Approaches- AQA Psychology UNDER 20 MINS! Quick Revision for Paper 2

Summary

This video script offers a rapid-fire overview of various psychological approaches, including structuralism, behaviorism, social learning theory, cognitive psychology, biological psychology, psychodynamic theory, and humanism. It discusses the evolution of psychology from introspection to empirical research, the role of internal mental processes, and the impact of genetics, environment, and unconscious processes on behavior. The script also touches on the scientific methods used in psychology, the influence of cognitive neuroscience, and the importance of considering all aspects of human experience for a holistic understanding.

Takeaways

• 🎓 The video provides a quick overview of various approaches in psychology, including structuralism, behaviorism, social learning theory, cognitive psychology, biological psychology, and psychodynamic and humanistic approaches.
• 🔍 Structuralism, introduced by Wilhelm Wundt, focused on breaking down thoughts into elements to understand the structure of the mind through introspection.
• 🐦 Behaviorism, pioneered by John B. Watson and later B.F. Skinner, emphasized observable behaviors and learning through classical and operant conditioning, rejecting introspection in favor of experimental methods.
• 🤝 Social learning theory by Albert Bandura built upon behaviorism by incorporating internal mental processes and the role of observation and modeling in learning.
• 💡 The cognitive approach views the mind as an information processing system, with theories and models such as the working memory model explaining mental processes like attention and memory.
• 🧬 The biological approach considers behavior as a result of physical processes within the body, including genetic factors, brain activity, and hormonal influences.
• 💆‍♂️ The psychodynamic approach, founded by Sigmund Freud, delves into the influence of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences on behavior.
• 🌟 Humanistic psychology emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and free will, focusing on the healthy aspects of human behavior rather than pathology.
• 🔑 Key concepts such as schemas, inferences, and cognitive models help explain how individuals process information and make decisions.
• 🧠 Advancements in cognitive neuroscience have allowed for the linking of cognitive processes with brain activity, providing neurobiological support for psychological theories.
• 🌐 The video mentions the influence of socio-cultural factors on behavior and acknowledges the limitations of reductionist approaches that oversimplify complex human behaviors.
• 📚 The script is complemented by additional resources on Patreon, offering a deeper dive into psychological concepts and study aids for students.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the video script provided?

The video script focuses on summarizing different approaches in psychology, including structuralism, behaviorism, social learning theory, cognitive approach, biological approach, psychodynamic approach, and humanistic approach, and how they contribute to the understanding of human behavior and mental processes.

Who is considered the father of psychology and what did he do?

Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of psychology. He initiated controlled empirical scientific research and opened the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in the 1870s.

What is the structuralism approach in psychology?

Structuralism is an approach that aimed to uncover the structure of the mind by breaking thoughts about an object into separate elements through introspection, which is the self-examination of one's own conscious experience.

What is the main criticism of the introspection method used in structuralism?

The main criticism of the introspection method is that internal mental processes cannot be studied scientifically, as they are not observable and are subjective to the individual experiencing them.

What are the two types of conditioning explained in the script?

The two types of conditioning explained are classical conditioning, which involves learning by association, and operant conditioning, which involves learning by trial and error through the connection between behaviors and consequences.

How does social learning theory differ from behaviorism?

Social learning theory agrees with behaviorism that behavior results from learning experiences but adds that internal mental processes must be considered. It emphasizes learning in a social context through observation, imitation, and modeling of others' behavior.

What is the cognitive approach's view on the mind and how does it differ from behaviorism?

The cognitive approach views the mind as a series of stages of mental information processing, similar to a computer's software. It differs from behaviorism by focusing on internal mental processes and the structure of mental processes that result in behavior, rather than just observable behaviors.

What evidence supports the biological approach to understanding behavior?

The biological approach is supported by evidence from twin and family studies, genetic research, brain scans, and the study of neurotransmitters and hormones, all of which show that physical processes within the body, primarily neurological, influence behavior.

What is the psychodynamic approach and how does it explain behavior?

The psychodynamic approach, founded by Sigmund Freud, focuses on how unconscious psychological processes shape behavior. It suggests that early childhood experiences form the unconscious mind, which in turn influences our actions and emotions through mechanisms like the id, ego, super-ego, and defense mechanisms.

What is the humanistic approach and how does it contrast with other approaches?

