Free software, free society: Richard Stallman at TEDxGeneva 2014

TEDx Talks
12 Jun 201413:39

Summary

TLDREste discurso explora la importancia del software libre en la liberación del ciberespacio. Destaca cómo los usuarios deben controlar los programas en lugar de que las compañías los controlen, subrayando los derechos fundamentales del software libre: la libertad de ejecutar, estudiar, modificar y distribuir software. El orador critica el software propietario por imponer restricciones, espionaje y vulnerabilidades, y defiende la necesidad de que las personas y las instituciones adopten software libre para preservar la libertad, promover la educación y evitar la dependencia tecnológica. El software libre se presenta como un derecho humano esencial en la era digital.

Takeaways

  • 💻 El software libre es clave para la liberación del ciberespacio, ya que otorga control a los usuarios sobre sus computadoras.
  • 🔍 Un computador es una máquina universal que realiza cualquier tarea mediante programas, pero es fundamental que los usuarios controlen esos programas.
  • 🛑 Existen dos tipos de software: el que los usuarios controlan y el que controla a los usuarios, lo que puede generar abusos de poder por parte de las empresas.
  • 🗝️ El software libre se define por cuatro libertades esenciales: ejecutar el programa, estudiar su código, redistribuir copias y distribuir versiones modificadas.
  • 🔧 La libertad de modificar el software requiere acceso al código fuente, que es el formato entendible por los programadores, no solo el ejecutable.
  • 🤝 El control colectivo del software permite a los usuarios trabajar en grupo para adaptar los programas a sus necesidades, con la colaboración de programadores.
  • 🚫 El software propietario puede ser malicioso, restringiendo la libertad del usuario, espiando, limitando funciones o incluso borrando contenidos de forma remota.
  • 🌐 El término 'open source' se utiliza para desviar la atención de la importancia ética del software libre, enfocándose solo en beneficios técnicos menores como la corrección de errores.
  • 🏫 Las escuelas deberían enseñar software libre para fomentar la independencia y el espíritu de cooperación, evitando el uso de software propietario que limita el conocimiento.
  • 🔐 La libertad en el ciberespacio también implica otras luchas, como la neutralidad de la red y el fin de la vigilancia masiva.

Q & A

  • ¿Qué significa el concepto de 'software libre' en el contexto del video?

    -El 'software libre' se refiere a programas que respetan la libertad y comunidad de los usuarios, garantizando las cuatro libertades esenciales: ejecutar el programa, estudiar y modificar el código fuente, redistribuir copias exactas y distribuir versiones modificadas.

  • ¿Cuáles son las cuatro libertades esenciales del software libre?

    -Las cuatro libertades son: la libertad de ejecutar el programa para cualquier propósito (libertad 0), la libertad de estudiar cómo funciona y modificarlo (libertad 1), la libertad de redistribuir copias exactas (libertad 2), y la libertad de distribuir versiones modificadas (libertad 3).

  • ¿Por qué es importante tener acceso al código fuente en el software libre?

    -El acceso al código fuente es fundamental porque permite a los usuarios estudiar cómo funciona el programa y modificarlo según sus necesidades. Sin acceso al código fuente, no se puede ejercer el control sobre el software.

  • ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre software libre y software propietario?

    -El software libre otorga a los usuarios control sobre el programa a través de las cuatro libertades esenciales, mientras que el software propietario es controlado por el desarrollador, limitando las libertades del usuario e imponiendo restricciones sobre su uso y modificación.

  • ¿Qué riesgos plantea el uso de software propietario según el video?

    -El software propietario puede espiar a los usuarios, restringir sus acciones, forzar actualizaciones indeseadas y ser utilizado para actividades maliciosas, como lo hacen compañías como Microsoft y Amazon, según se menciona en el video.

  • ¿Qué ejemplos de abusos en el software propietario se mencionan en el video?

    -Se mencionan varios ejemplos, como Amazon eliminando libros remotamente ('1984'), Sony forzando actualizaciones y Microsoft permitiendo que la NSA explote vulnerabilidades en Windows para espiar a los usuarios.

  • ¿Qué se necesita para que un grupo de usuarios ejerza control colectivo sobre un programa?

