Lecture 18 References and bibliography
Summary
TLDRThis video script discusses the importance of correctly formatting references and bibliography in academic and research documents. It explains the difference between a list of references, which must be cited in the text, and bibliography, which includes additional sources. The script covers various citation styles, including in-text citations and full reference listings, and emphasizes the need for accuracy to avoid plagiarism and ensure proper recognition of other researchers' work. It also provides examples of how to cite different types of sources, such as books, journal articles, and web pages, and stresses the importance of organizing references in alphabetical order for easy accessibility.
Takeaways
- ๐ References are crucial for acknowledging the work of others and ensuring their research influences are recognized in your publication.
- ๐ Proper referencing helps to avoid plagiarism by giving due credit to the original sources of information.
- ๐ The difference between a list of references and a bibliography is that the former includes only cited sources, while the latter may include additional sources that influenced the work but were not directly cited.
- ๐ In-text citations are necessary to acknowledge the source of information within the body of the text, typically by mentioning the author's name and publication year.
- ๐ The list of references should provide complete details about the cited sources, including author names, publication year, title, journal or book name, volume, issue number, page numbers, and more.
- ๐ When citing multiple works by the same author in the same year, use letters (a, b, c) to distinguish between them in both the in-text citation and the list of references.
- ๐ For web-based references, it's important to include the date of access along with the full URL to ensure the information is traceable.
- ๐ The list of references is typically organized alphabetically to facilitate easy searching and retrieval of cited works.
- ๐ Journals may have specific citation styles, such as using superscript numbers instead of author-year citations, which should be followed as per the journal's guidelines.
- ๐ Unpublished sources should be clearly marked as such and included in the list of references with as much detail as possible.
Q & A
Why are references important in academic writing?
-References are crucial in academic writing to ensure that the research influences of others are recognized within your publication. They help give credit for previous work, avoid plagiarism, and allow readers to trace the sources of information and ideas.
What is the difference between a reference and a bibliography?
-A reference is a citation that has been specifically cited at least once within the body of the text, whereas a bibliography includes all the sources that have been consulted during the research, not just those cited in the text. A bibliography is typically larger than a list of references.
How should in-text citations be formatted when there is only one author?
-For in-text citations with a single author, the author's surname and the publication year are used, such as '(SAR, 2005)'. If the citation is part of a sentence, it can be written as 'SAR (2005) argues that...'.
What is the correct way to cite multiple authors within the text?
-When citing two authors, both surnames are used, e.g., 'SAR and CH (2005)'. For three or more authors, the first author's surname is followed by 'et al.' and the year, e.g., 'SAR et al. (2005)'.
How do you handle citations from a source with more than one publication in the same year by the same author(s)?
-If an author has published multiple works in the same year, the citations are distinguished by appending lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year, both in the in-text citation and the reference list.
What details are required for a complete reference list entry for a journal article?
-A complete reference list entry for a journal article should include the authors, publication year, title of the article, title of the journal, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers of the article.
How should references to web pages be cited in academic writing?
-References to web pages should include the author or organization, publication year, title of the web page, 'Available online at', the URL, and the date of access. It's important to provide the full URL and the date when the page was accessed to ensure the information is verifiable.
What is the standard order for listing references in academic documents?
-The standard practice is to list references in alphabetical order based on the authors' surnames. This makes it easier for readers to locate specific references within the list.
Why is it important to include all cited references in the reference list at the end of a document?
-Including all cited references in the reference list ensures that readers can easily find and verify the sources used in the document. It is a sign of good academic practice and professionalism, and it helps maintain the integrity of the research.
Can unpublished sources be included in a reference list, and if so, how should they be cited?
-Unpublished sources can be included in a reference list, but they should be clearly marked as unpublished and include as much detail as possible, such as the author, title, and the fact that it is unpublished, along with any available retrieval information.
Outlines
๐ Introduction to References and Bibliography
The speaker begins by introducing the topic of references and bibliography in academic writing. They emphasize the importance of referencing as a way to give credit to others' research and to avoid plagiarism. The purpose of references is to recognize the influence of previous work on one's own research, whether it's a PhD thesis, dissertation, project report, or manuscript. The speaker also mentions that references are crucial for identifying research gaps and building upon existing knowledge. They highlight the need for correct referencing to ensure originality and increase the chances of publication or funding.