The humanistic approach focuses on personal growth and free will. It contrasts with other approaches by emphasizing the healthy human condition rather than pathology, and it suggests that individuals have the capacity to self-actualize, or reach their full potential, through meeting their basic needs and striving for self-improvement.

What are some criticisms of the psychodynamic approach?

Criticisms of the psychodynamic approach include its reliance on case studies that may be biased, the lack of scientific testing for the existence of the unconscious mind, and the unfalsifiability of some of its key concepts, which some argue makes it unscientific.

How does the script describe the role of free will in human behavior according to different psychological approaches?

The script describes varying views on free will: behaviorism suggests environmental determinism, social learning theory allows for some choice, cognitive approach implies some level of conscious control, biological approach points to biological determinism, psychodynamic approach emphasizes unconscious drives, and humanism asserts the expression of free will and conscious decision-making.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to AQA Psychology Revision

This paragraph introduces a series of 'Psycho Boost' videos designed for AQA psychology revision, aiming to cover all approaches in less than 20 minutes. The speaker encourages viewers to subscribe for more detailed content and mentions support from Patreon, where scripts and additional materials are shared. The video is structured to prompt viewers to guess content as it unfolds, testing their knowledge. It begins with a historical overview of psychology, starting with Wilhelm Wundt, who is credited with establishing the first psychological lab and the structuralism approach, focusing on introspection to understand mental processes. Criticisms of this approach led to the behaviorist movement, which rejected introspection and emphasized observable behaviors and stimuli, with key concepts like classical and operant conditioning introduced by Pavlov and Skinner, respectively.

05:01

🔬 The Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories

This section delves into the behaviorist approach, emphasizing its scientific nature through controlled experiments and observable behaviors. It discusses types of reinforcement and punishment within operant conditioning and touches on the ethical implications of using behavioral principles to control human behavior. The paragraph transitions into social learning theory, which incorporates internal mental processes and learning within a social context, challenging the behaviorist's exclusion of mental processes. It highlights Bandura's research on modeling and imitation, the role of mediational processes, and the importance of cognitive factors in learning. The limitations of social learning theory in terms of scientific rigor and generalizability are also noted.

10:02

🧠 Cognitive and Biological Approaches to Psychology

The cognitive approach is introduced, emphasizing the mind's information processing and the use of models to represent mental processes, such as memory and attention. It discusses the computer model analogy, the role of schemas, and the scientific nature of cognitive psychology. The biological approach follows, linking behavior to genetic and neurological factors, including the influence of neurotransmitters and hormones. It covers evolutionary perspectives, the role of genetic inheritance in behavior, and the impact of brain structure and chemistry on behavior. The section also addresses criticisms of reductionism and the limitations of biological determinism.

15:03

🌐 Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

The psychodynamic approach is explored, focusing on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences' impact on behavior, with Sigmund Freud's structural model of the mind and psychosexual stages highlighted. Defense mechanisms and the role of the unconscious in shaping behavior are discussed. Humanistic psychology is presented as an alternative, focusing on personal growth, free will, and self-actualization. It critiques deterministic views and emphasizes the importance of individual experience and self-concept in achieving one's full potential. Key concepts like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Rogers' client-centered therapy are introduced.

20:05

🌟 Comparison of Psychological Approaches

This paragraph provides a comparative analysis of the various psychological approaches discussed in the video. It examines the different perspectives on internal mental processes, the role of the environment, and the influence of biology and learning on behavior. It contrasts the deterministic and holistic views, the methods used in research, and the treatment approaches for psychological disorders. The section also touches on the development of behaviors and the interplay between nature and nurture, concluding with a brief mention of the scientific methods used by each approach and their limitations.

🎉 Conclusion and Acknowledgement of Patrons

The final paragraph wraps up the video by acknowledging the support of patrons, who have contributed to the creation of educational content. It provides a shout-out to specific patrons and expresses gratitude for their support, which helps make more videos like this possible. The speaker hopes that the notes from the video will aid in revision and offers an early view of the explanation video, encouraging viewers to support the channel for more psychology educational content.

Keywords

💡Structuralism

Structuralism is a psychological approach that aimed to understand the structure of the human mind by breaking down thoughts and experiences into their basic elements. In the video, it is mentioned as the first approach to psychology, pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt, who used introspection to analyze conscious experiences. The goal was to uncover the structure of the mind by examining how individuals process sensory information and react emotionally to stimuli.

