AP World UNIT 3 REVIEW [Everything You NEED to Know!]
Summary
TLDRThis video offers a comprehensive review of Unit 3 in AP World History, covering the time period from 1450 to 1750. It focuses on the expansion, administration, and belief systems of land-based empires, specifically the Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing dynasties. The video explains how these empires used gunpowder, military power, and administrative strategies to expand. It also covers key religious tensions, including the Sunni-Shia divide, and highlights how rulers legitimized their power through art, architecture, and tax systems. The video concludes with discussions on religious changes, such as the Protestant Reformation and Sikhism.
Takeaways
- 📜 The period of 1450-1750 in AP World History focuses on land-based empires, their expansion, administration, and belief systems.
- 🌍 A land-based empire derives its power from its territorial holdings, unlike maritime empires that control sea routes.
- 🕌 The Ottoman Empire is one of the four major land-based empires to know for this period. They expanded rapidly using gunpowder weapons and controlled much of Southwestern Europe and Anatolia by the 15th century.
- 🏰 The Safavid Empire, also a Muslim empire like the Ottomans, expanded using gunpowder weapons but differed in that they were Shia Muslims, causing religious conflicts with the Sunni Ottomans.
- 🤝 The Mughal Empire in South Asia also used gunpowder weapons for expansion. Under the rule of Akbar, the empire became prosperous due to his policies of religious tolerance and effective administration.
- 🐉 The Qing Dynasty in China replaced the Ming Dynasty, establishing their rule and expanding their empire through the use of gunpowder weapons.
- ⚔️ The Safavid-Mughal conflict exemplifies the religious and territorial clashes among empires. These two Muslim empires fought over Afghanistan, adding a religious dimension to their conflict.
- 📊 Rulers legitimized and consolidated their power using four main strategies: large bureaucracies, development of military professionals, religious ideas/art/architecture, and innovations in tax collection systems.
- 🏛️ Monumental architecture, such as the Palace of Versailles and the Incan Sun Temple of Cusco, played a significant role in legitimizing and consolidating power by demonstrating wealth and authority.
- ✝️ The Protestant Reformation and the subsequent Catholic Reformation led to a permanent split in Christianity, marking a significant change in the European religious landscape during this period.
Q & A
What is a land-based empire?
-A land-based empire is an empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings, focusing on land expansion rather than sea-based trade or colonies.
What are the four major land-based empires mentioned in the video?
-The four major land-based empires are the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire, and the Qing Dynasty.
Why was gunpowder significant in the expansion of land-based empires during this period?
-Gunpowder was crucial because it allowed empires to use advanced weapons like cannons and firearms, giving them a military advantage that enabled rapid territorial expansion.
What was the significance of the Ottoman Empire conquering Constantinople in 1453?
-The conquest of Constantinople was significant because it marked the fall of the Byzantine Empire, opened the door for further Ottoman expansion into Eastern Europe, and cemented the Ottomans' control of a vital trade route.
What was the primary difference between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires in terms of religion?
-The primary difference was that the Ottoman Empire followed Sunni Islam, while the Safavid Empire adhered to Shia Islam, leading to significant religious and political conflict between the two.
How did the Mughal Empire handle religious differences in India under Akbar's rule?
-Under Akbar, the Mughal Empire practiced religious tolerance, especially toward the majority Hindu population, which helped create a more stable and prosperous empire.
How did the Qing Dynasty legitimize its rule despite being ethnically different from its subjects?
-The Qing Dynasty, being ethnically Manchu, legitimized their rule by promoting Confucian values and using Imperial portraits to portray their emperor as a wise and rightful ruler, thus gaining the loyalty of the Han Chinese.
What role did enslaved Christians play in the military forces of the Ottoman and Safavid Empires?
-Both the Ottoman and Safavid Empires used enslaved Christians from conquered regions to form elite military forces. The Ottomans created the Janissaries, while the Safavids also used enslaved Christian soldiers from the Caucasus.