๐ Understanding the Difference Between References and Bibliography
This paragraph delves into the distinction between a list of references and a bibliography. The speaker clarifies that a list of references includes only those sources that are cited within the text, while a bibliography may contain additional sources that have informed the research but are not directly cited. The speaker also notes that journals typically require each reference listed to be cited at least once in the text, making the list of references a subset of the bibliography. The importance of in-text citations and providing complete reference details in the list of references is also discussed to ensure that readers can easily locate and access the cited works.
๐ Citation Styles and Formatting
The speaker provides examples of how to cite sources within the text and in the list of references. They explain that citations usually include the author's surname and publication year within the text, while the list of references requires more detailed information such as author initials, title of the work, journal name, volume and issue numbers, and page ranges. The paragraph also covers how to cite works with multiple authors and how to handle situations where an author has published multiple works in the same year, using letters (a, b, c) to differentiate them. The speaker stresses the importance of consistency and clarity in citation styles to facilitate easy access to the referenced material.
๐ Citing Web Pages and Online Resources
This section discusses the citation of web pages and online resources, which are becoming increasingly important in academic research. The speaker advises including the author or organization's name, publication year, title of the web page, and the access date, along with the full URL. They emphasize the need to specify when the web page was accessed due to the potential for web addresses to change over time. The speaker also provides examples of how to format citations for online reports and articles, ensuring that readers can reliably locate the sources.
๐ Organizing the List of References
The speaker concludes by discussing best practices for organizing the list of references. They recommend arranging references in alphabetical order to facilitate easy searching. The paragraph also touches on the use of numerical citations in some journals, where the order of appearance in the text determines the order in the list of references. The speaker stresses the importance of including all cited references in the list and the need for meticulous organization to reflect professionalism in academic writing. They end by reiterating the significance of proper referencing in ensuring the accessibility and credibility of academic work.
Mindmap
Keywords
๐กReferences
๐กBibliography
๐กCitation
๐กPlagiarism
๐กOriginality
๐กIn-text Citation
๐กList of References
๐กPublication
๐กProject Proposal
๐กPhD Thesis
Highlights
Introduction to the importance of references and bibliography in academic writing.
Explanation of why references are crucial for acknowledging the work of others.
The difference between a PhD thesis, dissertation, project report, and manuscript in terms of referencing.
How to avoid plagiarism by correctly citing sources in your work.
The role of references in developing the background of a research topic.
The definition and purpose of referencing in academic publications.
How referencing demonstrates the use of sources and builds upon others' research.
The importance of reading background research before writing a manuscript or project proposal.
The two parts of referencing: citation within the text and the list of references.
The distinction between a list of references and a bibliography.
Why bibliography is generally larger than a list of references.
The requirement for each reference in the list to be cited at least once in the text.
How to cite an author's work within the body of the text and in the list of references.
Examples of in-text citation for different scenarios, including single and multiple authors.
The significance of providing complete details in the list of references for easy access.
How to handle citations when an author has published multiple works in the same year.
Instructions on how to cite web pages and reports in academic references.
The best practice for organizing the list of references in alphabetical order for easy searching.
The importance of professionalism in writing references and the impact on academic credibility.
Conclusion and summary of the key points discussed about references and bibliography.