💡Behaviorism

Behaviorism is a psychological theory that suggests learning occurs through interaction with the environment, focusing on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states. The video discusses how behaviorists, such as B.F. Skinner, studied how stimuli and responses are associated through classical and operant conditioning, emphasizing the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior.

💡Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes such as memory, perception, and problem-solving. The script mentions cognitive psychologists building models of mental systems like memory, using experimentation and inference to understand how the mind works, in contrast to the behaviorist rejection of introspection.

💡Social Learning Theory

Social Learning Theory, as discussed in the video, posits that learning occurs within a social context and is influenced by observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's research is highlighted, showing how children imitate aggressive behavior modeled by adults, demonstrating the importance of vicarious reinforcement and modeling in learning.

💡Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a response through repeated pairing with another stimulus. The video script references Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs, where the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus) was paired with food (unconditioned stimulus), eventually causing the bell to elicit salivation (conditioned response) on its own.

💡Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning is a method of learning where behavior is modified by its consequences, either through reinforcement or punishment. The video describes Skinner's experiments with rats, where behaviors were shaped by the use of rewards (food) and punishments (electric shocks) to increase or decrease the frequency of certain actions.

💡Cognitive Neuroscience

Cognitive Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to understand the neural underpinnings of cognitive processes. The script mentions the use of brain scanning techniques like fMRI to link cognitive processes to patterns of brain activity, providing biological evidence for cognitive models such as working memory.

💡Biological Approach

The Biological Approach to psychology suggests that behavior is influenced by genetic, hormonal, and neurological factors. The video script discusses how twin and family studies demonstrate the genetic influence on behavior and how imbalances in neurotransmitters can affect behavior and mental health.

💡Psychodynamic Approach

The Psychodynamic Approach, associated with Sigmund Freud, focuses on the influence of unconscious processes on behavior. The video explains Freud's structure of the mind, including the id, ego, and super-ego, and how early childhood experiences shape personality development through psychosexual stages.

💡Humanistic Psychology

Humanistic Psychology emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the unique experiences of individuals. The video script describes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Rogers' concept of unconditional positive regard, highlighting the humanistic belief in the potential for individuals to achieve their full potential and the importance of a holistic view of human behavior.

💡Reductionism

Reductionism in psychology refers to the practice of simplifying complex phenomena by breaking them down into smaller, more manageable components. The video script critiques the reductionist approaches of behaviorism, cognitive psychology, biological psychology, and psychodynamic theory for potentially overlooking the complexity of human behavior by focusing on single factors or processes.

Highlights

The video offers a quick 20-minute revision guide covering various approaches in AQA psychology.

Introduction to Wilhelm Wundt, the father of psychology, and his use of introspection to study internal mental processes.

Structuralism, the first approach in psychology, aimed to uncover the structure of the mind through systematic introspection.

Critique of structuralism by behaviorists who focused on observable behaviors and dismissed introspection.

Behaviorist approach emphasizing classical conditioning and operant conditioning to explain learning.

Social learning theory by Bandura, which incorporates internal mental processes and learning from observation.

Cognitive approach considering the brain as a computer and mental processes as information processing stages.

Biological approach linking behavior to genetic and neurological factors, including the influence of hormones and neurotransmitters.

Psychodynamic approach by Freud focusing on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences shaping behavior.

Humanistic psychology emphasizing personal growth, free will, and the pursuit of self-actualization.

Comparison of different psychological approaches in terms of their view on internal mental processes and determinism.

Discussion on the scientific validity of each approach, including criticisms and the use of experimental methods.

The role of cognitive neuroscience in providing neurobiological support to cognitive models of mental processes.

Ethical considerations in psychological research, such as the use of token economies and environmental determinism.

The impact of schemas, inferences, and cognitive models on understanding behavior and developing artificial intelligence.

Biological determinism and its implications for the development of drug treatments and understanding disorders.

Psychodynamic concepts like the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages in development.

Humanistic concepts of self-actualization, hierarchy of needs, and client-centered therapy.

A shout-out to patrons supporting the creation of educational content for psychology students.

