Elasticity of Demand

Summary

This video introduces the concept of elasticity in economics, focusing on how price changes affect the quantity demanded. Elasticity measures the responsiveness of demand to price changes, distinguishing between elastic (demand changes significantly) and inelastic (demand changes slightly) curves. Key determinants of elasticity include the availability of substitutes, time horizon, product classification, necessity versus luxury, and the size of the purchase. The video uses examples like oil, coffee, and insulin to explain these concepts and prepares viewers for upcoming calculations of elasticity.

Takeaways

• 📉 Elasticity helps measure how responsive the quantity demanded is to a change in price.
• ⚖️ A demand curve is elastic when a price change significantly affects the quantity demanded, while it is inelastic when the quantity changes little.
• 📈 Elastic curves are flatter, and inelastic curves are steeper. Elasticity is related to slope but not exactly the same.
• 🔄 The availability of substitutes is the key determinant of elasticity. More substitutes result in more elastic demand.
• ⏳ Time horizon affects elasticity; longer periods allow consumers to find substitutes, making demand more elastic.
• 📊 Broad categories of goods are less elastic, while specific categories are more elastic due to more available substitutes.
• 💼 Necessities tend to have inelastic demand, while luxuries have more elastic demand, depending on how consumers perceive them.
• 💵 The size of a purchase relative to a consumer's budget affects elasticity. Larger purchases have more elastic demand as consumers are more sensitive to price changes.
• 🧮 Small purchases, like toothpicks, tend to have inelastic demand because consumers hardly notice price changes.
• 📚 Next steps include learning how to calculate elasticity and understand the numeric values associated with it.

Q & A

What is elasticity in economics?

Elasticity measures how responsive the quantity demanded is to a change in price. It shows whether a change in price causes a large or small change in the quantity demanded.

How does an elastic demand curve behave?

In an elastic demand curve, a small change in price results in a large change in quantity demanded. This means consumers are very responsive to price changes.

What does an inelastic demand curve indicate?

An inelastic demand curve indicates that changes in price lead to relatively small changes in the quantity demanded. Consumers are less responsive to price changes.

What is the relationship between elasticity and slope of a demand curve?

While elasticity is not the same as slope, they are related. A steeper (more vertical) demand curve tends to be more inelastic, and a flatter (more horizontal) curve tends to be more elastic.

What is the key determinant of elasticity?

The key determinant of elasticity is the availability of substitutes. The more substitutes available, the more elastic the demand for a product will be.

How does the time horizon affect elasticity?

In the short run, demand is usually more inelastic because consumers have less time to find substitutes. Over the long run, demand becomes more elastic as consumers adjust their behavior and find more substitutes.

How does the classification of a good impact its elasticity?

A broadly classified good, like food, tends to have less elastic demand, as there are fewer substitutes. A narrowly classified good, like a specific brand of coffee, tends to have more elastic demand due to the availability of substitutes.

What is the effect of necessity versus luxury on elasticity?

Necessities tend to have inelastic demand because people need to buy them even if prices rise. Luxuries tend to have elastic demand because people can reduce their consumption if prices rise.

How does the size of a purchase relative to the budget affect elasticity?

Goods that take up a large portion of a consumer's budget, like cars, have more elastic demand. Small purchases, like toothpicks, tend to have inelastic demand because price changes are less noticeable.

What are some examples of goods with elastic and inelastic demand?

Oil and insulin have inelastic demand because there are few substitutes. Brazilian coffee and Bayer Aspirin have elastic demand due to the availability of many substitutes.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Elasticity

The script begins with an introduction to the concept of elasticity in economics, which is described as a foundational concept with applications in various areas such as taxes, subsidies, and monopoly analysis. The lecturer acknowledges the potential tedium of learning formulas but emphasizes the fascinating real-world applications. The core idea is that elasticity measures how much the quantity demanded of a good changes in response to a change in its price. The lecture differentiates between elastic and inelastic demand curves, explaining that elastic curves show a significant change in quantity demanded with a price change, while inelastic curves show little change. The script provides examples to illustrate the difference and mentions that the slope of the curve is related to elasticity but is not the same. The availability of substitutes is hinted at as a key factor influencing elasticity.

