental health conditions like OCD and schizophrenia.

Biological psychology is seen as highly scientific due to the use of tools like fMRI scanners, genetic analysis, and direct measurements of hormones and neurotransmitters.

Criticism of the biological approach includes its tendency to view behavior as biologically determined, which can have legal and ethical implications.

Transcripts

this is the brain If a psychologist

claims that a particular behavior is due

to how this organ functions they're

taking a biological approach but when we

talk about how the brain functions we

could actually be referring to a range

of different processes psychologist have

divided the brain into different areas

and identified large structures these

structures have different roles and

communicate with each other as well as

sending and receiving information to and

from the rest of the body the brain's

functioning is influenced by chemical

signals from the body called hormones

and between individual neurons the cells

that make up the brain there are

neurotransmitters that control neural

communication alter these with say drugs

and you can alter

Behavior to take a biological approach

to psychology we also need to include

the role of genes as of course the human

brain forms into a human brain due to

the genes we inherit and to take this

one stage further to understand why we

have the genes needed to create the very

distinctive human brain

we need to include a discussion of

evolution as features of the human brain

have developed and been retained only

because they've helped of human survival

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slides and more the biological approach

defining features as the introduction to

this video has probably made clear there

is a lot to the biological approach but

to simplify it for a moment the

biological approach assumes humans are

biological beings so Behavior should be

explained with reference to biology

biological structures neurochemistry

genetics and evolution are all different

aspects of biology that influence human

behavior

biological psychology is a fundamental

part of your psychology course so much

so that there's an entire unit just on

biopsychology and the ideas explained in

this video will also appear in most of

the other units you might find in this

particular approach's video I go into

biosite Concepts into slightly more

detail than you actually need for an

essay on the biological approach but as

bios cycology is so important and it's

going to get you marks across the a

level it's really worthwhile trying to

understand the core ideas of

biopsychology as early as possible

because I think it's especially

important for you to fully understand

biological psychology you can download

the matching worksheet for this video

for free follow the link in the

description print it and fill it out as

you

watch I'll link to a few areas across

the a level but you'll notice I try to

focus on OCD that's because you need to

learn the biological approach in

relation to OCD for paper one if you've

already studied that it's a helpful

reference or if you haven't studied it

yet it should be easier after this video

so let's explain each of these features

and evaluate bioy we can do this in any

order so let's start with the largest

biological structure and work down to

the smallest the influence of biological

structures on Behavior the largest

biological structure that influences

behavior is the body-wide system of

glands that make up the endocrine system

these glands release chemical Messengers

called hormones one gland the adrenal

gland activates in the fight or flight

response the brain dets a fret and

instructs the adrenal gland to release a

hormone called adrenaline this rushes

across the body carried by the

bloodstream its effects include

increasing blood flow to the brain and

skeletal muscles and reducing blood flow

to digestion and to the surface skin as

in an emergency situation thinking and

quick reflexes are more important than

digestion and if you're about to get

damaged you might as well reduce blood

loss from non-critical areas hormones

can also have long-term effects on the

body and Behavior such as sex hormones

like testosterone and estrogen

testosterone is linked to the sexually

diamoric male body features as well as

to increase aggression of course the

most important biological structure for

psychologists is the brain the brain is

after all the center of all conscious

and unconscious form the brain is

connected to the body by the brain stem

Above This is a structure called the

cerebellum the rest of the brain is

called the celebrium it has two

hemispheres connected by a a bundle of

nerve fibers called the Corpus goosin

each hemisphere is subdivided into four

loes occipital temporal peral and

frontal deeper in the brain is an area

called the lyic system including

structures called the amydala the fmus

and the

hippocampus localization of function is

the idea certain brain areas are

responsible for certain functions and

while I wouldn't expect you to explain

all of this in an essay on bioy you will

want to know this for the bioc pychology

unit so it's worthwhile given a quick

introduction of some of the functions of

each part the brain stem controls our

core abilities like heart rate and

breathing the cerebellum is involved in

coordinating muscle movements and

balance the cpal lobe is for visual

perception areas of the temporal lobe

process auditory information areas of

the pretal lobe receive Sensations from

across the body and the frontal lobe is

responsible for rational decision-

