History of Pharmacy

Summary

This script offers a comprehensive history of pharmacy, from ancient practices in Egypt and Greece to modern advancements in the United States. It covers key figures like Imhotep and Hippocrates, significant publications like the United States Pharmacopoeia, and important legislation such as the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The script also discusses various pharmacy settings and the evolution of drug regulations, emphasizing the profession's growth and impact on healthcare.

Takeaways

• 💊 **Pharmacy Defined**: Pharmacy is the practice of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drugs.
• 🧪 **Apothecary**: An apothecary is a druggist or pharmacist, historically known as a drugstore of pharmacy.
• 👨‍⚕️ **Pharmacy Technician**: A healthcare provider who performs pharmacy-related functions under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist.
• 📚 **Pharmacology**: The study of drugs, including their properties, uses, applications, and effects.
• 🌿 **Ancient Beginnings**: Pharmacy's origins trace back to 3000 BC with Imhotep in ancient Egypt, establishing early medical practices.
• 📜 **Papyrus Ebers**: A scroll from 1500 BC listed over 800 prescriptions, showcasing early drug formulations.
• 🏛️ **Hippocrates**: A Greek physician in 400 BC who established early medical practices and the Hippocratic oath.
• 📖 **US Pharmacopoeia**: Founded in 1820, it set standards for drug manufacturing in the United States.
• 🏫 **Philadelphia College of Pharmacy**: Established in 1821, it published the American Journal of Pharmacy in 1825.
• 🔬 **American Pharmaceutical Association**: Founded in 1852, now known as the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), it's a leading professional body for pharmacists.
• 📈 **Pharmacy Laws**: By 1878, nine states had pharmacy laws, leading to the establishment of Boards of Pharmacy to regulate pharmacy practice.
• 📚 **Remington's Practice of Pharmacy**: First published in 1885, it became a standard text and is still widely used.
• 💉 **Milestone Drugs**: Quinine, cocaine, digitalis, penicillin, insulin, and salicylic acid are significant discoveries in medicine.
• 🚫 **Drug Regulations**: The Food and Drug Act of 1906 prohibited interstate commerce of adulterated food and drugs.
• 🏥 **Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)**: Enacted in 1996, it provides regulations to protect patient privacy.
• 🏢 **Types of Pharmacy**: Community, hospital, clinical, ambulatory care, compounding, internet, mail-order, veterinary, nuclear, military, pharmacy informatics, and specialty pharmacy are various settings where pharmacy practice occurs.

Q & A

What is the definition of pharmacy?

Pharmacy is the art, practice, or profession of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drugs.

What is the role of an apothecary?

An apothecary is a druggist or pharmacist who was historically responsible for preparing and dispensing medicinal drugs.

What is the job of a pharmacy technician?

A pharmacy technician is a healthcare provider who performs pharmacy-related functions generally under the direct supervision of a licensed pharmacist.

What is pharmacology?

Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their properties, uses, application, and effects.

Who was the first to establish official medical healing practices?

Imhotep, the god of medicine and a priest and physician to ancient Egypt, was the first to establish official medical healing practices around 3000 BC.

What is significant about the Papyrus Ebers?

The Papyrus Ebers, written around 1500 BC, is significant because it listed over 800 prescriptions using 700 verbal remedies.

Who established practices of treating patients and the Hippocratic oath?

Hippocrates, a Greek physician around 400 BC, established practices of treating patients and also established physician conduct which included the Hippocratic oath.

When was the United States Pharmacopoeia founded and what was its purpose?

The United States Pharmacopoeia was founded in 1820 with the purpose of creating standards for manufacturing drugs.

What is the American Pharmacists Association (APHA) and when was it founded?

The American Pharmacists Association (APHA), originally known as the American Pharmaceutical Association, was founded in 1852 and is the first established and largest professional association of pharmacists in the United States.

What is the significance of the Food and Drug Act of 1906?

The Food and Drug Act of 1906 prohibited interstate commerce of adulterated or misbranded food, drinks, and drugs, and required government pre-approval of drugs.

What does the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) do?

The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) classifies drugs that may be easily abused and restricts their distribution, enforced by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

What are the different types of pharmacy settings mentioned in the script?

The script mentions community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, ambulatory care pharmacy, compounding pharmacy, internet pharmacy, mail-order pharmacy, veterinary pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, military pharmacy, pharmacy informatics, and specialty pharmacy as different types of pharmacy settings.