    -Para que un grupo de usuarios ejerza control colectivo, necesitan las libertades de modificar el programa (libertad 1) y redistribuir tanto las copias exactas como las modificadas (libertades 2 y 3), permitiendo así que el grupo trabaje en conjunto para adaptar el programa a sus necesidades.

  • ¿Cómo pueden las escuelas contribuir a la promoción del software libre?

    -Las escuelas pueden promover el software libre enseñando a los estudiantes a usarlo, compartiendo solo software libre en clase, y fomentando la cooperación y la solidaridad al insistir en que cualquier software traído al aula sea compartido con todos, incluidos los códigos fuente.

  • ¿Cuál es la crítica del video al término 'código abierto'?

    -El término 'código abierto' es criticado porque minimiza las cuestiones éticas de la libertad del usuario, enfocándose más en mejoras técnicas como la corrección de errores, mientras que el movimiento del software libre subraya la importancia de la libertad y los derechos de los usuarios.

  • ¿Qué se menciona sobre la 'nube' y el riesgo que representa según el video?

    -El video advierte que la 'nube' es un concepto que oculta lo que realmente sucede, ya que al enviar datos a servidores externos para su procesamiento, los usuarios pierden el control sobre su propia computación, lo que se considera una estrategia para convertir a los usuarios en dependientes.

Outlines

00:00

💻 Control de tu computadora: ¿Tú o una compañía?

El orador plantea una cuestión fundamental: ¿Quién controla tu computadora, tú o una gran empresa? Define una computadora como una máquina universal capaz de realizar cualquier tarea mediante un programa. Sin embargo, señala que el software puede funcionar de dos maneras: o los usuarios controlan el programa o el programa controla a los usuarios. Para que los usuarios mantengan el control, el software debe otorgar cuatro libertades esenciales, lo que se conoce como 'software libre'.

05:02

🔓 Software libre y control colectivo

El concepto de software libre implica que los usuarios pueden estudiar y modificar el código fuente. Sin embargo, no todos son programadores, por lo que el control colectivo es vital. Esto significa que los grupos de usuarios, con programadores entre ellos, pueden trabajar juntos para adaptar el software. También son necesarias libertades adicionales: la redistribución de copias (exactas o modificadas), lo que garantiza que el software sea libre y no un instrumento de poder injusto.

10:05

🔍 Los peligros del software privativo

El software privativo otorga poder a los desarrolladores sobre los usuarios. A menudo incluye funcionalidades maliciosas como espiar, rastrear, restringir o incluso sabotear al usuario. Ejemplos incluyen a Microsoft, que permite a la NSA explotar vulnerabilidades, y Amazon, que ha eliminado remotamente libros electrónicos. El orador destaca cómo estas acciones, motivadas por el afán de lucro, son una forma de abuso de poder.

🌍 El nacimiento del movimiento GNU/Linux

El orador describe el desarrollo del sistema operativo GNU en 1983, cuyo objetivo era ser completamente libre. En 1992, el núcleo Linux de Linus Torvalds completó el sistema, dando lugar a GNU/Linux. Sin embargo, advierte que muchas distribuciones de GNU/Linux incluyen software no libre, comprometiendo la libertad por conveniencia. El orador insta a los usuarios a ser conscientes de las distribuciones que preservan la libertad completa.

🏫 El rol de las escuelas en la enseñanza del software libre

El orador critica a las escuelas que enseñan software privativo, comparándolo con enseñar a fumar tabaco, ya que crea dependencia. Explica que las escuelas deben preparar a los estudiantes para vivir en una sociedad libre e independiente, enseñando software libre y fomentando un espíritu de cooperación y ayuda mutua. También subraya que usar software libre es crucial para el aprendizaje real de los futuros programadores.

🔧 Desafíos técnicos y derechos humanos en el software libre

Uno de los obstáculos en el uso del software libre es la falta de documentación sobre ciertos hardware, lo que obliga a la comunidad a utilizar ingeniería inversa. A pesar de las dificultades, el orador destaca la importancia del software libre como un derecho humano en la era digital. Concluye animando a las personas a involucrarse activamente en el desarrollo y promoción del software libre como una forma de proteger nuestras libertades.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Software libre

El software libre es un tipo de programa que garantiza a los usuarios cuatro libertades esenciales: ejecutar el programa para cualquier propósito, estudiar y modificar el código fuente, redistribuir copias exactas, y distribuir versiones modificadas. En el video, se presenta como una herramienta clave para que los usuarios mantengan el control sobre sus computadoras, en lugar de que una empresa lo haga.