Transcripts
[Music]
[Music]
hello everyone and uh welcome to all
together a new discussion which is about
the references in bibliography how these
should be written and what are the
differences between references and
biblography that we will be also seeing
and depending on our documents whether
it's a PhD thesis or desertation or
project report or a manuscript
Publications we have to prepare such a
list of references or bibliography as
well as we have been going through in
between we have also covered a few more
points so here we are about to cover
about the references and bibliography
and uh so why references this is very
important question that why we should
put references it is very simple that uh
you know we have to make sure that
whatever the work we are doing if it has
been done already whatever the approach
they have done if it is in the similar
area we have to give the credit so to
ensure that others research influences
are recognized within your publication
sometimes we get an idea while going
through a research publication and then
we start working on that or sometimes by
reading such outputs or research
Publications we get you know we find
that this is the gap which I can fill
through a new study or new project
proposal and therefore I have to give
the reference of that uh paper which I
have used or going to use in my you know
work or publication so here we are only
talking about you know in the
Publications even in case of project
proposals references should also be
given if there are already and as
discussed in the previous video that or
previous lecture that you know sometimes
if in the project proposal if the list
of referen is very short some people
might think otherwise so it doesn't
matter honestly if I have taken
somebody's you know I have read through
I have found interesting I am going to
work further on that I should mention
that one so reference ing basically if I
would like to go through the definition
is the method used to ensure that others
research influences are recognized
within your publication thesis
desertation project proposal project
reports Etc so their work you are
recognizing because hoping that one day
you would be able to produce a good work
and others will recognize and this is
how the references goes on and that
while going through we develop the
background and that really helps to do
further research and further work in
different fields so basically the best
way to give the references if correct
referencing is done then it is the
basically Safeguard or we will be
avoiding cation of pleasur ism which is
a very very serious case about this so
we must take care if I am using
somebody's work I have gone through I
have read I must put in the list of
references also I should site within
that body of the text also further it
also that sometimes if a lot of
references are there and then the
evaluator or even the author gets the
idea that what are the gaps and other
things so referencing also demonstrate
which sources have used and how idea we
built upon the research of others
because what we are trying in the
research domain or any other that we are
trying to find out the gaps in the
knowledge or work and that is what we
are attempting that is why originality
or nobility in work will come and that
is why it will get published or will get
the funding so therefore if we don't
read the others work then we will not be
knowing what they have done and whenever
you are going to write a manuscript or
project proposal which people have
already done or reviewer knows about
that then there are no chances of
Publications or funding respectively so
this is very important thing thing that
reading background research should be
done and then referencing should be done
now there are two parts as earlier
indicated one is the citation within the
text of the paper so if I have gone
through a paper I find useful I want to
mention it so I first I should mention
in the body of the text and also then I
should give complete details about that
reference lastly in the list of
references so and now there are two
terms which are used in this domain that
is reference or references or list of
references and biblography so basically
the major difference between a list of
references or bibliography is that
whenever we say list of references that
means that each reference which is given
in the list of references has been cited
at least once within the body of the
text that is what the list of references
and whenever we write a instr of list of
references or references we write
bibliography bibliography that means
that not all references which are given
in the list under this biblography have
been cited in the text there are many
additional things which are given in the
list but they have not been cited why
because very simple that I might have
gone through many many papers but I have
developed my knowledge or understanding
about a particular thing in in a
particular subject or a specific subject
but directly I'm not using I have not
cited them so bibliography will always
be larger than a list of references that
is what is there so bibliography in that
way is another good thing but depending
because journals will not generally
accept the biblography they want each
reference which have been listed under
the list of references or reference
heading should must have been cited at
at least once within the body of the
text so there are overlaps that is why I
said that the biblography here and the
references or so includes citation of
Works which might not be mentioned in
the text but whereas in the references
everything has been at least cited once
so these are the important things in
case of references and biblography now
there are different ways of citing
somebody's work depending on the format
or guidelin
given by a journal or a document and
there are no standard practice word over
different journals follow different
things but most of the journal follows
one kind of thing that means you site
the work or name of the author which I
will be just showing some examples and
then in the list of reference you
provide the entire detail about that
reference which you have cited so when
you refer or cite or quote from an
author's work in the book body of the
text then it is required to acknowledge
the source in the text and or in the
list of references and this is what is
called in text citation or citation of
the work which has been there generally
it is done by putting author's name
author's surname rather I would say and
then publication year this is given in
