AP Euro Unit 2 REVIEW (Everything You NEED to Know)

Summary

This video script offers a comprehensive review of Unit 2 in the AP European History curriculum, focusing on the Protestant Reformation and the Wars of Religion. It discusses the causes of the Reformation, including corruption within the Catholic Church, and the pivotal roles of Martin Luther and John Calvin. The script also covers the social and political impacts of the Reformation, the rise of Protestantism, and the Catholic Reformation. It highlights key events like the Peace of Augsburg, the 30 Years' War, and the Peace of Westphalia, emphasizing their significance in shaping modern Europe.

Takeaways

• 🏰 The Protestant Reformation and the Wars of Religion are pivotal to understanding Unit 2 of the AP European History curriculum.
• 📜 The first major split in the Christian church occurred in 1054, resulting in the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
• 💼 By the 1500s, the Catholic Church had become deeply entangled in politics and corruption, including simony, nepotism, and the selling of indulgences.
• 🙏 Martin Luther's 95 Theses, nailed to the Wittenberg church door in 1517, sparked the Protestant Reformation as a call for the Church's reform.
• 📚 The printing press played a crucial role in spreading Luther's ideas and those of other reformers across Europe.
• 🇨🇭 John Calvin's teachings, including the doctrines of predestination and the elect, significantly influenced the development of Protestantism, especially in Switzerland.
• 🔍 The Anabaptists differed from Luther and Calvin on the issue of baptism, believing it should be reserved for adult believers.
• 🗡 The Wars of Religion led to armed conflicts between European states, including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire.
• 🕊 The Edict of Nantes in 1598 marked a step towards religious toleration in France, allowing Huguenots to worship without harassment.
• 🌍 The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended the Thirty Years' War and is considered a turning point in European history, recognizing the division of Christianity and the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.

Q & A

What was the significance of the year 1054 in the Christian church?

In 1054, the first major split of the Christian church occurred, resulting in the separation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

How did the Roman Catholic Church's involvement in politics and wealth accumulation lead to corruption?

The Roman Catholic Church's entanglement in politics and accumulation of wealth during the 1500s led to corruption through practices like simony (buying and selling of church offices), nepotism (appointing family and friends to church offices), and the selling of indulgences (offering a way to buy salvation or release from purgatory).

What were Martin Luther's main grievances that led to the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther's main grievances included the sale of indulgences, the belief that salvation was earned through faith and good works, and the church's hierarchical structure. He believed that salvation was by grace alone through faith, as taught by the Book of Romans in the New Testament.

What was the role of the printing press in spreading Martin Luther's 95 Theses?

The printing press allowed Martin Luther's 95 Theses to be rapidly disseminated throughout the German states of the Holy Roman Empire, sparking widespread discussion and support for his criticisms of the church.

Why did the Diet of Worms trial result in Martin Luther's excommunication?

The Diet of Worms demanded Martin Luther's recantation of his theses and interpretations of the scriptures. Luther refused to recant, leading to his excommunication.

How did the Protestant Reformation lead to armed conflicts in Europe?

The Protestant Reformation's challenge to the Catholic Church's authority and practices led to religious and political conflicts, such as the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War, which resulted in armed conflicts between European states.

What were the main differences between John Calvin's teachings and those of Martin Luther?

While both Calvin and Luther were Protestant reformers, they disagreed on the doctrine of salvation. Calvin introduced the doctrine of predestination, which stated that God had already decided who would be saved, whereas Luther believed in salvation through faith alone.

How did the Peace of Augsburg (1555) attempt to resolve religious conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire?

The Peace of Augsburg allowed individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to decide whether their people would be Lutheran or Catholic, effectively legalizing both faiths within the empire.

What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia (1648) in terms of European history?

The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War and marked the end of Europe's religious wars. It amended the Peace of Augsburg to include Calvinism, maintained the Holy Roman Emperor's weakness, and hastened the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.

How did the Catholic Reformation respond to the criticisms of the Protestant Reformation?

The Catholic Reformation, also known as the Counter-Reformation, involved the establishment of the Roman Inquisition, an Index of Prohibited Books, and the Council of Trent, which aimed to reform the Catholic Church and reaffirm its doctrines, thus solidifying the division within Christianity.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ The Protestant Reformation Origins

The paragraph introduces the significance of understanding the Protestant Reformation and the Wars of Religion for success in an AP European History class. It discusses the first major split of the Christian Church in 1054, leading to the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Roman Catholic Church's dominance in Western Europe and its entanglement in politics and corruption are highlighted, including simony, nepotism, and the selling of indulgences. Martin Luther's role as an Augustinian monk and his 95 theses, which criticized the Church and sparked the Reformation, are detailed. The paragraph also covers the impact of the printing press on spreading Luther's ideas and the political motivations of German princes in supporting him.