💡Código fuente

El código fuente es la forma legible de un programa que los programadores escriben y modifican. Para que un software sea libre, debe proporcionar acceso a su código fuente, lo que permite a los usuarios entender cómo funciona y adaptarlo a sus necesidades. Sin acceso al código fuente, los usuarios no tienen verdadero control sobre el software.

💡Libertad 0

La libertad 0 es la libertad de ejecutar el programa como el usuario desee, para cualquier propósito. Este concepto es central en el video, ya que representa el derecho básico que todo usuario debe tener al utilizar software, eliminando restricciones impuestas por los desarrolladores o empresas sobre el uso del programa.

💡Libertad 1

La libertad 1 es la libertad de estudiar y modificar el código fuente de un programa. Esta libertad permite a los usuarios adaptar el software a sus necesidades específicas. El video subraya que, sin acceso al código fuente, esta libertad es inalcanzable, y los usuarios quedan bajo el control del desarrollador.

💡Libertad 2

La libertad 2 es la libertad de distribuir copias exactas del software. Esto permite a los usuarios compartir software con otros, contribuyendo a la difusión del software libre. El video lo menciona como una forma de ejercer control colectivo sobre el software, ya que los usuarios pueden compartir programas con quienes deseen.

💡Libertad 3

La libertad 3 es la libertad de distribuir versiones modificadas del software. Esto es crucial para que los usuarios puedan no solo personalizar el software a sus necesidades, sino también compartir sus mejoras con otros. En el video, se enfatiza la importancia de esta libertad para fomentar una comunidad de cooperación entre usuarios.

💡Software privativo

El software privativo es aquel que no otorga las cuatro libertades esenciales a los usuarios, lo que significa que el control del programa lo tiene el desarrollador y no el usuario. El video lo presenta como una forma de poder injusto que las empresas ejercen sobre los usuarios, imponiendo restricciones y, a menudo, incluyendo funciones maliciosas.

💡GNU/Linux

GNU/Linux es un sistema operativo libre creado por la combinación del proyecto GNU y el núcleo Linux. En el video, se menciona como un hito en la historia del software libre, ya que fue el primer sistema operativo completamente libre disponible para los usuarios. Aunque existen muchas distribuciones de GNU/Linux, el video destaca que algunas incluyen software privativo, lo que compromete la libertad del usuario.

💡Libertad colectiva

La libertad colectiva se refiere a la capacidad de un grupo de usuarios para trabajar juntos en la modificación de un software, adaptándolo a sus necesidades compartidas. En el video, se menciona como un aspecto importante del control que los usuarios pueden tener sobre el software, permitiendo que los programadores dentro de un grupo trabajen en conjunto para mejorar el programa.

💡Control del usuario

El control del usuario es el concepto central del video, refiriéndose a la capacidad de los usuarios de manejar completamente el software que utilizan. Esto solo es posible a través del software libre, que otorga las libertades necesarias para que el usuario pueda decidir cómo usar, modificar y compartir el programa, sin depender de las decisiones de una empresa o desarrollador.

Highlights

Free software is crucial for the liberation of cyberspace, giving users control over their computers.

A computer is a universal machine that can perform any task based on the program instructions it receives.

Software can either be controlled by its users or it can control them—free software ensures user control.

Free software provides four essential freedoms: the freedom to run, study, modify, and share the program.

Without access to the source code, users cannot truly understand or modify the software.

Non-programmers can still benefit from free software through collective control—working with others to adapt software to group needs.

Freedom to redistribute both original and modified versions of software is essential for user empowerment.

Proprietary software often imposes unjust power over users, restricting freedom and sometimes even spying on or sabotaging users.

Free software respects user freedom and avoids the malicious functionalities found in much proprietary software.

GNU, a free operating system, was created in 1983 to promote user freedom; combined with Linux in 1992, it formed a fully free system.

