CSEC Chemistry: Extracting Sucrose from Sugarcane
Summary
TLDRThis video from the Caribbean Toots series dives into the process of extracting sucrose from sugarcane, covering the steps from harvesting to centrifugation. It begins with cutting sugarcane at a feeder table, crushing it in a roller mill, and spraying with water to release sucrose. The process continues with burning bagasse for energy, using calcium hydroxide in a settling tank to precipitate impurities and neutralize acidity, filtering through a rotary filter, and concentrating the juice in evaporators. The syrup then crystallizes in a vacuum pan, and finally, molasses and sugar crystals are separated by centrifugation, yielding sucrose and byproducts like molasses for further use.
Takeaways
- πΏ The process of extracting sucrose from sugarcane involves several steps, starting with obtaining sugarcane from the fields.
- βοΈ At the feeder table, sugarcane stalks are cut into smaller pieces to facilitate easier manipulation.
- π§ The roller mill crushes the small pieces of sugarcane and sprays them with water to help dissolve the sucrose from the sugarcane cells.
- π₯ The crushed sugarcane, or bagasse, is used as fuel in furnaces, which generates heat for evaporation and electricity.
- π§ The dilute juice from the roller mill is treated in a settling tank with calcium hydroxide to precipitate impurities and neutralize acidity.
- π± The rotary filter is used to separate solid particles from the liquid, removing the mud impurities from the juice.
- π¬ The clear juice is then sent to boilers or evaporators where vacuum distillation occurs to concentrate the sugar and remove excess water.
- π― The concentrated juice, or syrup, is sent to a vacuum pan where crystallization takes place to form sugar crystals.
- π Centrifugation is used to separate molasses from sugar crystals, resulting in a mixture that can be further processed.
- π The molasses can be reprocessed in the vacuum pan for further crystallization to extract more sugar crystals.
Q & A
What is the primary goal of the process described in the script?
-The primary goal of the process is to extract sucrose from sugarcane.
What is the first step in the process of extracting sucrose from sugarcane?
-The first step is to get sugarcane from the fields and cut the stalks into smaller pieces at a feeder table.
What happens to the sugarcane stalks after they are cut into smaller pieces?
-The smaller pieces are crushed and sprayed with water in a roller mill to release the sucrose from the sugarcane cells.
What is the purpose of the bagasse produced after the crushing process?
-The bagasse is sent to a furnace where it is burned to generate heat for evaporating water and producing electricity.
Why is calcium hydroxide added to the dilute juice in the settling tank?
-Calcium hydroxide is added to precipitate impurities and neutralize the acidity of the juice, preventing the sucrose from breaking down into glucose and fructose.
How are the mud impurities removed from the juice after the settling tank process?
-The mud impurities are removed through filtration using a rotary filter.
What happens to the clear juice after filtration?
-The clear juice is sent to boilers or evaporators for vacuum distillation to concentrate the juice by removing most of the water.
What is the main process that occurs in a vacuum pan?
-The main process in a vacuum pan is crystallization, where the concentrated juice is turned into sugar crystals.
What is the final step in the extraction process described in the script?
-The final step is centrifugation, which separates the molasses from the sugar crystals.
What can be done with the molasses after it is separated from the sugar crystals?
-The molasses can be further processed to produce alcohol or used as animal feed, and the sugar crystals can be sent to supermarkets or stores.
Outlines
πΏ Introduction to Sugarcane Processing
The video begins with an introduction to the chemistry syllabus, focusing on section A 2.6, which is about extracting sucrose from sugarcane. The presenter suggests watching the previous video on separation methods for better context. The process starts at the sugarcane fields, where stalks are cut into smaller pieces at a feeder table. These pieces are then crushed in a roller mill, where they are also sprayed with water to dissolve the sucrose from the sugarcane cells. The crushed material, now called bagasse, is considered waste but is actually valuable for generating heat in furnaces, which can be used for electricity and in later stages of the process.
π° Settling and Filtration of Sugarcane Juice
After crushing, the dilute juice is treated in a settling tank where calcium hydroxide is added to precipitate impurities and neutralize the acidity, preventing the breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose. The settled impurities are then filtered out using a rotary filter, which separates the solid particles from the liquid. The filtered juice, now clear, is sent to boilers or evaporators for further processing, while the impurities are washed and returned to the fields.
π₯ Evaporation and Crystallization of Sugar Syrup
The clear juice undergoes vacuum distillation in boilers or evaporators to remove most of the water, resulting in a concentrated syrup. This syrup is then sent to a vacuum pan where crystallization occurs, separating the solid sugar crystals from the solution. The process is carried out at low pressure to prevent caramelization and ensure the formation of sugar crystals rather than caramel. The outcome is a mixture of molasses and sugar crystals, called massecuites.