05:00

🔍 Factors Affecting Elasticity

This paragraph delves into the factors that determine the elasticity of demand for a good. The primary factor is the availability of substitutes; goods with many substitutes tend to have elastic demand curves because consumers can easily switch to alternatives when the price increases. The time horizon is also crucial; demand tends to be more elastic in the long run as consumers have more time to adjust their behavior and find substitutes. The category of the product affects elasticity, with broader categories (like food) being less elastic and more specific categories (like a particular type of lettuce) being more elastic. Necessities are generally less elastic in demand compared to luxuries, which are more elastic due to their discretionary nature. Lastly, the size of the purchase relative to a consumer's budget influences elasticity; larger purchases are more noticeable and thus more elastic.

10:00

📈 Summary of Demand Elasticity Determinants

The final paragraph summarizes the determinants of elasticity of demand. It reiterates that goods with fewer substitutes, those in the short run, necessities, and those that are a small part of the budget tend to have inelastic demand. Conversely, goods with more substitutes, those considered over the long run, luxuries, and those that constitute a large part of the budget are more elastic. The summary serves as a recap of the key points discussed, providing a clear framework for understanding how the responsiveness of quantity demanded to price changes can vary significantly based on these factors.

Keywords

💡Elasticity

Elasticity in economics refers to the measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in its price. It is a foundational concept in understanding consumer behavior and market dynamics. In the video, elasticity is used to explain how different goods react to price changes, with elastic goods showing a significant change in quantity demanded in response to a price change, while inelastic goods show little change. The video uses the example of oil being inelastic because there are few substitutes, whereas Bayer Aspirin is elastic due to many generic substitutes.

💡Demand Curve

A demand curve is a graphical representation that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded by consumers. It typically slopes downward, indicating that as price increases, the quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa. The video explains that the slope and elasticity of a demand curve are related, with flatter curves (more horizontal) being more elastic, and steeper curves (more vertical) being less elastic.

💡Price Elasticity of Demand (PED)

Price Elasticity of Demand is a numerical measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to changes in its price. It is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. The video emphasizes the importance of understanding PED for various economic applications, such as taxes, subsidies, and monopoly analysis.

💡Substitutes

Substitutes are goods that can be used in place of one another. The availability of substitutes is a key determinant of the elasticity of demand. The video explains that goods with many substitutes tend to have elastic demand curves because consumers can easily switch to alternatives if the price increases. Examples given include Brazilian coffee, which has many substitutes like Ethiopian or Guatemalan coffee, making it elastic.

💡Time Horizon

The time horizon is the period over which consumers adjust their purchasing behavior in response to a price change. The video notes that in the short run, demand tends to be more inelastic because consumers have less time to find or adapt to substitutes. In the long run, as the time horizon extends, consumers have more opportunities to adjust, making demand more elastic.

💡Necessities vs. Luxuries

Necessities are goods that consumers need for their basic survival or well-being, while luxuries are non-essential goods that provide additional comfort or enjoyment. The video explains that necessities tend to have inelastic demand because consumers continue to purchase them even when prices rise. Luxuries, on the other hand, are more elastic because consumers can easily reduce their consumption if prices increase.

💡Purchase Size

The size of a purchase relative to a consumer's budget can influence the elasticity of demand. The video suggests that small purchases, which are a minor part of a consumer's budget, tend to have inelastic demand because consumers may not notice or react to price changes. In contrast, large purchases, which constitute a significant portion of a consumer's budget, tend to have elastic demand because consumers are more sensitive to price changes.

💡Inelastic Demand

Inelastic demand occurs when the quantity demanded of a good does not change significantly in response to a change in its price. This is typically the case for goods with few substitutes, where consumers have limited options to switch to alternatives. The video uses insulin as an example of a good with inelastic demand because it is essential for health and has few substitutes.