05:00

📜 The Impact of Martin Luther and John Calvin

This section delves into John Calvin's contributions to Protestant theology, focusing on the doctrines of predestination and the elect. It contrasts Calvin's teachings with Catholic beliefs regarding salvation and good works. The establishment of a welfare state in Geneva under Calvin and the intermingling of church and state are discussed. The paragraph also touches on the influence of the printing press on Calvinism's spread, leading to the formation of distinct Protestant groups such as the Presbyterians, Huguenots, and Puritans. Additionally, the Anabaptists' beliefs and their separation from mainstream Protestantism over the issue of baptism are explored.

10:02

🔱 Wars of Religion in France and the Holy Roman Empire

The paragraph discusses the Wars of Religion, particularly in France and the Holy Roman Empire. It details the rise of Protestantism in France and the Huguenot's struggle for recognition, leading to conflicts such as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. The Wars of Religion are also connected to the broader political landscape, including the French crown's efforts to maintain power and the Holy Roman Empire's religious conflicts, which culminated in the 30 Years' War. The paragraph outlines the war's phases, from the Bohemian phase to the French phase, and the eventual Peace of Westphalia, which marked the end of Europe's religious wars and the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.

15:03

🏰 The Catholic Reformation and Social Hierarchies

This section covers the Catholic Reformation, also known as the Counter-Reformation, in response to Protestant criticisms. It outlines the establishment of the Roman Inquisition, the Index of Prohibited Books, and the Council of Trent, which aimed to reform the Church and its doctrines. The Council's reaffirmation of Catholic doctrines solidified the division within Christianity. The paragraph also discusses the social hierarchy of the time, including the rise of the merchant elite, the importance of religion in social standing, and the patriarchal society's impact on women's roles. It highlights the debates on women's education and their positions within the Catholic and Protestant Churches.

20:05

🎨 Art and Society During the Reformation

The final paragraph discusses the artistic movements of the time, including Mannerism and Baroque. It highlights how the Catholic Church used the ornate Baroque style to appeal to the people and reinforce its power during the Catholic Reformation. The paragraph also touches on societal changes, such as the rise of secular authorities legislating public morals, the crackdown on traditional festivities, and the increase in public punishments. It concludes with a discussion of the witchcraft craze, attributing it to societal upheaval and the search for control, with a significant number of women being targeted and executed.

Keywords

💡Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation was a religious and political movement that led to the creation of Protestant churches as an alternative to the Roman Catholic Church. It was a pivotal moment in European history that challenged the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church's doctrines. In the video, the Protestant Reformation is highlighted by figures like Martin Luther, who criticized the corruption within the Catholic Church and advocated for a return to the teachings of the Bible, exemplified by his 95 Theses.

💡Catholic Church

The Catholic Church is one of the oldest and largest Christian denominations, with the Pope as its head. In the context of the video, the Catholic Church is portrayed as the dominant religious institution in Western Europe prior to the Reformation. The Church's entanglement in politics and corruption, such as the selling of indulgences, is discussed as a catalyst for the Reformation.

💡Martin Luther

Martin Luther was a German monk, professor of theology, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. His rejection of the Catholic Church's practices, like the sale of indulgences, and his translation of the Bible into German are mentioned in the video as key factors that sparked the Reformation. Luther's 95 Theses is a significant event discussed, which he nailed to the door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg.

💡Printing Press

The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, is a mechanical device for printing books, and it revolutionized the spread of information. In the video, the printing press is noted as a critical factor in the rapid dissemination of Reformation ideas, such as Luther's 95 Theses, across Europe, which helped to galvanize support for the movement.

💡John Calvin

John Calvin was a French theologian who played a leading role in the development of Calvinism, a major branch of the Reformation. The video discusses Calvin's teachings, such as predestination and the doctrine of the elect, which differed from Luther's on the matter of salvation. Calvin's establishment of a theocracy in Geneva is also mentioned as a significant development.

💡Anabaptists

The Anabaptists were a radical reform movement that rejected the practice of infant baptism and advocated for the separation of church and state. The video explains how they diverged from both Luther and Calvin on the issue of baptism and were known for their pacifism. Anabaptists, including many women leaders, faced persecution, as highlighted in the script.