Transcripts

[Music]

approaches for AQA psychology 20 minute

revision this psycho boost videos can be

running through all approaches including

the comparisons in less than 20 minutes

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it's going to be a handy set of notes in

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patreon explain how you crates a workout

from your exam performance for example

how many marks do you actually need for

lying style

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couple of weeks but all patrons can

watch it right now okay

twenty minutes let's do this my advice

pause when each new title appears and

guess what I'm going to say if you can

play the entire video and guess

correctly you're doing pretty good for

the exam

studying the mind was philosophy bun the

father of psychology start controlled

empirical scientific research open the

first psychological lab in Leipzig

Germany 1870s studying internal mental

processes use introspection looking

inward self-examination analyzing your

own conscious experience to standard

stimuli such as a metronome reporting

present experience such as sensations

emotional reaction and mental images

systematic approach same stimulus

surroundings and instructions the

participants were highly trained

breaking thoughts about an object down

into separate elements was an attempt to

uncover the structure of the mind this

approach was called structuralism one's

work paved the way for latest

scientifically controlled research in

psychology funds work was criticized by

later behaviorists who fought internal

mental processes could not be studied

scientifically by introspection they

focused only on observable input stimuli

and outputs behaviors seeing the minds

of black box not open to scientific

investigation

the study of internal mental processes

was later continued by cognitive

psychologists who build models of how

systems such as memory worked however

they use experimentation and inference

not introspection learning approaches

the behaviorist approach the behaviorist

approach was developed in an attempt to

make psychology more scientific by using

highly controlled experiments criticized

earlier attempt to study internal mental

processes seeing the mind as a black box

classical conditioning learning by

association learning happens when a

neutral stimulus is constantly paired

with an unconditioned stimulus so they

eventually the neutral stimulus becomes

a conditioned stimulus producing the

response caused by the unconditioned

stimulus Pavlov demonstrated this in

dogs who would dissociate the sound of a

bell or metronome neutral stimulus than

conditioned stimulus with food

unconditioned stimulus and withdrawal

response to the conditioned stimulus

stimulus generalization conditioned

response happens with similar stimuli

for example little Albert was

classically conditioned to fear a white

rat and became afraid of a dog a fur

coat and a Santa mask operant

conditioning learning by trial and error

learning from connection between

behaviors and consequences Skinner

demonstrate this in rats who learned

from trial and error that pulling a

lever would release a food palate the

leaf appalling behavior became more

frequent and deliberate over time the

rats also learned to press a lever to

stop the floor of the k2 being

electrocuted

thirty Seconds types of reinforcement

positive adding stimulus to increase the

behavior negative removing a stimulus to

increase the behavior punishment adding

a stimulus to decrease the behavior

extinction stopping reinforcement will

result the behavior stopping over time

they allow the study showed fear could

be alert response

suggesting not instinctual and let's a

development of the behavior explanation

and counter conditioning treatments of

phobias behavioral fairies have been

used in an attempt to control human

behavior token economies this can be

seen as unethical environmentally

deterministic behaviors result from

learning from the environment not free

will this is Hardy terminus with no role

for freewill and behavioral varies

behaviors use objective scientific

experimental methods systematically

manipulating variables are measuring

observable behavior this demonstrates

cause-and-effect environmental

reductionist approach in focusing on a

lower level of explanation for human

behavior example stimulus response links

or associations therefore lacking

meaning when it comes to complex human

behaviors research mailing of animals

therefore generalization to human

behavior is limited learning approaches

social learning theory social learning

theory agrees with behaviorist ideas

that behavior results from learning

experience disagrees with behaviorist

approach of ignoring internal mental

processes

suggesting they must be present for

learning focuses on learning taking

place in a social context due to

exposure to others behavior imitation

others behavior is observed

if behavior is rewarded we are more

likely to reproduce the behavior

vicarious reinforcement less likely to

replicate if observer sees negative

consequences by Carius punishment

modeling others act as blueprints for

our behavior can be real people or

symbolic models from TV or movies

identification Malu characteristics we

relate to age gender and ethnicity are

more likely to be imitated mediational

processes cognitive processes between

stimulus and response that influence the

likelihood of behavior imitation

attention seeing it retention

remembering it motivation wanting

rewards and reproduction being able to

do it having the skill bandura 1961 send

two to three to five year olds children

match on levels of crashing groups

watched videos of adults interacting

aggressively or non aggressively

neutrally with a Bobo doll children

match the levels aggression found