the uh body of the text and whereas in
the list of references a complete
details including initials and including
name of other authors there might be
publication in which there are more than
one author or more than two authors so
therefore in the list of reference you
have to give complete details including
the title of the paper which you have
referred including the name of the
journal and volume number Pages
everything has to come the purpose here
is that whoever is going to read that
manuscript or project report if he would
like to see and the work which you have
cited and then you should be able to
reach to that reference very easily
therefore all details related with that
reference whether it is published or
unpublished must be mentioned in the
list of references so if the name of the
authors appear and naturally in the
sentence only the year should be in the
brackets so various requirement various
Styles some of the examples which I am
giving when in text citation when you
are citing within the board of the text
like if you are having one author then
you can write within a sentence like SAR
2005 because there is only one author
and whereas in the sentence you can also
write you know that SAR 2005 argues like
that that that or has done this work
like this this so this is how you phrase
them now when it is more than one author
like two authors then both names should
surname will come
within the body of the text and also in
the list of references when there are
more than two authors like three authors
then within the text body of the text
you will write like this but at the end
all the authors their initials should
come and after that year and other
details will come then if there are you
know organizations who are who has
supported there might be a not single
author you have taken from a port port
or a publication which is by the
organization board not by the individual
then you can write a reference something
like this so this is how the intext
citation some more examples are there
more detailed one like similar
researches we are carried out in India
by SAR 2005 SAR and CH 2005 at all so
here a single author example here is a
two authors example similarly saraf and
Chi showed that there were pre
earthquake thermal anomalies in Iran
before several earthquakes based on time
series data so this you can also write
in this way now here at all is written
when you are having more than two
authors then in the text body of the
text this is written whereas in the list
of references the all authors name will
come if there are two authors surnames
will come and in the list of references
their initials will also come those
things we will be also seeing if I'm
using someone work which is published in
a form of book and there is only single
author I will mention like this so then
the following information then it will
come author name of the author and
published year in the list of references
title of the book edition if later than
first then I have to mention the Edition
and who has published and place of
publication so this will come under the
list of references for example this is
all just example it is don't try to find
out a book written by myself it is just
an example or you can say I'm just
prepared this one just to convey my
point here that when there is a single
author of a book then you would write
like this surname first initials then
year then title of the book who the
whether it is first edition who has
published and likewise this is just
example don't take and start searching a
book like this book with more than three
authors two authors example we have seen
that we have to write their surnames
there but if there more than two authors
then authors public published here title
authors here all details surname and
their initials so first author in case
of the first author surname will come
first and then initials for other
authors it will come initial first and
then surname likewise so here again
example is that SF AK and now these
initials are coming first for BP MRA s
Chri and P host then year and then you
are writing this first edition Taylor
and Francis London again you will not
find this book at all this is just for
example prepared by me to convey my
point now most of the journals I'm
saying not all journals they include the
information or they required the
information in the list of references
like this that the author or authors
then published year title of the article
title of the journal volume Number issue
number in bracket page numbers of the
whole article that means every relevant
details related with that particular
Publications will come here so that a
person who would like to read further
the those papers or those references
which you have referred can reach very
easily that's the purpose here so
references in your text how you would
write and when same author have more
than one publication in the same year
sometimes we have to encounter or we
face this problem that a particular one
author or many authors together have
published many papers in the same year
then how you would write so very simple
way we use the word alphabets a b c and
in the list of references the same way
be mentioned so for example here
and see that whatever is the sentence
then here it says the sarafan CH 2003
2005 a b c and of course it is different
because there are two authors the year
is same but two authors are there so it
can be it is distinct in the list of
references so these three ABC will come
in the list of references as ABC and the
two authors remain common here so that
is the way of writing in text citation
about the author or authors who have
published more than one publication in
the same year using ABC and the same way
in the list of references now in
journals like example I have already
given that previous examples we mostly
from the books now it is from the
journal like uh you are giving authors
details then year then title of the
paper which is the journal page number
and so on similarly another example
about a you can have also B you can also
have C so in the list of references this
is how it will come so whenever in the
body of the text if it is written saraf
and Chi
2005a then automatically it means this
one otherwise 2005 there are three so
therefore we have to make distinction
and ABC can be used so the in the
previous slide which I showed the
examples this is what in the list of
references this is how it will be
written nowadays not many times we are
using web pages and we are using their
reference some are very authentic web