💡Elastic Demand

Elastic demand is when the quantity demanded of a good changes significantly in response to a change in its price. This usually happens with goods that have many substitutes, allowing consumers to easily switch to alternatives if the price increases. The video illustrates this with Bayer Aspirin, which has many generic substitutes, making its demand elastic.

💡Slope

Slope in the context of a demand curve refers to the degree of steepness or flatness of the curve. The video clarifies that while slope and elasticity are related, they are not the same. A steeper slope indicates a more inelastic demand, while a flatter slope indicates a more elastic demand. However, the video emphasizes that elasticity is a measure of responsiveness, not just the steepness of the curve.

💡Category of Product

The category of a product refers to how broadly or narrowly a good is classified. The video explains that a broader category of product is likely to have less elastic demand because it is harder for consumers to find substitutes for a wide range of goods. Conversely, a narrower category, such as a specific brand or type of good, is more likely to have elastic demand because consumers can more easily find substitutes within that narrow category.

Highlights

Introduction to elasticity and its importance in various economic applications like taxes, subsidies, and monopoly.

Elasticity helps understand how much the quantity demanded changes in response to price changes.

A demand curve is elastic when a price change significantly impacts the quantity demanded.

Inelastic demand occurs when a price change has little impact on the quantity demanded.

Elasticity is a measure of how responsive the quantity demanded is to a change in price.

An inelastic demand curve has a steeper slope, while an elastic demand curve is flatter.

Availability of substitutes is the key determinant of whether demand is elastic or inelastic.

Time horizon affects elasticity: in the long run, demand tends to be more elastic as consumers find more substitutes.

The broader the product category, the less elastic the demand (e.g., food vs. lettuce).

Necessities have more inelastic demand, while luxuries tend to have more elastic demand.

Larger purchases relative to a consumer's budget lead to more elastic demand, as consumers notice price changes more.

Oil has inelastic demand due to few substitutes, while Brazilian coffee has elastic demand due to many substitutes.

The concept of elasticity can also be applied to different time frames, with short-term demand being less elastic than long-term demand.

Consumers adjust their behavior more over time, making demand more elastic in the long run.

Summary: fewer substitutes, short-run adjustment, and small-budget items result in inelastic demand; more substitutes, longer time to adjust, luxuries, and large-budget items result in elastic demand.

Transcripts

♪ [music] ♪

- [Alex] Today, we begin to discuss elasticity

and its applications.

This is going to take us a few lectures

because the material is a little bit involved

and also, I'm going to be honest, the material

can be a little bit tedious.

There's some formulas that we're going to have to learn

how to use and memorize and so forth.

However, the applications are really fascinating.

Moreover, elasticity is going to come back again and again.

We're going to use it when we do taxes and subsidies,

we're going to use it again when we do monopoly.

This is just another one of those foundational concepts

that is going to pay to learn well the first time we do it.

Let's get started.

Demand curves slope down.

In other words, when the price goes up,

the quantity demanded goes down, when the price goes down,

the quantity demanded goes up.

Pretty simple.

But how much does quantity demanded change

when the price changes?

When the price goes down, does the quantity demanded

increase by a lot or by a little?

That's the concept that elasticity is going to help us to understand.

Here's the basic terminology.

A demand curve is said to be elastic

when an increase in price reduces the quantity demanded by a lot.

And similarly, when a decrease in price increases the quantity demanded

by a lot -- that's an elastic curve.

The quantity is changing a lot in response to the price.

When the same increase in price reduces the quantity demanded

just a little or when the same decrease in price increases

the quantity demanded just a little,

then the demand curve is said to be inelastic

or less elastic or not elastic.

The elasticity of demand is going to be a measure

of how responsive the quantity demanded is

to a change in the price.

Here's an example.

Let's start with this demand curve which we're going to see

is an inelastic demand curve.

Notice that when the price increases from $40 to $50

that the quantity demanded goes down by just a little,

by five units from 80 units to 75 units.

Now consider the following -- suppose we had

a demand curve like this.

This turns out to be an elastic demand curve.

Notice that the same $10 increase in price now reduces

the quantity demanded from 80 units to 20 units.