💡Wars of Religion

The Wars of Religion refers to a series of conflicts that took place in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, largely due to religious differences between Catholics and Protestants. The video discusses how these conflicts, such as the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War, were both a cause and consequence of the Reformation, leading to significant political and social upheaval.

💡Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic. The video mentions the Peace of Westphalia as a significant event that marked the end of Europe's religious wars and the decline of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the recognition of Calvinism as a legitimate faith.

💡Catholic Reformation

The Catholic Reformation, also known as the Counter-Reformation, was the period of Catholic revival in response to the Protestant Reformation. The video describes how the Catholic Church responded to the criticisms by reforming itself, such as by establishing the Roman Inquisition and the Council of Trent, which sought to address corruption and reaffirm Catholic doctrines.

💡Social Hierarchy

Social hierarchy refers to the ranking of social status based on class, religion, and gender. The video discusses how social hierarchies were defined and how they changed during the Reformation period. It mentions the rise of the merchant elite, the role of religion in determining social standing, and the patriarchal society where women were largely excluded from economic and political life.

💡Witchcraft Craze

The witchcraft craze was a period of widespread belief in and fear of witches, leading to mass trials and executions. The video connects the craze to the religious and social upheaval of the time, noting that the majority of those accused and executed were women, reflecting the prevailing belief in their moral inferiority and susceptibility to the devil.

Highlights

The Protestant Reformation and Wars of Religion are crucial for understanding AP European History.

The Roman Catholic Church dominated Western Europe until the 1500s when it became entangled in politics and corruption.

Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticized the Church's corruption and sparked the Protestant Reformation.

The Printing Press played a pivotal role in spreading Reformation ideas quickly across Europe.

John Calvin developed distinct Protestant doctrines, including Predestination and the Elect.

Calvinism led to the formation of Presbyterians, Huguenots, and Puritans across Europe.

The Anabaptists disagreed with Luther and Calvin on infant baptism and advocated for adult baptism only.

The Wars of Religion included the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire.

The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended the Thirty Years' War and is a turning point in European history.

The Catholic Reformation was a response to Protestant criticisms and aimed to renew the Church.

The Council of Trent was a significant act of the Catholic Reformation, reaffirming Catholic doctrines.

The establishment of new religious orders like the Jesuits was part of the Catholic Church's renewal.

Social hierarchies were defined by class, religion, and gender, with some changes during this period.

The Reformation and urbanization challenged traditional gender roles and patriarchal structures.

City governments began to legislate public morals as religious authority waned.

The witchcraft craze saw thousands executed, reflecting societal fears and control mechanisms.

Art during this period included Mannerism and Baroque, reflecting emotional and dramatic themes.