Not all GNU/Linux distributions are free—some add non-free software for convenience, often sacrificing user freedom.

Sacrifices, such as avoiding non-free software, are sometimes necessary to preserve freedom in computing.

The use of non-free software in schools implants dependency, contrary to the goal of fostering independence and collaboration.

Free software encourages the spirit of goodwill—sharing code with others just as one would share cookies.

Society must establish and protect free software freedoms as human rights, given the importance of computing in modern life.

Transcripts

play00:00

Transcriber: TED Translators admin Reviewer: V字龍 N/A

play00:11

Free software is the first battle

play00:15

in the liberation of cyberspace.

play00:18

Who controls your computer?

play00:20

Is it you or is it some big company that's really controlling it?

play00:25

What is a computer?

play00:27

A computer is a universal machine.

play00:31

It will do any computation you want it to

play00:35

because you give it a program that says

play00:37

what the computation is that you want.

play00:40

The computer only knows how to get out an instruction and do it,

play00:43

and get out another instruction and do it.

play00:46

The program has the instructions, it says what to do.

play00:50

By writing the right program, you can make it do anything.

play00:55

Well, almost anything.

play00:57

Who gives the instructions to your computer?

play01:00

You might think it's obeying your instructions

play01:04

when really it's obeying somebody else first,

play01:07

and you only as much as that company will let it listen to you.

play01:13

With software, there are two possibilities:

play01:16

Either the users control the program, or the program controls the users.

play01:21

It's inevitably one or the other.

play01:23

In order for the users to control the program,

play01:27

they need the four essential freedoms.

play01:30

That's the definition of free software.

play01:34

Free software respects the user's freedom and community.

play01:38

Now, we often call it "Libre" using the French or Spanish word.

play01:42

Pronounce it as you like, the point is that's what we mean.

play01:45

We don't mean it's gratis, we're not talking about price.

play01:48

We're concerned with your freedom,

play01:51

and we sometimes say "Free/Libre" to show that.

play01:55

Freedom zero is the freedom to run the program

play01:58

as you wish for whatever purpose.

play02:01

Freedom one is the freedom to study the source code of the program

play02:05

and change it, so it does the computing you want it to do.

play02:09

But what is the source code?

play02:11

Every program typically will have two forms.

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There's the form that you can read, and you can understand

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if you know the programming language.

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That's the source.

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That's what programmers write and change.

play02:24

Then, there's the executable, which is a bunch of numbers

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which even a programmer can't figure out.

play02:29

If all you get is the executable,

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it's a horrible pain in the neck to the figure out what it does,

play02:34

and even harder to change it.

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So, to give you the real possibility to study and change it,

play02:41

they've got to give you the source code.

play02:42

That's a requirement.

play02:44

With those two freedoms,

play02:47

each user separately can make a copy

play02:50

and start changing it and make it do what she wants.

play02:54

That's individual control.

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But what if you're not a programmer?

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You look at the source code, and you don't understand it.

play03:01

Individual control isn't enough.

play03:04

We also need collective control,

play03:06

which means any group of users are free to work together

play03:10

to adapt the program to what they want.

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Of course, in the group, some of them are programmers.

play03:16

They're the ones who actually write the changes,

play03:18

but they're doing it as part of the group

play03:20

for what the group wants.

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Of course, the group doesn't have to be everybody.

play03:25

Others can use it some other way.

play03:27

They're all free to do that.

play03:30

Collective control requires two more essential freedoms.

play03:33

Freedom two is the freedom to redistribute exact copies,

play03:36

to make the copies and then give them away

play03:38

or sell them when you wish.

play03:41

Freedom three is similar,

play03:43

but it's for your modified versions.

play03:45

You're free to make copies, and then give them or sell them when you wish.

play03:49

If you do have these freedoms, then it's free software,

play03:52

the users control the program.

play03:54

But if any of those freedoms is missing,

play03:56

then the users don't control the program.

play03:59

Instead, the program controls the users and the developer controls the program.

play04:05

So, that means this program is an instrument of unjust power

play04:10

for its developer over the users.

play04:14

That means the users don't have freedom,

play04:17

that's non‑free, proprietary software which we've got to get rid of.