On the elastic demand curve, the quantity demanded

is much more responsive to the price than it is

on the inelastic demand curve.

On a demand curve where the quantity demanded

is responsive to the price, that's called an elastic demand.

On a demand curve when the quantity demanded

isn't responsive or is less responsive to the price,

that's an inelastic demand or a more inelastic demand,

a less elastic demand.

Now you may have noticed on the previous diagrams

that the inelastic curve had the higher slope.

That is it was more vertical, while the elastic curve

was the more horizontal curve.

We haven't defined elasticity technically yet.

When we do so, you'll be able to see that elasticity

is not the same as slope.

However, they are related.

For the purposes of this class, if you follow a simple rule,

you're going to be fine.

The rule is this -- if two linear demand

or supply curves run through a common point,

then at any given quantity, the curve that is flatter,

more horizontal, that's the more elastic curve.

So if you're going to draw two demand curves

which we're going to have to do many times in this class.

Let's say they run through a common point.

The flatter one is the more elastic curve,

that will work fine for you.

What determines whether a demand curve

is more or less elastic?

The key determinant is the availability

of substitutes.

As we'll see in a minute, the more substitutes,

the more elastic the curve.

We can also give some more specific examples

that are closely related to the number of substitutes.

The time horizon -- a longer time horizon

is going to make the curve more elastic.

The category of product, a broad category

is going to be less elastic.

A specific category, more elastic.

Necessities versus luxuries.

Luxuries are going to be more elastic.

The purchase size -- bigger purchase sizes

are going to be more elastic.

Now I've gone through those quickly so don't worry

if you haven't followed them all right away.

I'm going to go through them, now, each in turn

and explain the details.

The availability of substitutes is really the key determinant

of how elastic a demand curve is.

The idea is pretty intuitive.

If there's lots of substitutes for a good,

then when the price of that good goes up,

people are going to switch from it, the good whose price is increased,

towards the substitutes.

They're going to buy the substitutes instead.

That means that when a good with lots of substitutes,

when the price of that good goes up,

the quantity demanded is going to go down a lot

as people switch to the substitutes.

On the other hand, if we have a good

which has very few substitutes,

then consumers are going to find it harder to adjust

when the price has changed.

In particular, if the price goes up and there are very few substitutes,

consumers aren't going to be able to switch

out of that good into another good.

So the quantity demanded is going to remain fairly constant.

It's not going to fall a lot when the good has few substitutes.

Let's test your understanding with some quick examples.

Oil, Brazilian coffee, insulin, Bayer Aspirin.

Which of these goods have an elastic demand?

Which of them have an inelastic demand?

Let's start with oil.

Are there lots of substitutes for oil or just a few substitutes?

Just a few substitutes, right?

So if the price of oil goes up tomorrow,

at that point do we all stop driving our cars?

No, there aren't very many substitutes,

at least in the short run.

Few substitutes that means inelastic demand for oil.

What about Brazilian coffee?

Some people love Brazilian coffee but there's also Ethiopian coffee,

there's Mexican coffee, there's Guatemalan coffee.

Therefore, lots of substitutes, therefore elastic demand.

Insulin, if you don't get it you're going to die.

Not many substitutes, therefore inelastic demand.

What about Bayer Aspirin?

If you go to Wal-Mart, you'll find Wal-Mart Aspirin.

If you go to Target, there's Target Aspirin.

All kinds of generic aspirins.

If you understand that aspirin is aspirin,

you'll understand that there are lots of substitutes.

If Bayer tries to raise the price of its aspirin too much,

you'll say, "Forget it. I'm going to go buy the substitutes."

Therefore, elastic demand.

The time horizon influences the elasticity of demand

for a good.

And really this is just an application of the fact

that the fundamental determinant is substitutes.

Immediately following a price increase,

it's going to be difficult to find substitutes.

Therefore, immediately following a price increase, demand is likely

to be fairly inelastic, but over time consumers

can adjust their behavior and they can find more substitutes.

For example, if the price of oil goes up, then we know

that there are very few substitutes in the short run.

