Freud's "Mourning and Melancholia" - Dr. Rodrigo Sanchez Escandón

Berlin Psychoanalytic
3 Nov 202111:44

Summary

TLDRRodrigo Sánchez, psicoanalista de la Asociación Psicoanalítica Británica, discute la obra de Freud 'El duelo y la melancolía', destacando la importancia de comprender el proceso de duelo frente a la pérdida. Explica cómo el duelo lleva a recordar sin la esperanza de reencuentro, mientras que la melancolía implica una identificación con el objeto perdido. Aborda la compleja relación entre el yo, el objeto y la libido, y cómo la retirada de la libido puede estar vinculada a la depresión y la pérdida de identidad.

Takeaways

  • 📚 El psicoanalista Rodrigo Sanchez habla sobre el ensayo 'El duelo y la melancolía' de Sigmund Freud.
  • 🧠 La obra de Freud es considerada una de las más importantes en la historia del psicoanálisis.
  • 😢 El duelo es un proceso normal de enfrentamiento ante una pérdida, mientras que la melancolía es un camino alternativo.
  • 🤔 La rebelión del ego ante la realidad marca el inicio del proceso del duelo.
  • 💔 La relación con la persona perdida se convierte en el centro de la vida emocional del individuo.
  • 🏠 El duelo implica un proceso de introspección y recordación intensa.
  • 🕯️ La melancolía se caracteriza por mantener una relación con el objeto perdido como si aún estuviera presente.
  • 🔄 Freud sugiere que el proceso del duelo puede revivir experiencias de duelo pasadas.
  • 📅 La publicación del ensayo coincide con el trabajo de Freud en el narcisismo y la teoría de la libido.
  • 🌑 La 'sombra del objeto' proyectada sobre el ego es un concepto clave en la obra de Freud.
  • 💞 La identificación con el objeto perdido puede llevar a tratarlo como si fuera el propio ego.
  • 🔄 La inversión y retirada de la libido son elementos fundamentales en el proceso del duelo y la melancolía.

Q & A

  • ¿Por qué considera el orador que el ensayo de Freud sobre el duelo y la melancolía es uno de los más importantes en la historia del psicoanálisis?

    -El orador considera que el ensayo de Freud es uno de los más importantes porque ofrece una explicación profunda de los procesos que atraviesa una persona al enfrentarse a la pérdida, explorando tanto el duelo normal como el camino hacia la melancolía.

  • ¿Cuál es el proceso normal de duelo según Freud?

    -Freud describe el duelo normal como un proceso donde el ego se rebela ante la realidad, negando inicialmente la pérdida, para luego retirarse a sí mismo y procesar las emociones y recuerdos asociados con la persona perdida, sin la esperanza de reencontrarla en el futuro.

  • ¿Qué diferencia hay entre el duelo normal y la melancolía según Freud?

    -En el duelo normal, la persona acepta progresivamente que el ser querido no regresará, mientras que en la melancolía la persona sigue relacionándose con el objeto perdido como si aún estuviera presente, manteniendo una ilusión de su existencia continua.

  • ¿Qué significa la frase 'la sombra del objeto cae sobre el yo' según Freud?

    -Esta frase describe cómo el objeto perdido (la persona fallecida) se internaliza dentro del yo, y el ego comienza a tratarlo como si aún estuviera presente, lo que complica el proceso de duelo normal.

  • ¿Cómo influye la teoría de Carl Abraham en el ensayo de Freud?

    -Carl Abraham influyó en Freud con su concepto de la etapa canibalística del desarrollo, donde el sujeto 'devora' simbólicamente al objeto perdido. Freud retoma esta idea al hablar de cómo la sombra del objeto cae sobre el yo, permitiendo que el ego trate al objeto como si todavía estuviera presente.

  • ¿Qué papel juegan las identificaciones en el proceso de duelo y melancolía?

    -En el proceso de duelo, la persona reintroduce aspectos del objeto perdido en su vida, mientras que en la melancolía la identificación con el objeto perdido es más profunda, al punto de que el ego lo trata como si fuera la persona misma.

  • ¿Cómo se relaciona el ensayo de Freud con la teoría del narcisismo?