aggression was imitated in the group who

watched the adults model aggression the

other group were not aggressive effect

was stronger if the adverb was the same

gender

suggest imitation and identification

bandura's research used control

variables and demonstrated behavior was

imitated however a cause-and-effect

relationship due to imitation and

real-life examples of aggression is

difficult to study social learning

varies inclusion of internal mental

processes is improvement on behaviorism

in explaining behavior due to personal

experience of having internal mental

processes faithful is cognitions or

internal mental processes used in social

learning theory are not observable

directly making social learning very

less scientific the behaviorist who only

studied objectively measurable stimulus

and response mechanisms social learning

theory processes can explain the

development of basic learned behaviors

aggression but not more abstract

concepts like justice social learning

theory sees behavior as environmentally

determined nurture but some behaviors

may be your name nature and better

explained by biological explanations or

a combination of both factors the

cognitive approach become first suggests

behaviors at all of conscious and

unconscious information processing

faults internal mental processes are a

series of stages of mental information

processing stages are represented by

cognitive theories such as theoretical

models these are flowcharts like those

used by computer programmers showing how

information flows and is processed in

the mental system such as memory working

memory model multi-store model or

attention these models produce berries

testable by experiment the cognitive

approach suggests the brain can be

viewed as similar to a computer CPU and

the mind is like the software that runs

on the CPU computers also have input

side the brain has sensors and outputs

like behavior this is termed the

computer model they're all schema

these are complemental frameworks or

blueprints of how people and objects

work they're formed from prior

experience these organize the large

amount of information we experience

every moment and we make assumptions and

how to behave and think

however incorrect schema can lead to

stereotypes prejudice and bias

inferences this is going beyond the

observed behavior to make assumptions

about the underlying structure of mental

processes that resulted in that behavior

users internal mental processes copy

directly observe emergence of cognitive

neuroscience the development of new

brain scanning techniques such as fMRI

I've allow for processes to be linked to

patterns of activity in the brain by the

neurobiological support to pre-existing

cognitive models such as a working

memory mother

Machin reductionist oversimplify human

behavior by describing human thinking as

processing like a computer computers do

not have features of human experiences

such as emotion irrationality and

consciousness cognitive psychologists

ideas on information processing have

been used to develop the field of

artificial intelligence with

applications in self-driving in

automation these will have significant

consequences for the economy cognitive

is an example of soft determinism force

it influenced by previous experience

schemas and brain structure however

conscious forged overrides as an

expression free well using inferences to

assume underlying processes and thinking

is all scientific as internal mental

processes cannot be directly tested and

inferences might be mistaken or

influenced by bias however the use of

experimental method is scientific mental

processes describe our models such as

attention and memory a distinct however

there's little explanation as to how

these mental events work together in a

larger mental system come to your

science techniques used by braver

provide neurobiological evidence of the

center executive in the working memory

model okay in the prefrontal cortex high

activation detective brain scans when

completing central executive tasks

increasing with task difficulty the

biological approach biological approach

suggests behavior as a result of

physical processes within the body

primarily neurological brain activity

but also hormonal factors these

processes are inherited genetically

another result of evolutionary pressure

the influence of genes on behavior is

demonstrated from twin and family

studies showing the risk disorders such

as schizophrenia OCD depression

increased significantly more closely

related people are to a sufferer as they

share more genes this is explained by

genotypes the genetic information

inherited from parents that code for

distinct observable physical and

behavioral characteristics called

phenotypes so the expression of physical

and behavioral properties are dependent

on inheritance of genotypes for example

certain genes gene x code for the

production of high testosterone leading

to the psychological characteristics

phenotypes such as high aggression

levels being expressed biological

structures neural areas in the brain are

associated behavioral functions such as

the amygdala emotional responses

orbitofrontal cortex future planning and

Broca's area speech production the

development of these areas of the brain

and the connections between them are

coded genetically your chemistry europe

transmitters such as serotonin and

dopamine

brain synaptic functioning imbalances

result in changes in behavior such as

aggression levels and psychopathology

hormones like adrenaline released by the

endocrine system in response to stresses

result in the fight-or-flight behavioral

response evolution is a selection of

year types that code for phenotypes

provide a survival and/or reproductive

advantage behaviors with the advantages

will become more prevalent in the