Transcripts

unit two of the ap european history

curriculum is so important to understand

if you want an a in your class and a

five on your exam in may you have to

know what happened in the protestant

reformation and the wars of religion

that follow and guess what that's

exactly what i'm about to review for you

so if you're ready to get that brain

cows milked let's get to it now back in

1054 we had the first major split of the

christian church and that split gave us

the roman catholic church and the

eastern orthodox church since that split

it was the roman catholic church that

dominated western europe you know if you

were alive back then you didn't like the

catholic church it's not like he could

have gone down the street to the baptist

church or the methodist church or

whatever you had one option and that

option was kathleen by the way if you

want note guides for this video and a

bunch of other stuff to help you with

this unit and all the other units check

out my ap european history ultimate

review packet which is linked in the

description below now by the 1500s the

catholic church had gotten itself all

kinds of tangled up in politics and it

accumulated a metric butt load of wealth

and some of those entanglements led to

corruption you need to know a few of

these first was seminy which was the

buying and selling of church offices i

mean you would expect that the church

office of archbishop for example will be

reserved for the most pious most

experienced man but no in this period

church offices went to the guy who had

the requisite amount of boom boom to buy

his way into the office second was

nepotism which meant the appointing of

family and friends to church offices

again people got church offices not

because they were qualified but because

who they were related to third and maybe

most important for our purposes was the

buying and selling of indulgences

essentially this was the church offering

a way for people to buy their salvation

or maybe buy loved ones out of purgatory

and the church justify these kind of

behaviors because hey saint peter's

basilica ain't going to renovate itself

now right into this nasty soup of

corruption came an augustinian monk and

christian humanist named martin luther

his grievances began when luther was

studying the book of romans in the new

testament which taught that a person's

salvation was by grace alone through

faith or to put it another way salvation

is free paid for by christ himself this

of course sharply contrasted with the

church's position that salvation was

earned by faith and good works not to

mention buying it through indulgences

now luther also came to believe that the

scriptures alone ought to be the sole

authority of christians which is to say

not the pope and not the elaborate

system of church dogma furthermore he

also saw that the scriptures did not

endorse the hierarchy of believers into

sacred and secular realms but instead

the scriptures taught the priesthood of

all believers i hope by now you can

start to taste the sauce that martin

luther was cooking up because it was

spicy and so all of this came to a head

on october 31 1517 luther composed a

document containing 95 theses

criticizing the corruption of the church

and calling the church and its leaders

to reform he nailed his 95 theses to the

wittenberg church door and it was on

like donkey kong now to be fair luther

didn't intend these theses to be a broad

proclamation throughout all of europe

for a new way to believe it was really

only meant to spark a discussion among a

few educated monks and priests but

because of the printing press the 95

theses were spread throughout the german

states of the holy roman empire with

great speed and apparently many other

germans felt the same way about the

catholic church's abuses because

luther's theses were widely embraced now

once luther's complaints and new

interpretations of the scriptures made

it to the church officials they went

ahead and denounced him as a heretic

which is a person who rejects the

accepted beliefs of the church now those

officials went ahead and put luther on

trial of the diet of vorms at which they

demanded luther's recantation luther

refused to recant and so they

excommunicated him he then went into

hiding under the protection of his

prince frederick iii who is one of the

many german princes who supported luther

that's not because they were moved

deeply by his writings and repented in

dust and ashes and begged luther to let

them help spread these life-changing

ideas

now these princes understood that if

they supported luther that would weaken

the pope's power and that means german

princes would in turn have more power so

in a very real way we can say that

luther wasn't the chief protestant

reformer but rather the princes who

protested the catholic church and

supported luther's work now if you know

your european history you know that

luther was not the first reformer to

criticize the catholic church he had

christian humanists like john wycliffe

and jan huss who did it before luther

and really planted the seeds of the

protestant reformation so the real

question is why was it luther's protest

that ultimately split the church well

that brings us back to the printing

press luther was the first major

reformer to have access to this new

printing technology and by this point

there were three major kinds of

publications coming out of the printing

houses books pamphlets and broadsides

and luther made proficient use of all

three but especially pamphlets by 1520

there was something like 300 000 copies

of his pamphlets all across germany and

as far away as england furthermore as an

augustinian monk luther used to preach

to the people in german not latin

because you know he wanted ordinary

people to understand the doctrines of

grace therefore his production of a

vernacular bible in german spread far

and wide thanks to the printing press if

you don't know the word vernacular it

just means the common language of the

people and that german bible had a way

of confirming protestant doctrine for

example when everyone could read a book

like the bible not just priests and

bishops it gave support to the

reformation doctrine of the priesthood

of all believers so that was how the

protestant reformation began leading to

the second major split in the christian

church so that was happening in the

german states but as i said thanks to

the printing press the ideas of the