Outlines

00:00

💊 History and Development of Pharmacy

The first paragraph provides a comprehensive overview of the history and development of pharmacy. It starts with defining pharmacy as the practice of preparing and dispensing medical drugs and introduces key terms such as apothecary, pharmacist, and pharmacy technician. It then delves into the historical roots of pharmacy, mentioning Imhotep, the god of medicine in ancient Egypt, and the papyrus Ebers, which listed over 800 prescriptions. The contributions of Hippocrates, who established early medical practices and the Hippocratic oath, are also highlighted. The paragraph then shifts to the history of pharmacy in the United States, mentioning the founding of the United States Pharmacopoeia in 1820, the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1821, and the American Journal of Pharmacy in 1825. It discusses the establishment of the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1852 and the introduction of the pharmaceutical board by John Maish in 1868. The paragraph also covers significant publications like 'The Dispensatory of the United States of America' and 'Remington's Practice of Pharmacy'. It concludes with a discussion on the development of various drugs, such as quinine, cocaine, digitalis, penicillin, insulin, and salicylic acid, and the evolution of drug regulations and laws, including the Food and Drug Act of 1906, the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, the Durham Humphrey Amendment of 1951, the Kefauver Harris Amendments of 1962, and the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.

05:01

📚 Drug Scheduling and Pharmacy Practice

The second paragraph focuses on drug scheduling and the different types of pharmacy settings. It begins by defining Schedule 1 drugs as those with high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use, providing examples such as heroin, LSD, and marijuana. It then describes Schedule 2 drugs, which have a high potential for abuse but are accepted for medical use in certain circumstances, with examples like Vicodin, cocaine, and methamphetamine. The paragraph continues with Schedule 3 drugs, which have a moderate to low potential for abuse, and Schedule 4 drugs, which are considered to have a low potential for abuse and dependence. Schedule 5 drugs are also mentioned, which are used for anti-diarrheal, anti-tussive, and analgesic purposes. The paragraph then discusses the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA), which required pharmacists to offer counseling to Medicaid patients, and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which provided regulations to protect patient privacy. Finally, it outlines various pharmacy settings such as community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, ambulatory care pharmacy, compounding pharmacy, internet pharmacy, mail-order pharmacy, veterinary pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, military pharmacy, and pharmacy informatics.

Keywords

💡Pharmacy

Pharmacy refers to the art, practice, or profession of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drugs. It is central to the video's theme as it sets the stage for discussing the historical development and modern practices within the field. The script mentions various aspects of pharmacy, such as the role of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, and the evolution of pharmacy practices over time.

💡Apothecary

An apothecary is a term that historically referred to a druggist or pharmacist who prepared and sold medicinal drugs. This keyword is significant as it connects to the video's historical narrative, illustrating the roots of modern pharmacy. The script mentions Imhotep, who is considered one of the earliest figures associated with medical healing practices, which could be seen as the precursor to the apothecary profession.

💡Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their properties, uses, application, and effects. This field is integral to the video's exploration of how drugs are understood and utilized within the medical context. The script discusses various drugs and their historical significance, such as quinine for malaria and digitalis for heart disease, which are relevant to pharmacology.

💡United States Pharmacopoeia

The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) is mentioned in the script as being founded in 1820 to create standards for manufacturing drugs. This keyword is crucial as it represents a milestone in the regulation and standardization of pharmaceuticals in the United States, which is a key aspect of the video's discussion on the evolution of pharmacy practices.

💡American Pharmaceutical Association (APA)

The APA, now known as the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), is highlighted in the script as being founded in 1852. This keyword is important as it signifies the establishment of a professional association for pharmacists, which is a significant step in the professionalization and advancement of the pharmacy field.

💡Registered Pharmacist

A registered pharmacist is a legally recognized and licensed professional who practices pharmacy. The term is mentioned in the context of John Maish's introduction of pharmaceutical boards and the establishment of the term 'registered pharmacist'. This keyword is relevant to the video's theme as it discusses the formalization and regulation of the pharmacy profession.

💡Dispensing

Dispensing refers to the process of distributing pharmaceuticals to patients. It is a key activity within the pharmacy profession and is mentioned in the script in relation to the roles of pharmacy technicians and pharmacists. The video's discussion on dispensing underscores the importance of accurate and safe medication distribution.

💡Food and Drug Act of 1906

The Food and Drug Act of 1906 is a historical legislation mentioned in the script that prohibited interstate commerce of adulterated or misbranded food, drinks, and drugs. This keyword is significant as it marks the beginning of federal drug regulation in the United States, which is a critical part of the video's narrative on drug safety and regulation.