How did the rulers of these empires consolidate their power through administrative systems?
-Rulers consolidated power by building large bureaucracies, creating professional military forces, using religious ideas, art, monumental architecture, and developing efficient tax collection systems to maintain control and ensure loyalty.
What was the cause of the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims, and how did it intensify during this period?
-The Sunni-Shia split was caused by disagreements over who should succeed the Prophet Muhammad. The Ottomans (Sunni) and Safavids (Shia) intensified this split through political and religious rivalries, with each side believing they were the true representatives of Islam.
Outlines
🌍 Introduction to AP World History Unit 3: Land-Based Empires
The video begins by introducing AP World History Unit 3, covering the period 1450-1750, which focuses on land-based empires, their expansion, administration, and belief systems. A brief definition of a land-based empire is provided, along with an overview of the expansion trends of these empires. The Ottoman Empire is highlighted as a key empire to know, with a hack to reference it in exam answers if unsure. The speaker also mentions additional study resources, encouraging viewers to explore further.
🔫 Ottoman Empire: Expansion and Gunpowder Weapons
The Ottoman Empire's rapid expansion is explored, with a focus on its use of gunpowder weapons. The capture of Constantinople in 1453, renamed Istanbul, is emphasized as a significant victory that allowed the Ottomans to push further into Eastern Europe. The use of enslaved Christians, converted to Islam, as elite soldiers (Janissaries) in the Ottoman army is discussed. The Ottomans' ability to expand and control a vast territory through gunpowder and a strong military presence is key to their success.
🌙 Safavid Empire: Shia Islam and Military Power
The Safavid Empire, founded in the 16th century, is introduced, highlighting its rapid expansion under Shah Ismail and its distinction from the Sunni Ottoman Empire due to its adherence to Shia Islam. The Safavids built their military strength, including an enslaved army from the Caucasus region. The conflict between Sunni Ottomans and Shia Safavids, stemming from religious differences, is underscored as a key driver of tension between these two Muslim empires.
👑 Mughal Empire: Akbar's Tolerance and Prosperity
The Mughal Empire in South Asia, established in 1526 by Babur, is covered next. The empire's rapid expansion, aided by gunpowder weapons, is explored, along with Akbar's unique approach to religious tolerance. Akbar's policies led to the Mughal Empire becoming the most prosperous of the 16th century, in contrast to the Delhi Sultanate's struggles with religious tension between Hindus and Muslims.
🇨🇳 Qing Dynasty: Manchu Rule and Military Strength
The rise of the Qing Dynasty in China, following the fall of the Ming Dynasty, is discussed. The Qing were Manchu, not ethnically Han Chinese, and used gunpowder weapons to expand and strengthen their empire. The Qing, like the other land-based empires, were notable for their rapid territorial expansion and the use of military innovations to maintain control over diverse populations.
⚔️ Empires in Conflict: Safavid-Mughal Wars
This section examines the conflicts between land-based empires, focusing on the Safavid-Mughal conflict over Afghanistan. Religious differences (Sunni vs. Shia Islam) played a role in this territorial struggle, which resulted in no clear victor. The broader theme is that expanding empires often clashed over borders, resources, and religious authority.
📜 Legitimizing and Consolidating Power in Land-Based Empires
The focus shifts to how rulers of land-based empires legitimized and consolidated their power. Bureaucracies, military professionals, religious ideas, art, monumental architecture, and innovations in tax collection were the key methods. Examples include the Ottoman Devshirme system, the Qing Dynasty's use of imperial portraits, and the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of power consolidation.
💰 Tax Collection Systems: Funding Land-Based Empires
Three significant tax collection systems are outlined: the Mughal Empire's Zamindar system, the Ottoman Empire's tax farming, and the Aztec tribute lists. Each method was designed to extract resources from conquered or controlled populations, ensuring the financial stability of the empire. However, corruption and skimming by local officials were common.