reformation spread quickly and the next

significant place the reformation took

root was switzerland under the

leadership of a guy named john calvin a

calvin was originally a follower of

martin luther but the two split over

varying interpretations of the doctrine

of salvation now calvin was known for

two major protestant theological

developments first was the doctrine of

predestination which said that god had

from before the foundation of the world

decided who would be saved and who would

not therefore salvation was not a matter

of human choice but god's choice second

was the doctrine of the elect those whom

god had chosen to save were the elect

and those who were truly elect had no

choice in the matter and further could

never lose their salvation now how did a

person know he or she was a member of

the elect well simply because they

desired salvation furthermore a person

was elect if their salvation led to good

works and to be clear this was different

from the catholic doctrine catholics

taught that faith and good works were

necessary for salvation calvin argued

that only by faith was a person saved

but if they were truly elect that

salvation would naturally result in good

works additionally calvin taught that

wealth accumulation would be a sign of a

person's election although he tempered

that by teaching that a person's wealth

was still governed by the law of love a

christian therefore had an obligation to

use wealth to care for the poor and as a

direct result of this teaching calvin

set up a welfare state in geneva now the

last thing i'll say about calvin's

geneva is this the church and the state

were so tightly tied together that you

really couldn't tell where one started

and the other ended in geneva the bible

was the law and this resulted in a kind

of theocracy which is when a state is

ruled not by a human ruler but directly

by god for example citizens of geneva

were required by law to attend church

five days a week and if you were caught

skipping those services enough times

don't worry they would just

excommunicate you or put you in jail

under calvin's direction in geneva the

people couldn't drink couldn't dance

couldn't swear so you know all good in

geneva it was by these rules that calvin

was able to control the population in

geneva after all calvin taught that it

was the elect who obeyed such rules and

everyone wanted to be part of the elect

right now calvin also benefited

tremendously from the printing press as

well he laid down all of his ideas in a

hefty volume called the institutes of

the christian religion the institutes

was the first complete treatment of

reformation doctrines and the printing

press enabled calvin's work to spread

throughout europe and what it did was to

provide the needed doctrinal order to

protestant churches as calvinism spread

throughout europe it created the

presbyterians in scotland the huguenot

in france and the puritans in england so

calvin's protestantism while it held to

the same basic principles as luther's

doctrine developed its own distinctives

now another protestant group that became

a distinct entity during this time was

the anabaptist who believed in the

reformation principles that luther and

calvin did but they separated from them

on the question of baptism calvin and

luther taught that infants could be

baptized and on this they agreed with

the catholic church and the baptists on

the other hand believed that baptism

could not be performed on infants on

account of it was a right that only

adults could participate in because only

adults could truly affirm that they were

believers so for anabaptists the baby

dunking was out also out for the

anabaptists was military service they

believed in the absolute separation

between church and state that a person's

commitment to god wholesale trumped

their commitment to the state so they

were pacifists and refused to be

conscripted for the wars that their

states got themselves into and speaking

of wars many of these conflicts in the

church that i've just been talking about

led to actual armed conflicts between

european states and we call those

europe's wars of religion we'll talk

about france and the holy roman empire

in this respect first france in the

first half of the 1500s most french

people were catholic but by the 1500s

protestantism had gained a significant

foothold and those french folks who

embraced protestantism were known as the

huguenot as it turned out nearly half of

the french nobles had converted to

calvinism and were seeking recognition

and rights from the crown in 1560

charles ix took the throne but he was a

wee little thing coming in at only 11

years old therefore his mother catherine

de medici was basically running the

kingdom and wanted to purge france of

the huguenot and therefore to diminish

the power of the protestant nobles and

remember that's a power move if the

whole country was singular in its

religious allegiance then those

loyalties would merge with their

political allegiance and that would

create a stronger more powerful

government now the french wars of

religion began with a massacre of

huguenot led by the bourbon family in

1562 known as the massacre of vassi in

which members of the catholic geese

family stormed their worship service and

began killing them indiscriminately so

that was rough but it got even worse in

1572 when charles the ninth sister

married bourbon henry of navarre who was

also a huguenot and he invited many

prominent huguenots to the wedding and

catherine de medici fluffy lady that she

was organized a massacre of the huguenot

that became known as the saint

bartholomew's day massacre and as the

massacre spread beyond the wedding

something like 10 to 20 000 protestants

were killed as it turns out henry's life

was spared because he promised he would

convert to catholicism which he did and

as these political and religious

conflicts continued to simmer we got yet

another conflict in this series which

was called the war of the three henrys

starting in 1587. this very

appropriately named war broke out

because three different henrys were

vying for the french throne there was

henry iii who was a catholic and who

also happened to be the king at that

time and had the support of his mother

catherine de medici he was a deeply

unpopular king like as a catholic

protestants didn't like him and the

catholics thought he wasn't catholic

enough second there was henry of navarre