making the lyic system is the emotional

center of the brain of course this

explanation is a little simplistic and

many areas have multiple other functions

well in an essay explaining the

biological approach we might want to

pick out just one or two the research

identify the location of many of the

functions in the brain were often case

studies of neutral individuals if you've

just watched my cognitive approaches

video you likely remember tan tan had

difficulty with speech production only

being able to say tan after tan died

post research revealed brain

damage in an area that was called

Brock's area after Tan's doctor many

years later brain activation studies

confirm brochas area is active when

neurotypical brains produce language

This research confirms brain structures

role in producing behavior in this case

speech production the biological

structure of the brain is constructed of

nerve cells information travels across

these nerve cells in the form of

electricity however these nerve cells

don't quite touch the gap between two

nerve cells is called the CTIC left at

this point the syapse the electrical

message has to be converted to a

chemical signal which which leads us to

the next action the influence of

neurochemistry on Behavior to understand

how neurochemicals can influence how we

behave let's take a look at the

structure of the syapse in a little more

detail we can see that the axent

terminal of the presynaptic neuron and

the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron

close but don't quite touch the prestic

neuron contains neurotransmitters inside

structures called vesicles when the

electrical signal called an action

potential reaches the actual terminal

the neurotransmitter are pushed out of

the syapse cross a synaptic C and

detected by receptors on the postoptic

cell there are lots of different

neurotransmitters but when detected by

the postoptic cell they're either

excitatory making a new electric charge

more likely or inhibitory making a new

electric charge less likely if there are

more excitatory influences the signal

passed on so if that's the syapse and

how neurochemicals work how does this

influence behavior

well there are a wide range of

neurotransmitters and they have

different functions serotonin is linked

to feelings of well-being and happiness

dopamine is a reward neurotransmitter

and is responsible for intense pleasure

many illegal drugs like cocaine

influence the level of dopamine nor

adrenaline is associated with attention

and glutamate is associated with

learning in

memory knowing the influence of

neurotransmitters on Behavior leads to

drug therapies one class of drugs that

are useful to know are anti-depressants

called

ssris they're used of course for

depression but also OCD ssris are

selective serotonin reuptake Inhibitors

a very well- named drug as they select

they only work on serotonin and what

they do is they stop the reuptake of

Serotonin this is a process of being

reabsorbed into the preoptic cell this

keeps serotonin in the syapse and

enhances its activity increasing

feelings of well-being and

happiness there is research to show

these drugs are effective a me analysis

by sorro compared ssris to placebos

placebos are sugar pills that make the

patient think they're receiving drug

therapy samor combined the data from 17

studies including

3,97 participants into a metanalysis the

results showed that compared to the bbos

ssris significantly reduce the symptoms

of OCD this suggests not only that the

drug therapy is effective but

importantly as we're arguing that

neurochemistry influences Behavior the

fact that drugs do work work suggest

behavior is influenced by

neurochemistry the influence of genes on

Behavior going now to an even smaller

biological structure we can talk about

how genes influence behavior DNA is a

biological structure and genes are

sequences on the DNA our genes instruct

how our cells are formed and function

for example there are a range of

candidate genes that been associated

with OCD one important example is the C

Gene this part of the genetic code

influences the serotonin transport we've

just covered we need to understand the

terms genotype and phenotype and it's

helpful to use a physical example if

someone has blue eyes the actual

physical presence of blue eyes are the

fin type they have blue eyes because

they have the genes for blue eyes this

genetic code is their genotype I use ey

color as an obvious example as it's easy

to see how genes code for physical

characteristics biological psychologists

are interested in behaviors like

aggression intelligence and mental

health

conditions in the same way I caller has

a genotype biological psychologists

argue there are genotypes for Behavior

and the phenotype is the expression of

the behavior to study the genetic

inheritance of behavior psychologists

compare family members and twins they

measure what is known as the concordance

rate the likelihood of one person have a

disorder if another person has a

disorder if a disorder is genetic we

should see higher levels of concordance

in family members who share more genetic

material an example we can use as

research evidence is when it comes to

OCD the prevalence rate in the general

population is 2% however if an

individual has OCD the likelihood that

their first-degree relative has OCD the

concordance rate increases to 10% this

increased risk is arguably due to the

share genetics with first-degree

relatives sharing 50% of their

genes identical twins who share 100% of

their genetic makeup also known as

monotic twins have been shown to have a