⛪ Christianity and the Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation is introduced, triggered by Martin Luther's objections to Catholic practices like simony and the sale of indulgences. This religious upheaval led to a split between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. The Catholic Church responded with its own Counter-Reformation, which cleaned up some corrupt practices but maintained doctrinal continuity. This period saw significant changes in Christianity across Europe.
☪️ Islam: Sunni-Shia Rivalries in the Safavid Empire
The deepening of the Sunni-Shia split is explored, with a focus on the Safavid Empire's declaration of Shia Islam under Shah Ismail. His decision intensified religious conflict with Sunni Muslim empires, especially the Ottomans. Ismail's enforcement of Shia practices and his treatment of Sunni Muslims fueled the religious rivalry and conflict in the region.
🛕 Sikhism: A Syncretic Blend of Hinduism and Islam
Sikhism is introduced as a new belief system that emerged in South Asia during this period, blending elements of Hinduism and Islam. Key features of Sikhism include belief in one God and the rejection of gender hierarchies and the Hindu caste system. This religion developed in a region where Hinduism and Islam had coexisted for centuries, representing both continuity and change.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Land-based Empires
💡Ottoman Empire
💡Gunpowder
💡Janissaries
💡Safavid Empire
💡Sunni and Shia Islam
💡Mughal Empire
💡Qing Dynasty
💡Divine Right of Kings
💡Tax Collection Systems
Highlights
Introduction to Unit 3 of AP World History focusing on land-based empires, their expansion, administration, and belief systems.
Land-based empires derive their power from territorial holdings, a key concept for understanding the time period 1450-1750.
The Ottoman Empire's use of gunpowder weapons played a major role in their rapid expansion across Southwestern Europe and Anatolia.
The Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking a significant shift in their expansion into Eastern Europe.
The development of the elite fighting force of Janissaries, made up of enslaved and converted Christians, was crucial to Ottoman military success.
The Safavid Empire also expanded rapidly using gunpowder weapons, establishing a unique, Shia Muslim state in contrast to the Sunni Ottomans.
Sunni-Shia divide: The Ottoman Empire was Sunni, while the Safavid Empire was Shia, causing significant conflict between the two Muslim empires.
The Mughal Empire in South and Central Asia expanded through gunpowder warfare and had a more tolerant administration under leaders like Akbar.
Akbar's tolerance towards different belief systems in the Mughal Empire allowed it to thrive and prosper in the 16th century.
The Qing Dynasty, a non-Han ruling empire in China, expanded using gunpowder weapons, similar to other empires in this period.
All four empires—Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing—used gunpowder to expand and shared similarities in their administrative systems.
Political legitimacy and consolidation of power were achieved through bureaucracies, military professionals, and religious justification in all empires.
The Ottomans used the Devshirme system to recruit highly educated and loyal officials for their bureaucracy.
Rulers legitimized their power through religious ideas, art, monumental architecture, and in some cases, tax collection innovations.
The Protestant Reformation challenged the dominance of the Roman Catholic Church, leading to a split that reshaped Christianity in Europe.
Islamic political rivalries between Sunni and Shia empires intensified the religious divide, particularly between the Ottomans and Safavids.