    -El ensayo se relaciona con la teoría del narcisismo porque Freud explora cómo las personas pueden retirar el libido del objeto perdido y reinvertirlo en sí mismas, lo que se vincula con el proceso de gratificación interna que describe en su teoría del narcisismo.

  • ¿Cómo describe Freud el proceso económico de inversión y retirada del afecto (libido) en el duelo?

    -Freud describe que en el duelo normal, el afecto o libido invertido en el objeto perdido debe ser retirado gradualmente y reasignado a otros aspectos de la vida. En la melancolía, este proceso se ve obstaculizado, y el libido permanece atado al objeto perdido.

  • ¿Qué implicaciones tiene la idea de Freud sobre el suicidio en relación con la melancolía?

    -Freud sugiere que en la melancolía, el suicidio no es simplemente el ego atacándose a sí mismo, sino que es el ego atacando a un objeto interno que representa al ser perdido, lo que refleja una identificación destructiva con ese objeto.

  • ¿Por qué el orador considera que 'Duelo y melancolía' es un punto de inflexión en la historia del psicoanálisis?

    -El orador considera que este ensayo es un punto de inflexión porque introduce nuevas perspectivas sobre las relaciones objetales, el funcionamiento del inconsciente y el manejo del afecto, lo que ha influido profundamente en el desarrollo posterior del psicoanálisis.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introducción a la Melancolía y el Duelo de Freud

Rodrigo Sánchez, psicoanalista de la British Psychoanalytic Association, introduce el tema de la charla: el ensayo de Sigmund Freud 'Morning and Melancholy'. Sánchez explica que el trabajo de Freud es uno de los más importantes en la historia del psicoanálisis y busca explicar por qué. El ensayo trata sobre cómo las personas enfrentan la pérdida y describe dos caminos posibles: el duelo y la melancolía. Freud describe el proceso de duelo como una serie de pasos que comienza con el ego rechazando la realidad de la pérdida, llevando a una introspección intensa y una vida emocional centrada en la relación con la persona perdida. Este proceso implica recordar, fantasear y simbolizar, con la idea de que la persona no olvidará a la persona perdida, sino que se resignará a no encontrarlos en el futuro. La melancolía, por otro lado, es un proceso donde la persona se sumerge en sí misma y mantiene una relación con el objeto perdido como si aún estuviera presente.

05:00

📅 Contexto Histórico y Desarrollo del Ego

El ensayo de Freud fue escrito en 1913 y Sánchez destaca la importancia de este año, ya que coincide con el trabajo de Freud en narcisismo y su colaboración con Carl Abraham. Abraham planteó la idea de una etapa caníblica en el desarrollo, donde las personas 'devoran' a los objetos y las integran en su ego. Freud cita a Abraham sobre la sombra del objeto proyectándose en el ego, permitiendo que el ego trate a ese objeto como si fuera el objeto perdido. Esto lleva a una identificación profunda y una comprensión más compleja de la mente, donde las memorias de otros pueden ser tratadas como objetos independientes. Sánchez también menciona cómo Freud explora la idea del suicidio como un ataque del ego a un objeto interno, y cómo esto se relaciona con el superego y las voces internas que influyen en el ego.

10:01

💔 Proceso del Luto y Teoría de la Libido

Sánchez habla sobre cómo Freud explora la teoría de la libido en el contexto del luto, y cómo el proceso normal de luto implica retirar la energía y el afecto que se había invertido en la persona perdida. Esto puede llevar a una sensación de vacío y a la depresión. Freud sugiere que la sombra del objeto puede ser la empatía que deja la persona, y cómo la retirada de la libido puede estar vinculada a la pérdida de la voluntad de vivir y hacer las cosas que se amaban antes. Sánchez menciona cómo esta idea se relaciona con conceptos más modernos de la psicopatología, como la psicoisis blanca y la madre muerta, y cómo la inversión y retirada de la libido pueden ser un nuevo paradigma en el psicoanálisis. Finalmente, Sánchez recomienda leer el ensayo de Freud y agradece a la audiencia.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Melancolía

La melancolía es un trastorno emocional profundo que se caracteriza por la pérdida de alegría y la desesperanza. En el vídeo, se menciona que la melancolía es una forma de reacción emocional ante una pérdida, donde la persona no puede liberarse de la idea de la persona que ha perdido, a diferencia del duelo, que es un proceso de luto saludable.