💡Controlled Substances Act (CSA)

The CSA, mentioned in the script, classifies drugs that may be easily abused and restricts their distribution. This keyword is important as it relates to the video's discussion on drug regulation and the efforts to control the流通 of potentially dangerous substances. The CSA is enforced by the DEA and includes a schedule system for drugs, which is detailed in the script.

💡Schedule 1 Drugs

Schedule 1 drugs are defined as having no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. This term is used in the script to illustrate the classification system under the CSA. The mention of Schedule 1 drugs in the video helps to explain the severity of drug regulation and the categorization of substances based on their potential for abuse.

💡Pharmacy Settings

Pharmacy settings refer to the various environments where pharmacy practices occur, such as community, hospital, and clinical pharmacies. This keyword is relevant to the video's exploration of the diverse applications of pharmacy in different healthcare contexts. The script provides examples of different settings, showcasing the breadth of the pharmacy profession.

Highlights

Pharmacy is the practice of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drugs.

An apothecary or pharmacist is a druggist or professional in the field of pharmacy.

A pharmacy technician is a healthcare provider working under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist.

Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their properties, uses, application, and effects.

Imhotep in 3000 BC was the first to establish official medical healing practices.

The Papyrus Ebers, from 1500 BC, listed over 800 prescriptions using 700 verbal remedies.

Hippocrates in 400 BC established practices of treating patients and the Hippocratic oath.

The United States Pharmacopoeia was founded in 1820 to create standards for drug manufacturing.

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy was founded in 1821.

The American Journal of Pharmacy was the first periodical in the United States devoted to pharmacy, published in 1825.

William Procter Jr. was a key figure in the establishment of the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1852.

John Maish introduced the idea of pharmaceutical boards appointed by state governors in 1868.

By 1878, nine states had adopted pharmacy laws licensing pharmacists.

Joseph P. Remington published 'The Practice of Pharmacy' in 1885, which became a standard text.

Quinine was the first drug to successfully treat malaria.

Cocaine was the first effective local anesthetic.

Digitalis, from the foxglove plant, has been widely used in treating heart disease.

Penicillin was the first antibiotic and a great discovery in medicine in the 20th century.

Insulin is the hormone that lowers blood sugar used in the treatment of diabetes.

The Food and Drug Act of 1906 prohibited interstate commerce of adulterated or misbranded food, drinks, and drugs.

The 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act required new drugs to be shown as safe before marketing.

The Durham Humphrey Amendment of 1951 defined drugs requiring a prescription.

The 1962 Kefauver Harris amendments required proof of safety and effectiveness before drug marketing.

The 1970 Poison Prevention Packaging Act required childproof packaging on controlled and prescription drugs.

The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classifies drugs based on abuse potential and restricts their distribution.

Schedule 1 drugs are defined as having no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.

Schedule 2 drugs are considered dangerous with severe psychological or physical dependence.

Schedule 3 drugs have a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence.

Schedule 4 drugs are defined as having a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence.

Schedule 5 drugs consist of preparations with limited quantities of certain narcotics for anti-diarrheal, anti-tussive, and analgesic purposes.

The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 required pharmacists to offer counseling to Medicaid patients.

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 provided regulations to protect patient privacy.

Transcripts

history of pharmacy pharmacy the art

practice or profession of preparing

preserving compounding and dispensing

medical drugs apothecary a druggist or

pharmacist a drugstore of pharmacy

pharmacy technician sometimes known as

pharmaceutical technician is a health

care provider who performs pharmacy

related functions generally working

under the direct supervision of a

licensed pharmacist pharmacology the

study of drugs their properties uses

application and effects world history of

pharmacy in 3000 BC Imhotep the god of

medicine a priest and physician to

ancient Egypt Kemet was the first to

establish official medical healing

practices 1500 BC the papyrus evers a

kinetic scroll listed over 800

prescriptions using 700 verbal remedies

400 BC Hippocrates a Greek physician

established practices of treating

patients his writings also established

physician conduct which included the

Hippocratic oath history of pharmacy in

the United States founded in 1820 the

United States pharmacopoeia created the

standards for manufacturing drugs for

more than a hundred years Philadelphia

College of Pharmacy was founded in 1821

in 1825 the first periodical in the

United States devoted to the art and

science of pharmacy the American Journal

of Pharmacy was published by

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy first

published in 1833 Franklin Bach and

George B would compiled a comprehensive

commentary on drugs the dispensatory of

the United States of America

William Procter jr. William Procter jr.