Transcripts
oh you want a full review of everything
you need to know about unit 3 of AP
World History you know I got you boo now
we're in the time period 1450 to 1750
and it's all about landbased Empires
their expansion their Administration and
their belief systems so if you're ready
to get them brain cows milk let's get to
it okay first let's define our terms
what is a land-based Empire well it's an
Empire whose power comes from the extent
of its territorial Holdings so it's an
Empire that's landbased and that's about
the easiest thing you're going to have
to learn in this unit so let's take the
wind where we can and the big idea to
get here is that in the time period 1450
to 1750 land-based Empires were
expanding getting bigger getting tight
in their sweatpants after a big meal you
get it and in order to compare how this
expansion occurred I need to introduce
you to four of them and these are the
four you have to know first is the
Ottoman Empire and hey here's a little
AP World exam hack if there ever comes a
time when you have no idea what an
answer is or what to write for an leq or
whatever just go with the Ottoman Empire
they're massively important during this
unit they're just going to keep showing
up throughout the course okay that tip
is free so put it in your pocket and do
what you will with it but before we get
cozy with the Ottomans I should mention
that this video is part of a larger
resource called the AP World History
hler review guide and if you're if
you're feeling saucy you should check it
out in the link below it's got whole
unit review videos like this one that
are not here on YouTube it's got note
guides to follow along practice
questions practice exams and answer keys
for all of them it is the fastest way to
study for your class in your exam in May
so you know have a look and now back to
the Ottomans this Empire was founded in
the 14th century and it was a wee little
thing but spoiler alert they expanded uh
real fast there were a lot of reasons
they were able to do that but Chief
among them was the adoption of gunpowder
weapons recall that This Magnificent
powder had been invented in China but it
had spread via trading routs to many
parts of afro Eurasia so with these
giant boom sticks the Ottomans ended up
controlling much of Southwestern Europe
and Anatolia by the beginning of the
15th century 50 years later the Islamic
Ottomans scored a massive win by
conquering Constantinople in 1453 and
renaming it to Istanbul and they did it
of course with gunpowder weapons but you
know the Ottomans sacked plenty of other
cities with their giant cannons so what
made this one so special well
Constantinople was the Beating Heart of
the remainder of the once great Roman
Empire and once it fell to the Ottomans
the door was open to continue their
expansion into Eastern Europe and once
they mosied into Eastern Europe the
Ottomans encountered another resource to
bulk up their military namely Christians
you see as the Ottomans conquered state
after state in the Balkans they had a
policy of enslaving many of the
Christians that they found there and
once those Christians were in their
custody they converted them to Islam and
turned the best of the best into an
elite fighting force known as the janary
so add the janissaries to the rest of
the Ottoman Army and they had all they
needed to expand their empire like mad
until by 1750 it looked like this okay
now the Second Empire you need to know
as the sapph ofit empire in the Middle
East it was founded at the beginning of
the 16th century and just like the
Ottomans began as a wee little thing but
they didn't stay we for long because
under the leadership of sha is male the
south of its raided and conquered
neighboring territories and began to
expand rapidly and how did they do it no
it's gunpowder don't be crazy so because
this Empire lacked any natural defensive
barriers like mountains a later ruler
named sha abas got to work building up
the safavid military which included the
adoption of gunpowder weapons and just
like in the Ottoman Empire safavid
Cavalry were not interested in learning
to shoot guns from horses and so sha
abas established an enslaved Army which
were again like the Ottomans Christians
from conquered regions in this case the
Caucasus region they were highly trained
to became full-time soldiers in the
service of the Sha and were no small
contributor to the saf of its ability to
expand so there's a lot of similarities
between these two Muslim empires humble
beginnings rapid expansion with
gunpowder Elite enslaved military forces
and they were both Muslim but big butt
massive butt there is one very
significant difference between these two
empires that's going to cause a lot of
problems yes they were both Muslim but
they were not the same kind of Muslim
the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims while
the safavids were Shia Muslims and the
short version of the difference between
them is sunis believed that the rightful
successor of Muhammad could be anyone
spiritually fit for the office while the