pages from very well reputated
organization so how to write references
about them so we have to provide again
if there are authors or organizations
the publication title of page and of
course we have to mention it is online
another very important thing one should
try always to mention in the list of
references if it is web based
information internet based information
when did you access that page because
today that page is accessible tomorrow
that might not be they might have
changed the address IP address or other
things and then if somebody after 10
years goes and try to see the same link
may not work therefore to ensure that
the the day you submitted a particular
manuscript or project report that date
was accessible so you must mention the
access date and whatever the available
thing and then httpp or s or colon
Double SL and the entire address should
be made available to the readers so that
any time they would like for example
like there is an example free thoughts
2006 earthquakes in Iran a geological
perspective available at this site
accessed on such and such so you are
making sure you are declaring that on
particular day it was available and
after 10 years 5 years I do not have any
responsibility of having because you are
not maintaining that page or portal
somebody else is doing now sometimes
instead of author we page are from
organization so almost in the same way
you write the organization name
publication year title of web page and
the bracket online access data uh with
when you access that date and available
and then full web address should be
given example here is like a Rel B 2003
IVC has this is the title and available
online this this this and the day you
have access you can also write like here
it is written sometimes the addresses
are these Bev addresses htb addresses
are very long but doesn't matter you
have to write there are no shortcuts so
it is fine no problem report if I am
accessing some report many many reports
are also available online so the same
way author uh published year title of
the report online available reference
number if there is one access date
available full address should be given
like here science at Nasa 2006
anticipating earthquakes available
online at this this this and uh then you
can provide also information about
accessed date also and now how this list
of references should be prepared
generally it is in the alphabetical
order so you sort out in alphabetic it
is not the way it has appeared in the
body of the text because the searching
if there are more than 10 15 20 depends
on what kind of report or manuscript you
are if it is a review article there
might be 30 40 references so how would
one search so the best practice which is
being followed is in alphabetical order
the list of
references so that for example here I
have presented from a publication that
see the list of references here are have
been sorted out H in alphabetical order
so therefore the searching within the
list of references becomes much easier
it is not the way they have appeared the
first one that here emsc that doesn't
mean that this has appeared first in the
text and later other references have
come after that not not like that so
this is a good practice of and this is
follow but sometimes some journals are
having allog together different way of
citing a reference and preparing a list
of references so for example our current
science in India or some other journals
maybe elsewhere and they don't write
like within the body of the text they
don't write author name and year they
will in a super script they will write
the number and that number should match
in the list of references so that list
of references in not in alphabetical
order the list of references as per the
reference appeared in the body of the
text and searching in the list of
references becomes equally easy because
the number is given so if it has
appeared number as one then in the list
of reference it would be one but the
problem is that I do not know who is one
when it is written in the superscript
form so then I have to check so that is
the problem with this kind of style of
writing citation and references but most
of the journals will follow in other way
which we have just discussed before uh
this discussion so references s should
not include unpublished Source materials
even if you have included you must
mention that this work is unpublished
and provide allog together whatever the
details are possible also should provide
list of references at the end of text
should be in the following format what
are those format like here this is the
example of current science where you
don't see within the body of the text
surname of any authors and in the list
of references so this way here it can be
written like here see the one or two
there are references so this is just
zoom part of that one on the right side
so here it says one and two so when I
will go on the list of references the
number one and number two and these are
the references first time they have
appeared in the body of the text and
first they have not first time but first
they have appeared and therefore they
have got number one and two so in the
list of references that would be one and
two so we are coming to the end of this
very important discussion I let me tell
you from my own experience whenever I go
through a PhD thesis or digitation or a
project proposal many many people are
are writing references in a very bad
Manner and that doesn't show a good
professionalism in this such kind of
domain because everything has to be very
nicely meticulously mentioned or written
there the purpose here as recall the
initial discussion under this uh lecture
is that the purpose here that one should
be able to reach very easily the
reference which has been given in the
list of references and therefore it is
important that everything should be
organized in a very nice manner
especially in the
manuscripts desertation PhD thesis and
project reports because this these
things matters if there are references
which have been say cited in the text
and missing in the list of references it
is again very bad so therefore it is
very very important that all those
references which have been cited in the
text must appear in the list of
references so I gave the example like
one and two in the current science
method so they give the number and it is
not sorted out alphabetically it is the
way the references have appeared they
will appear like this so with this I end
this discussion thank you very much
[Music]
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