💡Duelo

El duelo es el proceso de luto que una persona experimenta tras la pérdida de un ser querido. En el vídeo, se describe cómo el duelo implica una rebelión del yo ante la realidad de la pérdida, seguido de un proceso de retractación hacia el interior del ser, donde se vive intensamente la relación con el que se ha perdido.

💡Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud es el fundador del psicoanálisis y autor del texto 'El duelo y la melancolía'. En el vídeo, se discute cómo Freud explica los procesos del duelo y la melancolía, y cómo estos conceptos han influido en el desarrollo del psicoanálisis.

💡Yo (Ego)

El 'Yo' en psicoanálisis de Freud se refiere al aspecto consciente y racional del ser. En el vídeo, se menciona cómo el Yo puede rebelarse ante la realidad de la pérdida, lo que inicia el proceso de duelo o melancolía.

💡Objeto perdido

El objeto perdido hace referencia a la persona o cosa que se ha perdido y que es objeto de la melancolía o el duelo. En el vídeo, se discute cómo la pérdida de este objeto puede desencadenar un proceso de introspección y luto.

💡Libido

El concepto de 'libido' en psicoanálisis de Freud se refiere al deseo sexual y la energía vital. En el vídeo, se menciona cómo el proceso de duelo implica un retiro del 'libido' del objeto perdido hacia uno mismo.

💡Identificación

La identificación es el proceso por el cual una persona asume las características o roles de otra persona. En el vídeo, se habla de cómo la identificación puede ser un paso en el proceso de duelo, donde el Yo asume las características del objeto perdido.

💡Narcisismo

El narcisismo en psicoanálisis se refiere a la adoración excesiva de uno mismo. En el vídeo, se menciona cómo el narcisismo está relacionado con la inversión del 'libido' hacia uno mismo, en lugar de hacia otros.

💡Carl Abraham

Carl Abraham fue un discípulo y colaborador de Freud, y en el vídeo se menciona cómo sus ideas sobre el canibalismo y la devoración del objeto influyen en la teoría de Freud sobre el duelo y la melancolía.

💡Sombra del objeto

La 'sombra del objeto' es una metáfora utilizada por Freud para describir cómo el Yo asume las características del objeto perdido en la melancolía. En el vídeo, se discute cómo esta sombre de objeto permite que el Yo trate al objeto interno como si fuera el objeto perdido.

💡Contracati

El 'contracati' es un concepto de Freud que se refiere al retiro del 'libido' de un objeto hacia uno mismo o hacia otro objeto. En el vídeo, se menciona cómo el proceso de duelo implica un contracati del 'libido' del objeto perdido.

Highlights

Rodrigo Sánchez introduces the topic of mourning and melancholy by Sigmund Freud and why it's one of the most important papers in psychoanalysis.

Freud explains two different processes when confronted with loss: mourning and melancholy.

The mourning process begins with the ego resisting the painful reality of losing someone, while continuing an intense emotional relationship with the lost individual.

In mourning, the individual withdraws into themselves, preserving memories and fantasies about the lost person.

Freud emphasizes that the goal of mourning is not to forget the lost person, but to remember them without the hope of reuniting in the future.

Melancholy is different from mourning, as the individual interacts with memories and fantasies of the lost person as if they were still present.

A melancholic individual might behave as though the lost person is still part of their everyday life, maintaining routines like setting the table for them.

Freud suggests that mourning is a process of reintroducing the lost individual into one’s emotional life, whereas melancholy leads to an unhealthy identification with the lost object.

Freud’s idea of the ‘shadow of the object’ falling upon the ego plays a significant role in understanding how people internalize loss.

The ‘shadow of the object’ concept allows the ego to treat the internalized image of the lost person as if it were the person themselves.

Freud’s idea of the ego attacking an internal object during melancholy is foundational to later theories, such as the development of the superego and object relations theory.

Freud was influenced by Karl Abraham’s concept of a cannibalistic stage of development, where the mind ‘devours’ the memories and experiences of the lost person.

The paper draws connections between mourning, melancholy, and Freud’s work on narcissism, where individuals invest libido into themselves or external objects.