Shia believed that only blood relatives
of Muhammad were his legitimate
successors and to put an even finer
point on it each branch believed that
they were the true representations of
Islam and the other was not so again
that's going to cause some problems and
you know we'll get to that later but for
now let me introduce you to the third
Empire you need to know namely the mugal
empire in South and Central Asia which
was established in the first half of the
16th century now if you remember back to
the last time period you might be
thinking isn't that where the deli
sulate was located it's like I'm in your
head right and that is correct correct
but in 1526 a guy by the name of babber
rose to leadership in Central Asia and
soon led campaigns against the Delhi
sulate and wiped it off the map that
began the period of mugal rule in South
Asia and just like the other Empires the
mugal Empire expanded rapidly through a
growing military that used what
gunpowder weapons and then years later
under the leadership of babar's grandson
Akbar the empire was expanded even
further until it looked like this now
the mugal were Muslim and if you
remember so was the deli sultanate and
the rulers of the Delhi sultanate didn't
have much luck spreading Islam
throughout India because most of the
population refused to turn away from
Hinduism and that was a tense for a very
long time but under abar things did get
a little better yes Muslims still ruled
over a majority of Hindu people but
Akbar was unusual for his time in that
he was tolerant of all kinds of belief
systems in his Empire and so because of
this tolerance and akbar's masterful
administration of the Empire the mugal
became the most prosperous Empire of the
16th century and then finally let me
introduce you to the last empire you
need to know namely the Ching Dynasty
otherwise known as the Manu Empire now
remember that in the last period the
Mongols went ahead and took over all the
China his crap and established the Juan
Dynasty but after that fell we get the
rise of the Ming Dynasty and the most
important thing to know about them is
that they were ethnically Han which is
to say Chinese and that was a big deal
because they got those pesky foreign
Mongols out and then they created a new
Dynasty with their own people like no
more Outsiders are going to rule us a
crap here come the Manu which is to say
Outsiders who are going to set up a new
Dynasty so in the first half of the 17th
century the Ming dynasty was getting
weak and so the Manu people of the north
came in and set up the Ching Dynasty and
from that point the Ching Dynasty beefed
up its military and leg conquest of
expansion using what I know you know
that's right gunpowder weapons okay now
let's compare these four Empires by way
of summary all of them were landbased
all of them expanded rapidly during this
period all of them used gunpowder to
achieve that expansion both the ching
and the mugal were ethnically different
from their subjects and while both the
safavids and the Ottomans were Muslim
one was Shia while the other was Sun now
if you're paying attention it should be
obvious that if all these Empires were
expanding like mad and waving guns in
everybody's faces then it was inevitable
that they would Clash with one another
and you know they did and there are lots
of examples I can give you but you only
need need to know one so let's consider
the safid mugal conflict this was a
series of wars fought over territory in
what is today Afghanistan and before the
war started the mugal controlled this
territory but while they were off
fighting elsewhere the sophitz were like
yeah we'll take that and so the mugal
doubled back to drive the sophitz from
their territory But ultimately they were
unable to do it and what made this
conflict even more bitter was the
religious element remember that the
savids were Shia Muslims and the mugal
were Sunni and so each Empire believing
that they themselves were the true
representatives of Islam fought to
establish full dominance over this
region even so after the series of Wars
ended there was really no clear Victory
okay now the next big idea we need to
come to terms with is exactly how rulers
administered those giant honking
landbased Empires I mean territorial
expansion and blowing people up is great
and all but if you don't know how to run
your Empire it's going to fall apart
quick fast and in a hurry so really what
we're trying to understand is how rulers
legitimized and Consolidated their power
and hey I'm not just throwing around $5
words for funsies you will absolutely
see these terms on your exam so what do
they mean well when we talk about how
rulers legitimize power we're talking
about the methods a ruler uses to
establish their Authority and when we
talk about how rulers Consolidated their
power we're talking about the methods
they used to transfer power from other
groups to themselves so there are
essentially four major ways that rulers
of land-based Empires legitimized and
Consolidated their power first was
through the formation of large