π Centrifugation and Final Separation
The final stage involves centrifugation, where the massecuites are spun at high speeds to separate the molasses from the sugar crystals. The heavier sugar crystals are forced outward, leaving the molasses behind. The molasses can be further processed for various uses, such as alcohol production or animal feed, while the sugar crystals can be sent to markets. The process is concluded with a recap of the steps taken to extract sucrose from sugarcane, emphasizing the importance of each stage in the overall process.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Sucrose
π‘Sugarcane
π‘Vita Table
π‘Roller Mill
π‘Bagasse
π‘Settling Tank
π‘Calcium Hydroxide
π‘Rotary Filter
π‘Evaporators
π‘Vacuum Pan
π‘Centrifugation
Highlights
Introduction to the process of extracting sucrose from sugarcane.
Explanation of the importance of previous knowledge on separation methods.
Description of the first step: obtaining sugarcane from the fields.
Use of a feeder table to cut sugarcane stalks into smaller pieces.
Crushing sugarcane in a roller mill to release sucrose.
The role of water in dissolving sucrose from the crushed sugarcane.
Utilization of bagasse, the fibrous residue, for energy production.
The process of settling to precipitate impurities and neutralize acidity in the juice.
Addition of calcium hydroxide to the settling tank.
Use of a rotary filter to separate solid particles from the liquid juice.
The practice of returning mud impurities to the fields for soil enrichment.
Concentration of sucrose by evaporation in boilers or evaporators.
Application of vacuum distillation to remove water from the juice.
Transformation of concentrated juice into syrup.
Crystallization process in a vacuum pan to separate sugar crystals from syrup.
Centrifugation to separate molasses from sugar crystals.
Further processing of molasses for different uses.
Recap of the entire sucrose extraction process from sugarcane.
Transcripts
hey guys welcome back to caribbean toots
we are continuing the chemistry syllabus
and this is section a 2.6 today and we
are looking at
extracting sucrose from sugarcane in the
previous video we looked at different
separation methods
so you can just check that video out
before
watching this video to have a better
understanding on the methods that we're
using today
but we are looking at several steps and
there are
several methods of separation in the
process of extracting sucrose
functionality
so this should be really fun we're going
to look at
all these steps and finally finish at
centrifugation
okay so if you want to extract sucrose
if you want to extract
sucrose from sugarcane the first thing
that you need
is sugarcane so we're starting at the
sugarcane fields
we get some sugarcane from the sugarcane
fields
and we put this sugarcane stalks of
sugarcane
into what we call a vita table where the
sugarcane stocks are
are actually cuts into smaller pieces so
at the feeder table
the stocks are cut into smaller pieces
so that they're easier to manipulate
so we have these small pieces of cane
and now we're going to crush them
so the small pieces of cane small pieces
of cane
are going to go into what we call a
roller mill
so when we have the small pieces of cane
we push it
we put it in what we call a roller mill
and
in the roller mill the cane socks are
crushed
and sprayed with water so that the
sucrose from the cane
the sugarcane cells can actually
dissolve in this water
so we have crushing hair which is the
first major step
in this um extraction process
crushing and then we spray it with
water so that the sucrose from the cells
can just dissolve in it because we're
really looking for juice
spray with water so after we crush it
we're gonna have some trash and this
trash
is what we call badass
[Music]
is not what we're looking for
this is really trash however it's very
useful
because what they do they send it to the
furnace
and the heat from the furnace is used to
evaporate some water
and this water can help generate some
electricity
for the rest of the processes taking
place so we heat up the gas
and the steam can be used to generate
some electricity
also this heat can be used later on
in boilers or evaporators you'll see
what the purpose of those are
so we have we dealt with our vegas and
now we have some
dilute juice because you remember we
crushed the sugar cane sprayed with
water and now we have some sucrose
in some water so we say that's dairy
juice
dilutes diluted juice
juice juice
all right before i get to that i just
want main
one of the major steps all right so now
we have some dilute juice and we're
going to put it in a settling tank
now the purpose of this settling tank is
one
to precipitate the impurities and two
to neutralize the acidity of the juice
so we're going to precipitate some
impurities
how do we do that we add some calcium
hydroxide
so to the setting in a settling tank
we're going to add our diet
juice and we add some calcium
hydroxide which helps to
precipitate the impurities
and it also helps to neutralize
the juice to neutralize the acidic
juice so that the sucrose
won't break down into glucose and
fructose because those aren't the sugars
that we're looking for
we're looking for sucrose and because we
don't want it to break down
we neutralize its acidity so what do we
have now
we have some dilute juice with its muddy
impurities
kind of um precipitated
so we're going to say that we have some
money impurities
and in order for us to get rid of these
muddy impurities out of the juice
we're going to put it through a rotary
filter
now this rotary filter just in
simple just like in simple filtration
we're going to use it to separate
the solid particles from the liquid
particles because they're miscible
