Pertemuan 2 : Citra Digital, Sampling, dan Quantization - Part 1 : Apa itu citra digital ?

Summary

The video discusses digital image processing, starting with the definition of a digital image, its spatial coordinates (x, y), and intensity (f), referred to as pixels. It explains the difference between digital image processing, image editing, and computer graphics, highlighting the focus on improving software for image processing. The video also covers key areas like image analysis, computer vision, and three levels of processing (low, mid, high). Each level involves tasks such as noise reduction, segmentation, and object recognition, progressing towards understanding and interpreting digital images with cognitive functions.

Takeaways

• 📷 Digital images are represented as a two-dimensional function where x and y are spatial coordinates, and f(x, y) represents the intensity (or gray level) at those coordinates.
• 💻 Digital image processing involves processing or manipulating digital images using computers, distinguishing it from digital image editing, which typically uses existing software like Photoshop or Corel.
• 🔧 Digital image editing focuses on manipulating digital images using software, while digital image processing is more about designing and developing software to improve image manipulation.
• 🖼️ Computer graphics differs from digital image processing by focusing on the synthesis of images from geometric models, particularly in 3D space.
• 👁️ Digital image processing extends beyond human vision by using imaging technologies like gamma rays, ultrasound, and electron microscopes to capture data beyond the visible light spectrum.
• 🌐 Digital image processing is widely applicable across various industries and has been recognized for solving significant social and economic challenges.
• 🤖 Image processing transitions into image analysis and computer vision, particularly when the goal is to understand the content of an image, often using artificial intelligence.
• 🔍 The scope of digital image processing can be categorized into three levels: low-level (e.g., noise reduction and contrast enhancement), mid-level (e.g., segmentation and object recognition), and high-level (e.g., object understanding and computer vision).
• 🛠️ Low-level image processing focuses on basic tasks like enhancing contrast or sharpening images, where both input and output are still digital images.
• 🧠 High-level image processing incorporates cognitive functions to make sense of the recognized objects, moving towards computer vision and more advanced image understanding.

Q & A

What is a digital image?

A digital image is represented as a two-dimensional function f(x, y), where x and y are spatial coordinates, and f represents the intensity or gray level at those coordinates.

What are the elements of a digital image called?

The elements of a digital image are called pixels, which are the smallest units in an image that have specific locations and intensity values.

What is digital image processing?

Digital image processing refers to the use of digital computers to process and manipulate digital images to improve or modify them.

How is digital image processing different from image editing?

Image editing focuses on manipulating digital images using software like Photoshop, while digital image processing involves designing and improving the software and algorithms used for processing images.

What is the difference between digital image processing and computer graphics?

Digital image processing deals with improving and analyzing digital images, whereas computer graphics is focused on synthesizing images from geometric descriptions, especially in 3D models.

What is the role of digital image processing in human vision?

Digital image processing can enhance and extend human vision by processing images in a broader spectrum than visible light, including gamma rays and radio waves, which are beyond human perception.

What are some practical applications of digital image processing?

Digital image processing has applications in a variety of fields, including medical imaging (ultrasound, MRI), satellite imaging, and economic and social problem-solving.

What is the difference between image processing, image analysis, and computer vision?

Image processing focuses on improving images, image analysis is about extracting meaningful information from images, and computer vision involves interpreting the content of images using artificial intelligence.

What are the three levels of digital image processing?

The three levels are: low-level processing (basic operations like noise reduction and contrast enhancement), mid-level processing (tasks like segmentation and object recognition), and high-level processing (interpreting and understanding objects in images).

What is the significance of high-level image processing?

High-level image processing involves associating recognized objects in images with cognitive understanding, making it essential for tasks like object detection in computer vision and AI systems.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Digital Image Processing

The paragraph introduces the topic of digital image processing, beginning with the basic definition of digital images as 2D functions with spatial coordinates (x, y) and intensity values (f). It explains how these values must be finite and quantized in the digital realm. The key elements of a digital image are pixels, which form the foundation of image processing. The paragraph also distinguishes digital image processing from digital image editing and computer graphics. While image editing focuses on manipulating images using software like Adobe Photoshop, digital image processing involves developing and improving software to handle images. Computer graphics, on the other hand, is concerned with generating images from 3D models.