68% concordance rate for OCD while

nonidentical or dizygotic twins have a

31% concordance rate however you can see

in all of these cases the likelihood of

a relative also having OCD is lower than

their sh genetic material this is

because it is possible that genotypes

and phenotypes don't match giving a

physical example again someone could

have a genotype that gives them the

potential to be tall however they don't

receive nutrition when growing up then

the genotype will not be expressed and

their phenotype will be shorter than

their potential

in the same way not everyone with a

genetic vulnerability to OCD will go on

to develop the disorder this is called

the diis stress response the genetic

vulnerability is the diis and the stress

will be things like childhood neglect a

traumatic event or adult drug use

without the presence of the stressor

then the individual can have normal

mental health again we can use this as

an evaluation it shows that biological

processes alone are not a complete

explanation of behavior a quick quick

note in this video I've used physical

examples like blue eyes and height to

help you understand the relationship

between genotype and phenotype however

when writing about the work of

biological psychologists you need to

focus your writing on how genes can

influence the expression of behaviors

like aggression and OCD Evolution and

behavior it's likely you're aware of the

basic principles of evolution from

biology this is Darwin's idea that

organisms adapt to their environment

through natural selection creatures with

characteristics that make them more

likely survive and breed pass these

characteristics onto future members of

the population in other words adaptive

characteristics are selected for

generally evolution is used to explain

physical characteristics bigger muscles

faster legs stronger Wings evolutionary

psychologists argue that behavior is

also inherited an innate behavior that

gives a survival Advantage is selected

for and becomes more common in future

members of a species evolutionary

ologists explain human aggression this

way in early Hunter gaver societies

aggressive behavior particularly in

males was useful in protecting a family

hunting prey and standing out from the

other males when attracting a meate

those males that were less aggressive

were less likely to pass on their

passive genes we are all the descendants

of Hunter gabas who manag to pass on

their genes while high levels of

aggression are not as useful in modern

society we do still have the genes of

our ancestors and this might explain the

high levels of aggression in modern

males compared to females we've covered

the biological approach in detail and I

hope that helped you understand the

concepts not just remember them but if

you were to write an essay on the

biological approach then you wouldn't

need that level of detail this is a

summary of the main

points evaluating the biological

approach we can use any of the research

studies I've mentioned so far as

evaluations the nstat and Samar ones on

OCD the case study of tan and the family

and twin studies for genetics these

provide research evidence that

demonstrate the assumptions of the

biological approach worth remembering

all of them as we're going to be using

them again in the Psychopathology and

the bioc pychology unit we can also use

a diis stress response as an evaluation

of the biological approach as a whole

pointing out the difficulty of

separating the influence of nurture and

nature and behavior again another good

evaluation to remember for OCD and

schizophrenia you might have noticed I

try to reuse evaluations in these videos

as much as possible so there's less to

remember overall for most people the

most obvious positive evaluation of the

biological approach are the real life

applications of these theories

biological theories of mental health

conditions like schizophrenia OCD and

depression have led to the development

of Highly Effective drug therapies that

act on neurochemical processes one

example is the anti-depressant ssris

these work by reducing serotonin uptake

these drugs have helped millions of

people return to normal functioning live

more fulfilling lives and contribute to

the the economy by returning to work the

biological approach is also regarded as

highly scientific the biological tools

used include fmri scanners genetic

analysis and direct measurements of

biological substances like hormones and

neurotransmitter levels this direct

observation combined with highly

controlled research studies is more

objective than relying on self-report

methods or inferences used by other

psychological approaches this means we

tend to have more confidence in the

reliability of biological findings a

problem with taking a biological

perspective when explaining all behavior

is it leads to viewing Behavior as

biologically determined someone has a

mental health disorder because of an

imbalance of neur transmitters or

someone's a criminal because they've

inherited a criminal Gene this

biological determinism has consequences

arguing there a criminal Gene

potentially undermines the legal

system's Assumption of criminal

responsibility after all no one can

control the genes they are born with and

assuming someone's mental health is

fully biological in nature means it's

out of their control and they may need

to be dependent on anti-depressants

whereas a cognitive soft deterministic

perspective maybe more empowering

assuming an individual can alter their

own thought processes I want to thank

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