play04:21

When you've got proprietary software, what happens?

play04:25

Sometimes, the program snoops on the user.

play04:29

Sometimes, it tracks the user.

play04:32

Sometimes, it restricts the user,

play04:35

and stops users from doing what they want to do.

play04:38

You can see that the blue ray is your enemy.

play04:41

[Laughter]

play04:42

Sometimes, the software remotely deletes books

play04:46

as Amazon did with "Nineteen Eighty-Four".

play04:49

Sometimes, the developer compels users

play04:54

to install a harmful upgrade,

play04:58

by threatening to take away other functionality

play05:01

if it's not installed, as Sony did.

play05:04

Sometimes, they can even forcibly change the software at a distance

play05:09

as Microsoft can with Windows through the universal back door.

play05:14

Sometimes, they even sabotage users,

play05:18

as Microsoft does when it tells the NSA about bugs in Windows,

play05:23

so it can use them to attack people's computers.

play05:26

What you get is basically, with proprietary software,

play05:30

the owner has power over the users,

play05:33

and takes advantage of this power,

play05:36

putting in those various malicious functionalities

play05:39

to hurt the users.

play05:41

Of course, they don't do this because they're sadists;

play05:44

they're doing it just for money, for greed.

play05:47

They have various ways that they can profit

play05:51

from having this power over users,

play05:53

which does not make it even the tiniest bit less evil.

play05:58

But they have no shame about it.

play06:00

They have conferences where they talk about the latest ways

play06:04

they can take advantage of users through the power they have.

play06:08

Basically, proprietary software,

play06:11

which is now for almost all of the users of proprietary software,

play06:15

they're using proprietary malware.

play06:18

It's "software for suckers".

play06:21

How do you stop being the victim?

play06:24

Formerly, you had to stop using computers, but not anymore.

play06:28

Now, you can come join us in the free world that we've built.

play06:34

In 1983, I announced I would develop

play06:38

a completely free software operating system called GNU.

play06:41

In 1992, we had it almost finished,

play06:45

but one piece was missing, the kernel.

play06:48

Linus Torvalds, in that year, freed his kernel, Linux,

play06:52

which filled the last gap, and gave us

play06:55

the first complete system you could run on a PC: GNU/Linux.

play07:00

Unfortunately, having freedom at one point doesn't guarantee you'll keep it.

play07:07

There are over a thousand different variants of GNU/Linux.

play07:11

They're called distributions.

play07:13

A few of them are entirely free software;

play07:16

most of them have non‑free software added,

play07:18

because they're maintained by people who aren't concerned about freedom.

play07:22

They'd rather add convenience -- but at the cost of freedom.

play07:26

So you have to check which is a free distro.

play07:30

To keep your freedom, sometimes requires a sacrifice,

play07:33

sometimes a big sacrifice, as at Lexington.

play07:37

But in our campaign, they tend to be little sacrifices.

play07:43

Anybody with a little bit of maturity can make these sacrifices.

play07:48

For instance, you want applications, but some of them are non‑free.

play07:52

If you want freedom, you've got to do without them.

play07:55

There may be some inconveniences

play07:58

you have to suffer for your freedom's sake.

play08:01

Then, many websites send non‑free programs,

play08:05

written in JavaScript, to the user's browser.

play08:09

If you don't want to run non‑free programs,

play08:11

you should install LibreJS

play08:13

which blocks, keeps out, non‑free JavaScript.

play08:17

Sometimes, servers will offer to do your computing.

play08:21

They say, "Send us all your data."

play08:24

Obviously, for suckers.

play08:26

Then the server does the computing, and sends you back the results.

play08:30

But you're not supposed to think about what's happening,

play08:32

because it's a "cloud", and you don't see what's going on.

play08:37

Well, you should look.

play08:39

It's service as a software substitute,

play08:42

and it takes away control of your computing.

play08:47

A large fraction of the world's web servers

play08:50

are running GNU/Linux and other free software.

play08:53

But I think the most important computers to put freedom in

play08:57

are your computers, not companies' web servers.

play09:00

They deserve freedom, also.

play09:02

But above all, it's people that deserve freedom.

play09:05

So we need to advance,

play09:08

and to do that, we have to cross obstacles.