who was a huguenot and leader of the

bourbon family and you'll remember him

as the guy whose wedding turned into a

slaughterhouse additionally he was

married to henry the third sister so

thankfully this isn't even getting

complicated and third there was henry of

geese who was a catholic and he wanted

to take measures to make sure that only

catholics ruled france now i'd like to

tell you that the three henry's resolved

this dispute by slathering themselves

with whipped cream and wrestling it out

greek style but to my great

disappointment new henry iii and henry

of geese got themselves assassinated and

that left henry of navarre to take the

throne which he did under the name of

henry iv and as king henry took steps

towards religious toleration by issuing

the edict of nante in 1598 which

officially established france as

catholic while also providing freedom

for huguenot to worship without

harassment okay so those are a few of

the religious conflicts in france now

let's talk about the conflicts in the

holy roman empire and here we're going

to talk about the 30 years war which in

case you couldn't tell lasted for you

know 30 years anyway this was the last

major war of the protestant reformation

in order to get this one you need to

know about the peace of augsburg in

1555. now this established that

individual rulers in the holy roman

empire could decide for themselves

whether their people will be lutheran or

catholic the holy roman emperor charles

v passed the peace of augsburg for much

the same reason that henry iv enacted

the edict of not namely to end the

state's religious squabbles and maintain

the power of the state okay hold on now

that's not going to make any sense to

you unless you understand what the holy

roman empire was while france was one

unified state the holy roman empire was

made up of hundreds of loosely

confederated states which had individual

rulers now those rulers were answerable

to the holy roman emperor but they had a

great deal of power by themselves so the

piece of augsburg said that each of

those leaders of the independent states

could decide for themselves whether

their people will be catholic or

lutheran now if you've been listening

closely you have no doubt notice that i

haven't said anything about the piece of

augsburg giving any latitude to

calvinists and you would be right the

options were lutheran or catholic so in

1618 a calvinist leader named frederick

the first challenged the catholic

absolutism of the holy roman emperor

ferdinand ii and that ladies and

gentlemen is how you get a religious war

ferdinand broke the piece of augsburg by

shutting down the lutheran churches in

the bohemia region now not surprisingly

this got the protestants pretty angry so

they grabbed ferdinand's officials

carried them up the stairs of the castle

in prague and summarily threw them out

the window this event became known as

the defenestration of prague

defenestration being a fancy word for

throwing someone out a window anyway the

juicy part of the story is that

ferdinand's officials actually survived

the defenestration but only because a

giant pile of poo broke their fault so

that's fun anyway that event sparked the

30 years war and basically there were

four phases to this war and i'll explain

each of them briefly first was the

bohemian phase which lasted from 1618 to

1625 and it's called this because it was

just a small localized war in bohemia

between the protestant union and the

catholic league the holy roman empire

ferdinand ii defeated protestant

frederick the first at the battle of

white mountain and re-established

catholicism in many german states second

there was the danish phase which lasted

from 1625 to 1630. it's called the

danish phase because the king of denmark

who was protestant got in on the action

and led attacks against the catholics

and it's important to notice here that

the war is transforming now from a

localized conflict into a transnational

war now ultimately the king of denmark

was defeated and that led to the third

phase of the swedish phase which lasted

from 1630 to 1635. this marks the point

at which the war extended beyond the

borders of the holy roman empire and

became a proper european war king

gustavus adolphus of sweden organized

the protestant cause and as a brilliant

strategist scored some major victories

for the protestants now here's where i

tell you that during this phase a metric

buttload of funding for the protestant

cause came from a guy named cardinal

richelou of france wait a second why in

the fresh heck is catholic france

helping the protestant cause well it's

an indication that the 30 years war is

evolving from a purely religious

conflict although even that is debatable

to a more political conflict so was the

habsburgs who ruled spain and the holy

roman empire and the french in case you

don't know loathed the habsburg and

sought any chance to diminish their

power and here were german and swedish

protestants doing just that so you know

let's jump in on the protestant side and

then finally you get the fourth phase

which is known as the french phase and

it lasted from 1635 to 1648 instead of

just sending cart loads of hooch over to

the protestants france went ahead and

entered the war on their side and again

the french cared almost none whether the

protestant or catholic question was

settled in the holy roman empire they

actually used this war as an excuse to

fight the habsburgs in spain in order to

assure that they would not rebound from

the protestant defeats now the war was

finally over and everything got settled

at the peace of westphalia in 1648 and

you're like oh well isn't that

interesting that's the same year this

time period ends yeah that's because

westphalia was a big deal and you really

need to know it so the piece of

westphalia ended the 30 years war and

marked a turning point in european

history because it effectively marked

the end of all of europe's religious

wars it amended the augsburg agreement

to include calvinism as legitimate faith

and it kept the holy roman emperor weak

and the rulers of individual states

strong and thus hastened the decline of

the holy roman empire additionally it

officially marked the end of the

medieval idea of universal christendom

after this it was clear that the church

was forever divided and you know

speaking of the church being divided

let's return to the catholic church now

basically the whole time that europeans