population examples in human behavior

are dominant group cooperation and may

guarding biological reductionism

biological psychologists reduce the

explanation for complex behaviors and

human experience the simple biological

elements neurotransmitters while this

ignores other valid explanations this is

based on a scientific principle of

parsimony that complex phenomena should

be explained in the simplest way

possible

and has led to development of effective

drug treatments but there is a complex

interaction between environmental

experiences and the development of

biological structures not fully

explained by purely biological approach

shown by work on plasticity McGuire 2000

use MRI brain scans and taxi drivers who

had completed a memory task called the

knowledge areas of their hippocampus

were significantly larger than controls

the effectiveness of drug treatments

developed by biological psychologists as

well as biological theories have been

demonstrated by highly controlled

nomothetic research studies using

techniques that provide objectivity such

as blood tests and fMRI excavations for

disorders to schizophrenia that cannot

be fully explained by genetic

inheritance often take a dive eases

stress explanation disorders being the

result of the interaction between a

pre-existing vulnerability genetic

genotype and environmental stresses

personal loss abuse drug use biological

determinism suggests human behavior and

four processes are the result of

biological processes outside of our

conscious control this goes against the

view that our decisions are driven by

free will the psychodynamic approach

focused on studying how unconscious

psychological processes shape behavior

these processes are fought to form

during early child experience and by

Sigmund Freud who also based

psychoanalytic therapy on these ideas

the unconscious is one of the three

aspects of the mind also including the

consciousness awareness and the pre

conscious thoughts and memories that can

be recalled but not currently in

conscious awareness the unconscious is

not open to awareness containing

socially unacceptable thoughts pay

emotions drives and instincts and

memories that are repressed the

structure of personality formed of the

it the pleasure principle which is

present from birth I'll focus on

satisfying its own needs and desires

the ego reality principle developed from

two years focused on balancing the other

two aspects with rationale for the

super-ego or morality principle

developed from three to five years and

focus on a baying liberals of society

and users guilt defense mechanisms are

unconscious processes that reduce

anxiety felt by the ego by distorting

reality include repression making a

memory inaccessible to consciousness

denial refusing to accept the reality of

the situation and displacement moving

emotions from the source to an

alternative psychosexual stages are

phases of development our children pass

through fixation can occur at any stage

resulting in adult psychological

disorders the stages are named after

where the child gets pleasure and our

oral zero to 18 months anal 18 months or

three years

phallic three years to six years later

six years to puberty and genital puberty

to Adil Freud's ideas strongly

influenced the development of Bobby's

attachment varies which suggests periods

of maternal deprivation in childhood can

have long lasting negative psychological

effects and adults this is widely

accepted and has revolutionized child

welfare psychic determinism mental

processes and behavior that appear

freely chosen under conscious control

are actually caused by powerful and

conscious systems to end childhood this

goes against how most people view their

decision-making for its fairies develop

from his own interpretation of case

studies such as little hands fear of

horses which Freud explained as

resulting from fear of his father

Edom is complex this methodology is high

susceptible to bias concepts such as

your conscious mind being inaccessible

mean it can be tested in scientific

experimentation so we can't be shown to

exist or not exist

it's unfalsifiable popper argues this

means psychedelic ideas are not

scientific while psychedelic concepts

are not open scientific study the

effectiveness of psychotherapy can be

studied but it seems limited and that

our analysis by eyes make in 1952

demonstrates 66% of people of neurotic

disorders treated recovered however that

70% recovered without any treatment at

all casting down on the theory behind

psychotherapy humans excite all adji

developed in the 1960s in response to

all the psychological approaches focused

on the naked

or pathological aspects of human

behavior instead humanism focuses on

personal growth free will

humanistic psychologist suggests that

while there are laws and constraints on

our behavior our actions are not

determined by cause-and-effect

relationships biological or

environmental we ultimately consciously

choose our behaviors freely

self-actualization the point on which

the individual has achieved their full

potential

humans think that everyone has a

capability of motivation to work towards

this goal Milo's hierarchy of needs

suggests that before satisfying the need

for self-actualization the individual

must meet more basic needs then

progressing on to higher needs in order

physical survival needs safety loving

belonging esteem or respect needs but

few people might satisfy all needs and

self actualized focus on the self Rogers

suggests that each person as a

self-concept how you see yourself and an

ideal self how you wish to be congruence

is how close the self-concept an ideal

self are if there's a big difference in

congruence that self-actualization can't

be achieved conditions of Worth are the

requirements an individual feels that

they need to meet in order to be loved