05:00

🔍 Scope and Applications of Digital Image Processing

This paragraph explores the wide scope of digital image processing, emphasizing its applications beyond the limits of human vision. It explains that digital image processing extends into various fields, using tools like gamma rays, ultrasound, and electron microscopes to capture images that the human eye cannot perceive. Digital image processing has proven its importance across a wide range of social and economic applications. The paragraph also introduces the overlap between digital image processing, image analysis, and computer vision, noting that while image processing focuses on input and output as images, computer vision delves deeper into image understanding using artificial intelligence.

Keywords

💡Digital Image

A digital image is represented as a two-dimensional function f(x, y), where x and y are spatial coordinates, and f represents the intensity or gray level of the image at those coordinates. The concept is central to the video as it introduces the basic building block of digital image processing, highlighting the need for quantization and finite values in the digital world.

💡Quantization

Quantization refers to the process of mapping continuous image values (such as intensity levels) into discrete values. This process is essential in digital image processing, as it allows for the representation of images in a form suitable for computer manipulation. The video emphasizes that x, y, and f values must be finite in a digital context, achieved through quantization.

💡Digital Image Processing

Digital image processing involves using digital computers to process and manipulate images. The video defines this as the broader activity of designing, enhancing, and developing image processing software. It contrasts digital image processing with image editing, which focuses on manipulating images using pre-existing software like Adobe Photoshop.

💡Image Editing

Image editing, also referred to as digital imaging, is the process of modifying digital images using software tools like Adobe Photoshop. The video explains that while digital image processing focuses on creating and improving image processing software, image editing involves direct manipulation of images using existing tools.

💡Computer Graphics

Computer graphics is the field concerned with synthesizing images from geometric descriptions, particularly in 3D. Unlike digital image processing, which focuses on improving and analyzing images, computer graphics is more concerned with creating visual content. The video highlights this distinction as part of the broader landscape of image manipulation technologies.

💡Noise Reduction

Noise reduction refers to the process of removing unwanted distortions or 'noise' from an image. It is one of the low-level image processing tasks, according to the video, and helps to improve the quality of digital images by reducing random variations in brightness or color information.

💡Segmentation

Segmentation is the process of dividing an image into meaningful regions or objects. In the video, segmentation is described as a mid-level task in digital image processing, where an image is partitioned into various areas to aid in object recognition and classification in subsequent stages.

💡Edge Detection

Edge detection is the technique used to identify the boundaries within an image. The video describes it as part of the mid-level image processing tasks, where the goal is to detect significant changes in brightness or intensity that define the edges of objects within the image, aiding in further analysis or recognition.

💡Image Analysis

Image analysis involves extracting meaningful information from images, which goes beyond simple image manipulation. The video distinguishes image analysis from basic image processing by emphasizing its role in understanding the content of an image, often using cognitive or artificial intelligence methods.

💡Computer Vision

Computer vision refers to the field of enabling computers to interpret and understand the content of digital images. The video positions computer vision as the high-level extension of image processing, where the system begins to 'perceive' and 'understand' objects within an image, often using advanced AI techniques.

Highlights

Introduction to digital image processing and its definition, emphasizing its representation as a two-dimensional function of spatial coordinates and intensity values.

Explanation of the key elements of digital images, including pixels, intensity, and the concept of gray levels, which form the building blocks of digital images.

Distinction between digital image processing and image editing, with digital image processing focused on improving or developing processing software, while image editing focuses on manipulation using existing software like Photoshop.

Digital image processing's primary goal is to design and improve software for image processing rather than manipulating existing images.

Clarification of the difference between digital image processing, image analysis, and computer vision, focusing on the progression from low-level to high-level image understanding.

Overview of the role of digital image processing in enhancing human vision beyond the visible spectrum, with applications ranging from gamma rays to radio waves.

Digital image processing is applied to various fields, including medical imaging, social and economic problem-solving, and more.

Detailed explanation of image processing, which focuses on improving images, image analysis, which emphasizes understanding image content, and computer vision, which involves higher-level perception.

Introduction of three paradigms in digital image processing: low-level (image enhancement), mid-level (segmentation and object recognition), and high-level (image understanding and computer vision).

Low-level processing includes tasks like noise reduction, contrast enhancement, and image sharpening, focusing on image improvement.

Mid-level processing involves segmentation, object description, and classification of objects in the image.

High-level processing relates to perception and image understanding, involving cognitive functions to recognize and interpret objects.

Image analysis plays a significant role in higher-level tasks, allowing for deeper insights and understanding of digital images.

Computer vision and artificial intelligence are closely tied to advanced digital image processing and analysis.

The evolution of digital image processing, from basic image enhancement to sophisticated tasks like object recognition and interpretation in computer vision.