bureaucracies and in case you forgot a
bureaucracy includes the thousands of
government officials that ensure laws
are kept throughout the Empire so you
know if the emperor got the runs after
eating some old nacho meat and decided
that nachos are now illegal in my Empire
well you know how is he going to ensure
that nobody in his giant honking Empire
is eating nacho like he's not going to
be knocking on everyone's door just to
make sure so that's what the bureaucracy
is for thousands and tens of thousands
of The Emperor's officials spread out to
make sure that Randy isn't crushing a
plate of nachos hey is that cheese on
your chin oh all right kill him anyway
for rulers who wanted to maintain
control of their Empire's bureaucracies
were the way to go for example the
Ottomans used the dev sheer system to
staff their bureaucracy with highly
trained individuals this went hand inand
with their whole invade the Balkans and
enslave Christians thing because many of
those Christians converted to Islam were
sent to aan buul for education and
training and afterward the top
performers were appointed to Elite
positions in the ottoman bureaucracy and
because of their extensive Education and
Training not only were they wise
administrators but they were also loyal
to the sultan okay now the second way
rulers administered their Empires was
through the development of military
professionals now I mentioned the janies
and the Ottoman Empire earlier and
that's a good example and then the Third
Way rulers administered their Empires is
actually a collection of three related
items religious ideas art and Monumental
architecture I'll give you examples of
each from various Empires across the
world starting in Europe during this
period European monarchs began to gain
more and more power and one way they did
it was through the religious belief
known as the divine right of kings
essentially this just means that
monarchs perpetuated the idea that they
were God's representative on earth like
if I'm the king it's because Jesus
himself put me here so y'all fall in
line the Christian populations this had
a powerful way of legitimizing the
authority of their ruler now in terms of
using art let's visit the Ching Dynasty
and let me introduce you to Emperor
kangi now remember that the ching were
Manu not Han like the rest of the
Chinese people over which they rule so
how does an emperor legitimize power
over people who think he's an outsider
Ki went ahead and hung Imperial
portraits of himself all around the city
and if you look closely you can see that
he's surrounded by books which suggests
confusion wisdom or to put it another
way these portraits were kongi's PR
campaign to convince the Han population
that he was in fact a legitimate Chinese
ruler in the line of ancient Chinese
dynasty okay now in terms of using
Monumental architecture let's head over
to the Americas and check in with the
Inca here you see the sun Temple of
Cusco and in its prime the walls were
covered with gold sheets and the
courtyards were filled with golden
statues now within this Temple High
religious festivals were held and since
Inca rulers were associated with the
Gods magn ient buildings like this had a
way of legitimizing power and then one
way architecture was used to consolidate
power was apparent in the Palace of
Versailles built by Louis the 14th in
France and yeah this huge structure had
a way of communicating who was in charge
namely this guy but Louie also used it
to transfer power to himself he did it
by requiring the French nobility to live
in the palace for at least part of the
Year where he can keep an eye on them
and where they competed for his
attention and since prior to this it was
the nobility who held most of the power
in France their new living Arrangement
had a way of transferring power under
Louis okay now the Fourth Way rulers
administered their Empires was through
Innovations in tax collection systems
now in case you've never ruled an Empire
yourself you might not know that Empires
don't pay for themselves so rulers
during this period figured out new ways
to extract revenue from their people to
pay for their upkeep and I'll give you
three examples first is the zamar system
employed by the mugal Empire now
zamindars were Elite land owners who
were granted authority to tax peasants
living on their land on behalf of the
Imperial government eventually the
zamindars grew corrupt and started
skimming money off the top to enrich
themselves but nevertheless this was a
significant way the mugal maintained
control over their empire and
Consolidated power under themselves
second is the ottoman tax farming system
now the Ottomans decided that increasing
the size of the bureaucracy just to
collect taxes was not for them so they
established the tax farming system which
essentially meant that the right to tax
subjects of the empire was awarded to
the highest bidder and whoever won the
bidding had the right to collect taxes
from a particular group of people and
they charged more than was required and
thus enriched themselves dirty but