The withdrawal of libido in mourning represents a redistribution of emotional energy that was once directed toward the lost person.

Freud’s paper on mourning and melancholy introduces a paradigm shift in psychoanalysis, influencing future concepts like psychosis, depression, and the internal world of the individual.

Transcripts

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hello i am rodrigo sanchez a

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psychoanalyst from the british

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psychoanalytic association and i'm going

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to be talking today about morning and

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melancholy of sigmund freud and i'm

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going to try to explain at least for me

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why is

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one of the most important papers in the

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history of psychoanalysis

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and as an overview

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it might look at first glance that the

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paper is just a

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explanation of the different process

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that a person can go through when they

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are confronted with a loss

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one process can go towards the path of

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what we call the affect of mourning go

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through a step section and the other can

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go there was a path of melancholy

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and freud started explaining what would

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be a

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normal process of mourning

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whereby he starts with the ego rebelling

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upon

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reality kind of saying it's so painful

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that you want to say i haven't lost this

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person

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and with that initial trigger it starts

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a process that is quite complicated

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because

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not because a person is gone

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it means by any ways that the

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relationship the person has with them

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has ended

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actually quite the opposite that

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relationship is now the central stage

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for whole emotional life for that person

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more if he's a meaningful person for the

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individual that has just lost them

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so basically that relationship not only

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continues but is in a new place that is

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quite highlighted by intense emotions

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so this ego starts saying in the outside

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world where this person used to be

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i have nothing for me so i will

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withdrawn within myself where the

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memories the

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whole idea of this person still exists

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and it's a process of self-involvement

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that will include a lot of remembering

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re-remembering

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daydreams fantasies

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symbolizing and reintroduction

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and in this process what is basically

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happening progressively

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is that the person will re-remember that

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person the person that is gone

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and they will reinterject an idea of

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them whereby there is no hope that you

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will meet them in the future that is to

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say that you will not forget that person

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that will be a misconception

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it is not meant to to forget that is not

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that is not the the good process of

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mourning by any means

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is

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remembering that person

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without the hope that you will meet them

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tomorrow

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so you are still hoping that they will

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be there in some way or another

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that is still a painful act that will

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not let go the so-called libido

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in the case of

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melancholy what is going to start

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happening is that the person with drones

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into themselves

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and keeps relating with the object

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as if the object was the person that has

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died that is to say that the memories

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the fantasies all these things are still

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there but pretty much not only with the

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hope that they will be real in the in

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the future but that they are really in

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the present you are relating with that

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idea as if they were still here

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as if it's kind of the situation of the

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person that is going through a difficult

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breathement of a partner that had been

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living with them for many years and they

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still put a table with their plate and

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the dishes on their side for them as if

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they were going to come tomorrow

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to have dinner or that evening or so on

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like if there is still them present in

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their lives

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and well there are three elements here

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that are really important for the

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history of psychoanalysis the first one

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is that freud quite casually comments

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this idea that this process of mourning

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will bring back

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other previous pieces of the process of

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mourning

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so it's

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really complex but i think that this is

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one of the

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inspirations of menonycline for the

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depressive position this idea of

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suddenly saying that there is a process

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that is not unique that is to say that

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if you have a bereavement when you are

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25

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this re bereavement the mo the moment

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that you lost that person will bring

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back

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all the previous

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process you have so more than being a

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unique event more than being

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that loss that you have when you were 25

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is the amalgamations

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of agreements that you have and

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ultimately your capacity

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to tolerate object loss your capacity to

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process

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different experiences through the affect

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of morning or

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through a melancholic depressive process

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if that is quite an important element

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that goes still was the capacity of an

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individual to lose someone and to

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tolerate it or not

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the other element that is quite

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important has to do with carl abraham

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in this time ford was writing morning

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and melancholy in 1913 and he sent the

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first drive draft to abraham i think by

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december 1913 he presented in 1914 and

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was published in 17. these states matter

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for a couple of reasons it's the same

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year that he was working on narcissism

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and in all these letters with abraham

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there is this idea that abraham had in

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mind of a cannibalistic stage of

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development

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basically they had this question

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of

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how do you

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devour the object

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how do you

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move from this interaction with others

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where you have an epidemic memory uh

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perception and imagery anything that you

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are getting from your experiences from