Transcripts

Halo Halo

[Musik]

Adek bisa bergabung kembali pada

perkuliahan pengolahan Citra digital

pada pertemuan yang kedua ini materi

yang kita bahas adalah citra digital

selling dan quantization

Hai ada materi pertemuan kedua ini kita

akan mencoba menjawab beberapa

pertanyaan seperti misalnya Apa itu

citra digital kemudian apa saja ruang

lingkup bidang pengolahan Citra digital

Lalu bagaimana sejarah dimulainya

teknologi Citra digital dan yang

terakhir tentang bagaimana proses

pembentukan dan representasi Citra

digital

Hai Nah kita mulai dengan definisi

tentang Citra digital

Citra digital direpresentasikan dalam

format fungsi dua dimensi tertulis f x

koma y gimana x&y itu adalah koordinat

spasial dari titik-titik intensitasnya F

merupakan nilai intensitas atau

istilahnya dikenal dengan derajat

keabuan atau Grey level dari Citra

digital tersebut pada posisi koordinat

tertentu x&y

nah nilai x y dan F ini harus bersifat

fined atau

kuantitas Describe karena ini adalah

dunia digital nah sehingga nilai x y dan

F itu harus memiliki Bataaf

masing-masing memiliki lokasi dan nilai

tertentu Nah elemen-elemen dari Epic

Citra digital inilah yang dikenal dengan

istilah picture le science atau image

Elements atau velg dan juga paling

terkenal disebut dengan XL nah Apa

definisi dari pengolahan Citra digital

atau digital image Processing ya

definisi paling umumnya yaitu memproses

atau mengolah Citra digital dengan

menggunakan komputer digital jadi

mengolah Citra digital tak hanya

memproses Citra digital atau mengolah

Citra digital dengan menggunakan

komputer kita

nah Apa bedanya antara image Processing

image editing kemudian computer graphics

karena tiga Tron ini sangat dikenal

dalam bidang computer science digital

image editing atau image editing itu

biasanya dikenal dengan istilah digital

imaging dalam hal ini

image editing itu lebih berhubungan

dengan proses manipulasi Citra digital

dengan menggunakan

software-software eh King yang sudah ada

seperti misalkan dengan Adobe Photoshop

atau dengan Corel dan Damainya

sementara digital image Processing atau

pengolahan Citra digital itu lebih

ditujukan pada

proses konsepsi rancangan pengembangan

atau peningkatan dari program-program

pengolahan Citra digital tersebut Jadi

kalau image editing lebih pada bagaimana

menggunakan perangkat lunak untuk

mengedit atau mengolah Citra digital

sementara kalau digital image Processing

itu lebih ditujukan kepada upaya-upaya

untuk membangun mendesain dan merancang

atau meningkatkan performansi dari

software-software pengolah Citra

tersebut nah sementara untuk komputer

grafik yang berbeda dengan digital image

Processing

bidang Grafika komputer itu lebih

difokuskan kepada upaya-upaya untuk

mensintesis Citra Digital dari deskripsi

geometrinya ya ya utama yang berhubungan

dengan model-model objek pada ruang tiga

dimensi

hai hai

akhir-akhir berarti ruang lingkup

pengolahan Citra digital itu yang

pertama tentu saja berhubungan dengan

efisien ya karena woman fashion karena

Citra digital itu adalah representasi

dari

kemampuan manusia untuk bisa melihat

atau hypervision yang merupakan

bagian yang paling penting dalam sistem

Persepsi manusia nah sudah dijelaskan

pada materi sebelumnya bahwa hukuman

Vision itu hanya bisa dilakukan atau

terbatas pada spektrum gelombang

elektromagnetik cahaya tampak sementara

kalau sudah digital atau imagination

yang ada atau alat-alat pencitra yang

ada itu kemampuan mencegahnya bisa

mencakup di lebih dari sekedar spektrum

cahaya tampak dan jadi bisa jadi

menggunakan pencitraan dengan sinar

gamma hingga dengan gelombang radio Jadi

mesin-mesin pencitraan digital itu dapat

beroperasi pada gambar-gambar yang

dihasilkan oleh akhir-akhir yang

sebelumnya tidak bisa dicipta oleh

Herman Vision kita termasuk misalkan

gambar-gambar atau cita-cita yang

berasal dari ultrasound dari Microsoft

elektron dan gambar kamar yang lainnya

yang memang dihasilkan atau dideteksi

dengan menggunakan komputer nah secara

umum pengolahan Citra digital itu

mencakup bidang aplikasi yang sangat

luas dan beragam dan sampai saat ini