they can be real or imaginary conditions

of worth stops self-actualization

humanistic counseling Rogers client

centered therapy attempts to help the

client achieve congruence and the buys

unconditional positive regard the

opposite of conditions of worth the

client is the expert responsible for

solving their own problems concepts such

as self-actualization are not clearly

defined operationalized so we're not

measurable or open to scientific study

however humans to reject the scientific

method in the study of human behavior

suggesting is not possible for humans to

study humans objectively takes a

holistic view of studying humans

considering all factors when attempting

to understanding individuals using a

geographic method such as case studies

could be an example of cultural bias

individualistic Western cultures

prioritize individual success and

achievement in collectivist cultures

group success is more important

humanistic psychologists may view

individuals from collectivist cultures

as less able to self actualize therefore

in some way in theory the humanistic

theory is positive suggesting strategies

for significant personal development and

positive change at any stage of life a

distinction from more deterministic

approaches seen behaviors set in

childhood or biology

comparison of approaches

internal mental processes behaviors

ignore the role of conscious for ads on

scientific social learning theory

internal mental processes mediational

processes are important in the

generation of behavior in humans

cognitive faults follow predictable

systems that can be displayed as models

for example the working memory model

biological Forsett due to complex

interactions of neurons can be

understood using cognitive neuroscience

psychodynamic large role for unconscious

mental processes dominated by the ED

super-ego and defense mechanisms

humanist conscious mind is in control of

actions and has free will disorders and

treatments behaviors use techniques such

as flooding for phobias alone via

conditioning part of the development of

CBT social learning theory uses reward

mechanisms such as token economies in

institutions alongside vicarious

reinforcement cognitive disorders due to

maladaptive four processes Alice's ABC

CBT is used to correct biological due to

the imbalance of neurotransmitters genes

or biological structure treatment drug

interventions psychodynamic due to

childhood development psychotherapy as

treatment depends on the process of

introspection humanist

focuses on the healthy human not

pathology unconditional positive regard

in client-centered therapy

production in holism behaviorists

environmental reductionist ignoring

mental processes and socio-cultural

explanations social learning theorists

les environments reductionist as

includes mental factors Harvick still

ignores factors that influence behavior

like biological factors cognitive

machine reductionism the mind is viewed

as just a series of processes similar to

software biological biological

reductionist ignores learned behaviors

socio-cultural psychodynamic

reductionist as behavior due to drives

however includes aspects of four

processes and learning humanist

falling holistic the only way to

understand human behavior is to consider

all aspects levels of humanity childhood

development behaviorists

development is based on environmentally

conditioned behaviors learned by our

association reinforcement and Punishment

social learning theory behaviors can be

learned socially during development

vicariously cognitive development by

acquiring schemas about how to interpret

the world biological development

strongly influenced by genetic factors

inherited due to evolutionary pressure

psychodynamic childhood experience

psychosexual stages fundamental the

development of animal emotional

disorders humanist healthy development

requires unconditional positive regard

and satisfying hierarchy of needs nature

nurture behaviors

nurture no role for instincts biology

has born blank slates shaped by the

environment social learning theory

nurture however shaped by observation of

others experience cognitive interaction

of brain structure and learn experience

influencing the internal mental systems

biological nature behavior as a result

of interaction of pre-existing

neurotransmitters gene and brain

structure effects psychodynamic beaufort

neat drives and the role of childhood

experiences in shaping behavior humanist

experiences nurture most important or

complex interactions with biological

aspects india graphic namitha tech

behaviorist noah Fettig large animal

experiments fight general laws for human

behavior social learning very

namitha tech use of experimental method

in determining general laws bandura

cognitive mainly nomothetic with the use

of general mental models our some case

studies biological nomothetic

large biological studies used to give

general

medical physiological based laws

psychodynamic indy graphic use of case

city our attempts generalize findings

nama fatik humanist india graphic no

attempt to make general laws instead

studies subjective individual experience

free will and determinism behaviorist

behavior is environmentally determined

stimulus response social learning very

soft determinism learning a mutational

processes determined behavior however a

role for choice cognitive soft

determinism thoughts are affected by

previous experience schemas however

conscious for can override biological

behavior is biologically determined due

to interaction of neurotransmitters

genes and brain structure psychodynamic

psychically deterministic behavior is

caused by unconscious mental processes

for example defense mechanisms humanist

humans express free will and their

conscious decision making approaches in

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