the father of American pharmacy with a

professor at Philadelphia College of

Pharmacy from 1846 to 1874 he and Daniel

B Smith helped founded the American

pharmaceutical Association in 1852 it is

now called the American Pharmacists

Association APHA the first established

and largest professional association of

pharmacists in the United States

the more than 50,000 members of APHA

include practicing pharmacist

pharmaceutical scientist pharmacy

students pharmacy technicians and others

interested in advancing the profession

john Maish in 1868 john mace introduced

the idea of pharmaceutical board to be

appointed by the governor of each state

and established the term registered

pharmacist by 1878 nine states had

adopted pharmacy laws which licensed

pharmacists every state now of course

has a Board of Pharmacy which regulates

the practice of pharmacy in 1885 Joseph

P Remington published the practice of

pharmacy which soon became established

as the standard text in the field later

renamed Remington the science and

practice of pharmacy this comprehensive

reference work remains widely used

throughout the world quinine extracted

from the Kinoshita tree bark the first

drug to successfully treat malaria one

of mankind's most deadly diseases

cocaine the first effective local

anesthetic digitalis the drug of the

foxglove plant which has been widely

used in treating heart disease

penicillin the first antibiotic insulin

the hormone that lowers blood sugar in

the treatment of diabetes one of the

great discoveries in medicine in the

20th century salicylic acid a natural

drug derived from the bark of the white

willow tree used by ancient Greeks to

relieve pain and the natural forerunner

to the active ingredient in aspirin

early drug regulations and laws Food and

Drug Act of 1906 prohibited interstate

commerce and adulterated or misbranded

food drinks and drugs government

pre-approval or drugs is required 1938

Food Drug and Cosmetic FDC Act in

response to the fatal poisoning of 107

people primarily children B an untested

sulfa Milla need concoction this

comprehensive law requires new drugs be

shown to be safe before marketing 1951

Durham Humphrey amendment this law

defines what drugs require a

prescription by a licensed practitioner

and requires them to include this legend

on the label caution federal law

prohibits dispensing without a

prescription

1962 Kepha V Harris amendments

requires drug manufacturers to provide

proof of both safety and effectiveness

before marketing the drug 1970 poison

prevention packaging Act requires

childproof packaging on all controlled

and most prescription drugs dispensed by

pharmacies 1970 Controlled Substances

Act CSA the CSA classifies drugs that

may be easily abused and restricts their

distribution it is enforced by the Drug

Enforcement Administration DEA within

the Justice Department schedule 1

schedule 1 drugs substances or chemicals

are defined as drugs with no currently

accepted medical use and a high

potential for abuse schedule on drugs

are the most dangerous drugs of all the

drug schedules with potentially severe

psychological or physical dependence

some examples of schedule on drugs are

heroin lysergic acid diethylamide LSD

marijuana or cannabis 3 4

methylenedioxypyrovalerone for abuse

with use potentially leading to severe

psychological or physical dependence

these drugs are also considered

dangerous

some examples of schedule 2 drugs are

combination products with less than 15

milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage

unit vicodin cocaine methamphetamine

methadone

hydromorphone dilaudid meperidine

Demerol oxycodone oxycontin fentanyl Dec

cedron adderall and Ritalin Schedule

three drugs substances or chemicals are

defined as drugs with a moderate to low

potential for physical and psychological

dependence scheduled 3 drug abuse

potential is less than schedule 1 and

schedule 2 drugs but more than scheduled

for some examples of schedule 3 drugs

are products containing less than 90

milligrams of codeine per dosage unit

tylenol with codeine ketamine anabolic

steroids testosterone schedule for drugs

or substances or chemicals are defined

as drugs with a low potential for abuse

and low risk of dependence some examples

of schedule for drugs are xanax

soma valium ativan Cowan ambien

tramadol schedule 5 drugs substances or

chemicals are defined as drugs with low

potential for abuse then scheduled for

and consist of preparations containing

limited quantities of certain narcotics

schedule five drugs are generally used

for anti diarrheal anti to civ and

analgesic purposes some examples of

schedule 5 drugs are cough preparations

with less than 200 milligrams of codeine

or per 100 milliliters robitussin AC

lomotil motive and lyrica parapet : 1990

I'm novice Budget Reconciliation act

obra this Act required pharmacists to

offer counseling to Medicaid patients

regarding medications effectively

putting the common practice into law

1996 Health Insurance Portability and

Accountability Act HIPAA provided broad

and stringent regulations to protect

patients privacy types of pharmacy

settings community pharmacy hospital

pharmacy clinical pharmacy ambulatory

care pharmacy compounding pharmacy

internet pharmacy and mail-order

veterinary pharmacy nuclear pharmacy

military pharmacy pharmacy informatics

specialty pharmacy