pengolahan Citra digital itu sudah

dinyatakan mampu untuk menjadi solusi

atau sukses menangani berbagai

permasalahan dalam bidang sosial dan

ekonomi yang sangat luar biasa

Hai dan ada definisi yang cukup beriris

serangan antara pengolahan Citra digital

kemudian analisis dan digital atau image

analysis dan bidang computer Vision

Bagaimana mendefinisikan image

Processing dibandingkan dengan image

analysis atau computer Vision ada

definisi pertama yang diusulkan yaitu

Bahwa image Processing itu lingkupnya

berada ketika kajian yang dilakukan itu

atau sistem yang dibangun itu memiliki

input dan output untuk prosesnya tetap

merupakan sebuah Citra digital tetapi

Apakah definisi ini cukup untuk bisa

memberikan representasi dari definisi

pengolahan Citra digital dan sementara

computer Vision dan dan artificial

intelegent misalkan itu lebih kepada

area image analysis atau pemahaman akan

isi dari Citra atau image understanding

jadi area image analysis ini bisa jadi

berada diantara image Processing dan

Computer Vision and jadi keinget

Processing memulai untuk bekerja

kemudian ketika proses-prosesnya mulai

mengarah kepada image analysis atau

iblis understanding maka kita sudah

dianggap berada pada area computer

Vision dengan bantuan misalkan

artificial intelligence Jadi sebenarnya

tidak terlalu ada batasan yang jelas

antara rangkaian pengolahan Citra

Digital dari satu ujung yang paling

primitif hingga ke ujung lain di

computer Vision yang paling Advance atau

paling maju

the set akan tetapi kita bisa memberikan

pemaknaan atau definisi dari

pengolahan Citra digital itu dalam tiga

paradigma Sebenarnya ya dengan melihat

proses komputerisasi sing komputerisasi

nya yang pertama itu adalah pengolahan

Citra digital yang tergolong low-level

artinya level paling bawah gimana

contoh-contoh operasi yang ada pada

low-level ini misalkan adalah

proses-proses three Processing untuk

mengurangi noise pada citra digital

untuk memperbaiki kontras atau contrast

enhancement Kemudian untuk mempertajam

gambar-gambar sudah digital atau image

sharpening memang terlihat sekali pada

low-level ini bagian pengolahan Citra

digital itu masih menerima input dan

outputnya berupa Citra digital jadi

diberikan sebuah cerita yang misalnya

kontraknya kurang kemudian outputnya

adalah citra digital yang memiliki

kontras yang lebih baik nah kemudian

untuk level yang kedua atau level-level

tengah ya proses-proses pengolahan Citra

digital ini sudah masuk pada tugas-tugas

seperti misalnya melakukan segmentasi

membagi area-area pada citra menjadi

arahnya kecil atau objek-objek tertentu

kemudian sudah mulai mampu

mendeskripsikan objek-objek itu untuk

pemrosesan selanjutnya misalkan untuk

klasifikasi mereka office atau mengenali

objek dari objek-objek individual

tersebut jadi secara umum pada level

menengah ini atom di level ini the

Processing ini itunya adalah citra

digital Sementara output-nya sudah

berupa atribut-atribut yang bisa

diekstrak secara implisit dari cita-cita

tersebut misalkan Apakah di situ ada

tepi Apakah kita akan mengekstrak hanya

bagian konturnya lalu memberikan

identitas pada objek-objek yang berhasil

disegmentasi atau direkomendasi G

ekstrak dari Citra digital input nah

kemudian level yang ketiga itu adalah

high-level Ima SS3 dalam hal ini kita

sudah harus mulai memberikan pemaknaan

atau making sense dari sekumpulan objek

yang sudah dikenali nah ini sudah Memang

bener-bener

masuk kepada ayah persepsi atau computer

Vision ya jadi image analysis lebih

banyak berperan disini Bagaimana

proses-proses pengolahan Citra sudah

mampu menganalisis keberadaan objek

objek pada citra digital input kemudian

dibantu dengan fungsi-fungsi kognitif

untuk bisa mengasosiasikannya dengan

dimension atau hewan Vision jadi

tiga paradigma ini setidaknya memberikan

gambaran bahwa image Processing itu

bisa dari hal yang paling sederhana

paling primitif hingga hal yang

berhubungan dengan computer Vision saat

kau hewan kognitif ya jadi

mempersepsikan sesuatu secara utuh

seperti materi yang sudah kita bahas

pada pertemuan yang sebelumnya