play09:12

One of them is there are big companies

play09:14

that make a lot of money by having control over users.

play09:17

They don't want to let us advance.

play09:19

We have to overcome their opposition.

play09:22

Another is that the mainstream media don't talk about free software.

play09:27

They have a term that they use to bury these ethical issues.

play09:32

They say "open source" instead.

play09:35

Now, it talks about more or less the same programs,

play09:39

but with different ideas.

play09:41

Where free software activists say,

play09:43

"This is a matter of right and wrong.

play09:45

Users deserve freedom. We demand freedom."

play09:47

The people who say open source, they don't want to say that.

play09:50

Instead, they say,

play09:52

"Let the users change the software and redistribute it,

play09:55

and they'll make the code better.

play09:57

They'll fix some bugs."

play09:59

It may be true, but it's a less important issue.

play10:01

If we want to keep our freedom, we've got to talk about freedom.

play10:04

So say, "free software," and you're helping us every time.

play10:08

Another obstacle is that lots of schools teach non‑free software,

play10:12

which is basically like teaching the kids to smoke tobacco.

play10:16

It's implanting dependence,

play10:18

which is the opposite of what schools should do.

play10:20

A school should prepare citizens to live

play10:24

in a strong, capable, independent, cooperating and free society,

play10:30

which means, teaching free software in the school.

play10:34

But there's another reason to do that for education.

play10:37

Some kids want to become programmers, they're curious.

play10:40

They want to know how the programs work.

play10:42

While the one who's studying a free software can understand it,

play10:45

the one who's studying a non‑free program can't learn anything,

play10:49

because the knowledge in the non‑free program

play10:53

is withheld, denied to the students.

play10:56

So to uphold the spirit of education,

play10:58

the school should make sure its programs are free.

play11:01

But there's an even more important reason:

play11:04

Schools should teach the spirit of goodwill,

play11:07

the habit of helping other people.

play11:09

The class should say,

play11:11

"If you bring a program to class,

play11:13

just as if you bring cookies to class,

play11:15

you've got to share it with everyone else.

play11:17

You can't keep it to yourself.

play11:19

You've got to share the source code, so other people can learn.

play11:23

So don't bring any proprietary software to this class."

play11:27

The school has to set a good example by following its own rule:

play11:31

You should bring only free software to class,

play11:34

except as a reverse engineering exercise.

play11:39

Another obstacle is there's hardware

play11:41

we don't know how to write free software for,

play11:44

because they won't tell us how to use the hardware.

play11:47

That's shocking. They want to sell you the product,

play11:50

and they won't tell you how to use it.

play11:52

They say, "Here's a non‑free program you can use.

play11:55

Run it, and shut up. Don't bother us."

play11:59

How do we find out how to run that hardware with reverse engineering?

play12:03

You've got to study all those 0's and 1's to figure out what they really do,

play12:08

and write down how to use that hardware,

play12:11

so someone else can write the free program to do it.

play12:14

It's hard work, but it can be done --

play12:16

if you want to make a big technical contribution,

play12:19

that's what you should do.

play12:21

Each new area, activity of life,

play12:24

can bring with it new human rights that are necessary.

play12:28

The human rights depend on each other.

play12:31

If you lose one,

play12:32

it becomes harder to maintain the others.

play12:35

So, nowadays, computing is so important in society

play12:39

that the freedoms of free software are among the human rights

play12:44

that society must establish and protect.

play12:47

Thus, how to help?

play12:49

You can write free software.

play12:51

You can organize groups to campaign,

play12:54

and persuade schools and governments to move to free software.

play12:58

You can help other people when they have trouble using free software,

play13:01

or help them install it.

play13:03

You can say, "free software," and spread the philosophical ideas.

play13:08

Moving to free software is the first step in the liberation of cyberspace,

play13:13

but of course, we also use the Internet.

play13:15

We need other freedoms there,

play13:17

like network neutrality, and putting an end

play13:20

to surveillance of people in general.

play13:24

(Applause)

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Related Tags
software librelibertad digitalcontrol usuariocódigo abiertoGNU/Linuxderechos humanosprogramaciónética tecnológicaeducaciónneutralidad red
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