were slaughtering each other during the

religious wars the catholic church was

undergoing a reformation of its own

known as the catholic reformation or you

might hear it called the

counter-reformation in response to the

criticisms level that the church from

the likes of martin luther and john

calvin catholic leaders decided to clean

up their house now i should probably

also mention that the catholics started

reforming themselves for a number of

reasons yes they were responding to the

ideological criticism of the protestant

reformers but they also sought to reform

themselves because they were losing lots

of people to the protestant side so you

could equally argue that the catholics

reform themselves to maintain power and

influence among their people anyway pope

paul iii established the roman

inquisition which had the authority to

arrest and execute heretics doesn't that

smell a little machiavellian

connections baby we're making those

connections the church is doing whatever

it can to maintain power including fear

and intimidation additionally the church

established an index of prohibited books

which was a list of books that taught

heretical doctrines and it included

works by the christian humanist erasmus

and several protestant reformers as well

but without doubt the most significant

act of the catholic reformation was the

council of trent which met

intermittently from 1545 to 1563 its

purpose was to reform the catholic

church and forge some reconciliation

with protestants the council made some

gains on the former but basically did

nothing on the ladder so at the council

the church began to clean up some of its

corrupt practices that caused the

protestants so much angst it suppressed

simony and forbade the sale of

indulgences also the council reaffirmed

the celibacy of the clergy you know

medieval priests were a little loose

with this one to put it mildly and with

these corruptions purged the catholic

church experienced a spiritual renewal

in what was established in the council

lasted to the middle of the 20th century

now the council also reaffirmed

classical catholic doctrines like

transubstantiation equal authority of

the pope and the scriptures in the seven

sacraments etc and so by doing this

reconciliation with protestants was not

possible in reaffirming these doctrines

the council permanently cemented the

division in christianity regardless the

catholic church itself continued to

experience renewal and one of the

manifestations of that was the

establishment of new religious orders

saint theresa of avila established the

carmelite order and she founded numerous

convents and brought their order back to

a stricter form of the faith emphasizing

asceticism and poverty probably the most

significant new order to be established

was the jesuits it was founded by

ignatius of loyola for the purpose of

spiritual renewal and members of the

order took vows of poverty and chastity

and they established schools and

far-reaching missionary efforts it was

the jesuits that brought catholicism to

india and japan and brazil and north

america and africa but they also

concentrated their missionary efforts at

home and through their work many of the

southern provinces of the holy roman

empire returned to catholicism okay

let's turn the corner now and look at

this period from the bottom up we've

talked a lot about the major figures and

rulers so far but now let's talk about

the people and i reckon we ought to

begin with the social hierarchy social

hierarchies define a person's social

status regarding class and religion and

gender in both rural and urban settings

now prior to this period a person's

class was established at birth by one's

wealth and family but with the rise of

the merchant elite some of whom became

very wealthy movement upward was now a

possibility which is to say class status

was not necessarily connected with land

anymore nor your family of origin even

so land ownership still held quite a bit

of prestige for example in the english

parliament the upper house the house of

lords was reserved for the landed

citizens while the lower house the house

of commons was reserved for those

without land even if some of them were

very wealthy when it came to religion a

person's beliefs certainly mattered in

terms of social standing recall that if

you were a huguenot in catholic france

you stood a good chance of getting

slaughtered at a wedding additionally

the spanish throne took pains to expel

the jews from their land so yeah you

needed to believe the right thing if you

were gonna live the good life in europe

in terms of gender patriarchy was the

order of the day which meant that it was

a male-dominated society women were

expected to submit to their husbands and

fathers and their earnings belong to the

men in their lives so it shouldn't

surprise you to hear that women were

largely excluded from the economic and

political life of europe this was

connected to the entire political

structure of the european states for

example charles the first of england

understood himself as the father of the

nation and only if the family hierarchy

was preserved would his own authority be

preserved now this standard was more

evident in urban wealthy families where

they had more freedom to order their

households in rural households men and

women were more equal even though there

were separate spheres of work for both

in certain roles that they each

fulfilled regardless urban and rural

households organize themselves around

the nuclear family instead of the

extended family now as it happened the

renaissance and reformation raised

debates about this patriarchal structure

in women's proper role in society among

french intellectuals they debated what

they called the querell de femme which

when being translated means the woman

question mainly it was a debate over

whether women were fit to receive

university education on one side folks

argued that no they were not fit since

women were naturally inferior to men and

how did they know well wasn't it eve who

was deceived by the serpent and led the

entire human race into sin and misery

and then the other side of the argument

went like this if women are inferior

it's only because men have withheld

education from them after all look at

queen elizabeth in england she was

educated and ruled like a boss in the

catholic church women of course could

not be priests and furthermore could

hold no position of authority over a man