so we use the rotary total
we pass it through and we filter out
these money impurities
you filter out the money impurities from
or juice and sometimes they wash they
actually
wash the body impurities just so that it
can extract
all of the sucrose so sometimes they
wash
these money inferences to extract all
sucrose
that that could possibly be left in it
so let's wash impurities
and then they return these money
impurities to the fields
so they send the money immigration back
to the fields
all right great so now
what we have is some clear juice
so i'm going to call this clear juice
so we're sending the claire juice from
the rotary filter
to the boilers or evaporators so
remember
our juices clear but it's still bad root
and what we're looking for
is sugar crystals or molasses so
remember
what we have right now is clear dilute
juice so we're going to send it through
the boilers or evaporators to get to
help us
get that concentration that we're
looking for because
most of what we have right now is just
water that's not what we're looking for
we're looking for sugar
so we send it to the boilers or
evaporators
so at the boilers or evaporations the
main process taking place here is vacuum
distillation
what we're trying to do is get rid of
that solvent that water
and separate it from the or sugar or
crystals of sugar
so we we pass it through the bottles or
evaporation
or evaporators at high temperatures
so it's very high very high temperatures
and we try to evaporate or boil off
that solvent that water that's
dissolving your sugar
and this takes place at um reduced
pressure this usually takes place that's
on reduced
pressure so this process just
highlights i can do this on this
filtration
filtration
this was sedimentation
and this is now vacuum distillation
all right and you can see
our hair coming from the furnace the
heat from the furnace helps us to boil
or evaporate the solvent from our clear
juice
all right so now we have some
concentrated juice or some syrup
so the syrup is really concentrated we
boil off most of the solvents of natal
so it really concentrates it on
juice we have here so we call this syrup
[Music]
syrup concentrated juice
so now we're sending our syrup or
concentrated juice into what we call a
vacuum pan
now in a vacuum pan a process called
crystallization
takes place crystallization is basically
a process we use to separate
a solid solute from a solution
so in a vacuum pan we have the process
of crystallization taking place
all right so in a vacuum pan we have a
process called crystallization
and the syrup is crystallized that low
pressure just to prevent
um caramelization of the syrup because
we don't we're not looking for
caramelization we're looking for
real sugar crystals here so we have
crystallization taking place
to life crystallized
at low pressure and this low pressure is
just to prevent caramelization
because as i said before we're looking
for crystals not caramel
all right so now we've run our syrup
through a vacuum pan
what are we left with we're left with
something called
masquerade masquerade is a combination
of molasses and sugar crystals
so we have masculine let me write that
word for you guys
m a s s
e c u i t e
masculine and this mass device is going
to be centrifuge
now in centrifugation what basically
happens is that the mixture
is spun at really high speeds and the
the heavier particle which in this case
would be the solid crystal
kind of fly out of the centrifuge
leaving the molasses inside so in
centrifugation
we are separating the molasses from the
sugar
now that we have centrifuges mixture of
molasses and sugar
we can separate them we can get our
molasses and we can get some sugar
molasses can be further processed to get
alcohol wrong more for animal feed
and or sugar can just be sent to the
supermarkets
or the stores sometimes
when we have the mixture of molasses i
mean when we have the molasses separated
from the sugar crystals
we put it back into the vacuum pan for
further crystallization so we can get
even more
sugar crystals so this is really honor
find the sugar that we're getting here
and molasses let me just write that
[Music]
or you can also call it brown sugar
that's unbleached sugar and
molasses oh
this process is centrifugation
great so let's recap really quickly
so you're trying to extract some sucrose
from sugarcane the first thing we need
to do
is get the sugar cane we put it through
our feeder table
the stalks are cut into smaller pieces
the smaller pieces go to a roller mill
they're crushed and sprayed with water
that's the first main step crushing um
the gas is burned in a furnace
but the dilute juice from the crushing
method is put in a settling tank
where calcium hydroxide or lime helps
precipitate
impurities and neutralize the acidic
juice
just to prevent it from breaking down
into fructose and glucose
then we have our mud impurities that are
sent through a rotary photo
the filter it filters money impurities
and we wash the impurities for further
dilution of the sucrose if you want more
and these money increases are sent back
into the fields
we are now that was a process of
filtration
yes so we have one crushing
two segmentation at the settling time
three filtration at the rotary photo
the clear juice is sent to the boilers
or evaporators
with a process of vacuum distillation
and then after this we have some
concentrated syrup
sent to a vacuum pan where it is
crystallized
and this mixture massive eyes
masculine is going to be sent to be
centrifuged or separated
um that's molasses separated from sugar
so we have centrifugation
and then we can sew the molasses and sew
the brown sugar
all right so that's the end of this
video guys
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