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others

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to a more complex idea of the other

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within your mind

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that is to say that the idea the picture

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that you have of others

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in early stages of development can be

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seen as the amalgamations of

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different experience of pleasure

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displeasure imagery sensor all the

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things that you are recollecting like

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almost gathering

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but it's also been more complex than

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that and and and

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abraham is

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playing with this idea of devouring

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and and freud in morning and melancholy

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quotes abraham and he's talking about

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this idea that he presented us this he

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says the shadow of the object fall upon

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the ego

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and from this point forward the ego can

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treat that object as if it was the lost

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object himself so two stages one is the

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shadow of the object this phrase that

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has been quote many many times and is

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quite important

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and

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everybody has a different take on

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what is relevant is that it is beyond a

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process of just integrating it is a

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process about identification so when you

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are with that other

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you suddenly are left with that essence

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of the other you are left with something

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of the other then you can act as if it

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was the other itself if that makes sense

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you can act as if um

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this other

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is the same person as it was lost so

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this this shadow is capturing this sense

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it's a little bit this idea when you

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have

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a kid that is playing to be their father

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or that is playing with all these

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different things that suddenly

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this role playing this process of

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identification become far more complex

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than just wanting to be the other and is

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as this other

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the so-called object

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can be treated by the individual as if

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it was the person himself

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so

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in this complex move

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you have a different understanding of

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the mind a mind that can treat these

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memories of others

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as objects that are independent to

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themselves so when freud conveys the

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idea of suicide he said of course it's

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not the ego attacking himself

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is the ego attacking an internal object

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that can't represent someone else

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when he talks about the superego he's

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also talking about these ideas that is

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the amalgamation of your father your

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mother the law the society what is a

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transgression what is forbidden what is

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going to be your punishment no all of

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these there are internal voices that can

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really

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infringe

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distress upon the ego as if they were

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the person himself as if you literally

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will be disappointing your father for

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not doing something right even though

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your father might not be there but that

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voice has been integrated as if it was

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so this shadow of the object it brings a

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new perspective on what it is the

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unconscious and what is ultimately going

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to be object relation

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that is quite important and the third

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point that

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for me is really relevant

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is the idea of how he started playing

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with this notion of libido

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but but it was there from before even

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flies was talking to him about this idea

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of losing the sexual desire and so on

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and he's really important in this moment

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because he's trying to explore that as

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well on this rudiment of the theory of

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narcissism that he published in 1914 on

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the paper on narcissism that is this

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kind of economic process of of investing

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and withdrawing different affects from

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your internal objects and from even

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yourself

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you can gratify different elements of

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life by investing a little bit on

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yourself that is among other things of

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narcissism keep in mind someone that is

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highly um

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vanity in himself right but that idea

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that you can feel loved by loving

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yourself like if that is a process of

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gratification from within but in the

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process specifically of mourning he is

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playing with this idea about how you can

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the shadow of the object can be the

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emptiness that that person left

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so is this idea of you care for someone

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but that care that affect that

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everything that you have put from that

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person you need to withdraw it right

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so then the normal process of mourning

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you will not expect that person to be

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there in the future anymore you can

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remember it you can care for them

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you can be identified in some way or

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another but now you have that energy

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that passion that this position that

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time however you want to conceptualize

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it to put it elsewhere

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but that person left something there

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and these shadows this this contra

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category like when you could put it it's

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quite a complex idea about the

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withdrawing of libido and what it meant

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and and how that can be linked to

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depression how can it be into losing the

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wheel to be

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alive losing the wheel to do something

play10:44

that you love to do before

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how in in the concept of white psychosis

play10:50

and the dead mother of andrea green can

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be a particular way of emptiness and how

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in the normatic illness of christopher

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bolas can be pressing as a lack of

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identity and originality and so on and

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clearly we need with idea of contra

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catexio

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but it's a whole new paradigma also what

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it is this

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this investment and withdrawal of this

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weird concept called libido so in my

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view although it's a paper that is in

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1914 and in many ways has been

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taken by by modernity and different

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other papers of psychoanalysis that are

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more profound or so on i think that is

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clearly a turning point for the history

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of psychoanalysis and i definitely

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recommend you you give it a go

play11:37

thank you

play11:43

you

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