but they could become nuns and that was

something in the context of a convent

nuns had the opportunity to use their

artistic or medical or leadership gifts

in the context of a community of women

now on the protestant side of things

luther and calvin both taught that the

wife ought to be subservient to her

husband and put herself on display as

the model of obedience and charity but

it was only the anabaptists who gave

women positions of authority and some of

them even became preachers and out of

all the anabaptists who were martyred

during this period nearly a third of

them were women in leadership now during

this period with so many people moving

from the country into the city and with

a larger challenge to religious

authority occurring because of the

reformation city governments were left

with the task of creating laws to

legislate public morals where the church

did this before now the task was falling

on secular authorities so for example

during this period many municipal

authorities outlawed prostitution

protestants believe that marriage was

the only legitimate remedy for lust

therefore they work to get local

governments to pass laws to close and

ban brothels in some places authorities

tried to restrict the festivities during

a yearly celebration of carnival since

medieval times this was a festival held

right before lent which was the fasting

season of the church and people went

positively crazy during carnival they

got drunk and danced for days like

dressed up as people in authority like

kings and popes and so it was kind of an

upside down society for a few days but

because it was motivated by the catholic

doctrine of penance during lent some

protestant leaders attempted to make

laws restricting the excesses of

carnival however in more rural areas far

from the reach of the state people

persisted in celebrating like this now

in order to keep everyone in line local

and church authorities had certain

public punishments and humiliations to

keep the populace from violating certain

legal and social norms if you broke the

law you might find yourself in the

stocks in which your head arms and feet

were restrained in blocks of wood but

don't worry it was usually right in the

center of town so that any passerby

could hurl rotten food and waste at the

prisoner also there was flogging with a

cane or a whip and sometimes you got

flogged before you went in the stock so

you know that was a bad day even so with

the rise of capitalism on which more in

the next unit a new culture of leisure

was on the rise in their free time

people began attending in greater

numbers blood sports like boxing or bull

fighting or jousting additionally saints

days festivities drew huge crowds for

celebrations according to the church

calendar for example all saints day was

a festival celebrating all the saints

that have departed they maintained a

strong belief in the mystical connection

between the church triumphant which is

those who have already reached heaven

and the church militant which were those

who are still alive on earth the last

thing i'll say about society during this

period is this even with all the

religious and political upheaval

occurring many people still held on to

folk ideas that have been passed down

through the generation related to that

was the witchcraft craze of the 16th and

17th centuries to catholic and

protestant leaders during this time

witchcraft was evidence of a pact with

the devil and thus ought to be feared

and extinguished before the advent of

science many common illnesses or

unfortunate events were attributed to

witches the belief grew that witches

were in league with the devil to

overthrow christianity and so with the

stakes getting higher and higher the

stage was set for a witch hunt

historians estimate that in the 16th and

17th centuries between 40 to 60 000

people were executed for witchcraft the

majority of them women and that takes us

right back to the belief that women were

inferior it was believed that women were

not as morally strong as men and

therefore were more susceptible to

agreement with the devil three quarters

of those executions occurred in the holy

roman empire alone and why is that well

it's hard to know for sure but think of

this it was within the holy roman empire

that the protestant reformation began

which resulted in serious social

upheaval additionally these people

experienced a great deal of destruction

and death during the 30 years war so it

could be that those people were

attempting to regain some control of

their lives by scapegoating women as

witches okay now the last thing we need

to do in this unit is talk about art

mannerism developed during the

renaissance and it was an art form in

which artists made use of distorted

figures large musculature and vibrant

color in order to communicate deep

emotion and drama a great example of

mannerism is michelangelo's the last

judgment in the sistine chapel i mean if

you want drama it's all here it's

judgment day and here you see the damned

in a pretty bad way while the saints are

rising to bliss but also during this

period a new innovation in art developed

called baroque it was extravagant in

form ornate and detailed in style and

highly emotional and dramatic it began

in rome during the catholic reformation

as the church was undergoing renewal

they sought to appeal to the people and

persuade them to reinvest their

confidence in the church it was

precisely this ornate and dramatic style

by which the catholics sought to

critique the often barren and muted

styles of protestant art it was also a

sign of wealth and power and the more

ornate and the greater the size of the

cathedral the more it would reflect the

power which the catholic church was so

desperately trying to hold on to during

this period probably the greatest artist

in the baroque style was peter paul

rubin look here at this painting the

elevation of the cross and you can see

the flurry of action and emotion

surrounding the body of christ it's

magnificent all right there are more

videos on unit 2 right over here so i

highly suggest you get your clicky

finger out and click them if this video

helped you and you want even more help

getting an a in your class and a 5 on

your exam may then go ahead and click

right here and get my ultimate review

packet and finally if this video helped

you you want me to keep making them then

go ahead and subscribe and i shall

oblige heimler out