effective and then third Aztec rulers
used tribute list to generate revenue
for their empire whenever the Aztecs
conquered a place they gave tribute list
filled with the goods that that place
was responsible for sending to the
Imperial seed and tribute this practice
ensured a steady flow of a wide variety
of goods to the Empire and communicated
who was in charge to those conquered
regions and finally the last topic we
need to consider is how belief systems
both stayed the same and changed during
this period so let's start with
Christianity in Europe Now by our period
the heart of the Roman Catholic Church
in Europe was located in Rome and it had
represented the dominant belief system
in Western Europe since the first
century but despite its enormous Power
by our period the church had become
plagued with corruption people were
buying their way into positions of
ecclesiastical power which is a practice
known as simony and most important for
what we're talking about here the church
began financing its massive building
project through the sale of indulgences
essentially that just means that people
were told that they could pay money to
get their sins forgiven and to be honest
it was pretty effective popes had money
for days and now let me introduce you to
a Catholic monk named Martin Luther this
guy was seriously troubled by all these
practices because they weren't in the
Bible and even more troubling he thought
that the Catholic church had
misinterpreted scriptural teachings
about salvation so you know not a small
thing so in 1517 Luther made a list of
his complaints known as the 95 thesis
and nailed it to the door of a church in
vitberg now the church to put it mildly
were not fans of this movie so they
denounced Luther as a heretic and
excommunicated him from the church but
thanks to the recent invention of the
printing press Luther kept writing and
his ideas spread far and wide throughout
Europe and as more and more people were
convinced that Luther was right a
massive split in the church occurred and
this is what we call the Protestant
Reformation so that is a big change in
Christianity in Europe but you didn't
think that the Roman Catholic Church
just slinked away and disappeared did
you don't be crazy no the Catholic
Church continued as a dominant
expression of Christian Christianity in
Europe however to be fair they did
initiate a Reformation of their own in a
series of meetings called the Council of
Trent Catholics cleaned up a lot of the
corruption that Protestants were
complaining about but they also went
ahead and reaffirmed that their doctrine
of salvation was just fine thank you
very much and that represented not only
continuity in the faith but also a
permanent split between the two branches
of the faith regardless both
reformations LED to significant growth
of Christianity in Europe okay second
let's consider Islam and here we need to
examine how political rivalries
intensified the Sunni Shia split now I
already mentioned that sha Ismail
declared the saf of Empire would adhere
to Shia Islam and that put them at odds
with other Sunni Muslim empires in this
area but I probably undersold just what
a big deal that was in fact many people
argue that ismail's decision was among
the most significant events in Islamic
history that's because his decision
aggravated and intensified the split
between these two branches and when
Ismail made his declaration he carried
it out with ferocity like Sunni Muslims
in the Empire who resisted were often
slaughtered in public and to take it
even further a division of the safavid
military was developed whose sole
responsibility was to ensure that
everyone in the safavid Dynasty ritually
and regly cursed the first three cffs
who succeeded Muhammad you remember
earlier when I said that the beef
between these two branches of Islam had
a lot to do with who the legitimate
successor of Muhammad was well it was
those first three that were patently not
blood relatives of the prophet and so
this regular ritual cursing of them was
like spitting in the face of Sunni
Muslims everywhere so yeah the split
between the Shia and the sunnis
definitely intensified because of
political rivalries among Islamic empir
and third let's consider the development
of seism in South Asia now we've been
talking an awful lot about the
fracturing of belief systems but here's
an example of the blending of Rel
religions which resulted in something
new essentially sism was a syncretic
blend of both Hindu and Islamic
doctrines and that shouldn't surprise
you given how long those two systems
coexisted in South Asia anyway seism
demonstrated continuity with both belief
systems by retaining several important
doctrines like the belief in one God and
the cycle of reincarnation and death
however it marked a change as well since
Sikhism discarded the gender hierarchies
of Islam and the cast system in Hinduism
Okay click here to grab my AP World
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on the flipflop I'm lur out
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