But in the long run, what are some of the things

that people would do if the price of oil

stays permanently higher?

We'll drive smaller cars. They'll switch to mopeds.

There's a lot more mopeds driven in Europe, for example,

because for decades, the price of oil

has been higher in Europe due to taxes.

People have adjusted.

In the long run, people will even adjust

how cities are designed so that more people

will live in apartments closer to where they work

if the price of oil stays high.

If the price of oil is really low, there'll be more sprawl.

People will be more willing to live far away

and have a big lawn if the price of oil isn't so high.

The longer the time horizon, the more the ability to adjust,

the more substitutes, and thus, the more elastic the demand.

Another factor determining the elasticity of demand, again,

based upon the fundamental question:

are there lots of substitutes or just a few

is what we might call the classification of the good.

The broader the classification, the less likely consumers

will be able to find a substitute.

The narrower the classification, the more likely consumers

will be able to find a substitute.

We've already seen an example of this.

There are more substitutes for Bayer Aspirin,

a narrow classification, than there are for aspirin,

a wider classification.

If the price of Bayer Aspirin goes up,

there are more substitutes -- the generics.

If the price of all aspirin goes up,

there are fewer substitutes.

Of course, there are still some, like ibuprofen

and acetaminophen and so forth.

But the narrower the classification,

the more substitutes, the more elastic the demand.

Another example, the demand for food.

A broad classification is less elastic

than the demand for lettuce, a particular type of food,

a narrow classification.

Therefore the demand for lettuce would be more elastic

than the demand for food.

The nature of the good in the consumer's mind

can also affect the elasticity.

In particular, whether the good is thought of as a necessity

or as a luxury.

Now don't take these categories as somehow being out there

in the world.

They are more about a person's tastes.

For example, for some consumers that coffee in the morning

is a necessity.

Even if the price of coffee goes up by a lot,

those consumers will still continue to consume

about the same amount of coffee.

Therefore, those consumers will have an inelastic demand.

They'll have an inelastic demand for goods that they consider

to be necessities.

The same good in someone else's mind

might be a luxury.

The consumer who occasionally has a cup of coffee.

If the price goes up,

then they're going to be more willing to say,

"Nah, I'm going to switch to tea. I'm going to switch

to something else."

Depending upon how consumers regard the good therefore

as a necessity, more inelastic demand.

As a luxury, more elastic demand.

The final determinant is the size of the purchase

relative to a consumer's budget.

If the purchase is small relative to the budget,

then consumers may not even notice when the price goes up.

And if they don't notice, they're not going to respond

with a big change in the quantity demanded.

On the other hand, if we have a product

which is a large part of the budget,

consumers will notice.

Consumers notice when the price of automobiles goes up --

that's a big purchase.

They're going to shop around a lot.

They're going to try and get a big bargain

when the purchase is a large fraction

of their budget.

On the other hand, when the price of toothpicks

goes up by a lot, that's not such a big deal.

Consumers probably won't even notice

whether toothpicks are $0.50 or a $1.

That's a 50% increase in price,

but you probably don't even notice that at the store.

So small item at least in the short run more inelastic.

Bigger items, the bigger part of the budget,

ones the consumer notices, more elastic, more price sensitive.

Let's summarize the determinants of the elasticity of demand.

For less elastic goods, that means fewer substitutes.

Short run, less time to adjust, necessities,

small part of the budget.

Each of these factors makes the demand curve less elastic.

More elastic demand, that means more substitutes.

Long run, more time to adjust. Luxuries, large part of the budget.

These factors make a demand curve more elastic.

If you have to, memorize these, but once you understand

that elasticity means how responsive

is the quantity demanded to a change in the price,

then you'll be able to recreate or figure out these factors again.

That's it for the elasticity of demand.

Next time,we're going to take a closer look at technically

how do we get a number?

How do we calculate the elasticity of demand?

Given some facts and figures on prices and quantity demanded,

how do we calculate what the elasticity really is?

What's the number?

- [Narrator] If you want to test yourself,

click Practice questions.

Or if you're ready to move on, just click Next Video.

♪ [music] ♪