太陽光パネルから最大電力を取り出すMPPT制御について解説
Summary
TLDRこのビデオでは、太陽電池から最大限の電力を得るために不可欠なMPPT制御について説明します。太陽電池を使った実験を通じて、MPPT制御がなぜ必要なのか、その原理を解説します。また、DigiKeyのバックツースクールキャンペーンも紹介し、学生のクラフトプロジェクトをサポートするための賞金やキャンペーンの詳細を伝えています。
Takeaways
- 🌞 MPPT制御とは、太陽電池から最大限の電力を引き出すことができる制御技術です。
- 🔌 太陽電池はPN結合を持つ半導体を用いて光エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換します。
- 📈 太陽電池の出力特性は、光の強さによって開路電圧とショートサーキット電流が変化し、それによって電力特性も変わります。
- 🏞️ 太陽電池から電力を引き出す際、最大出力点(Maximum Power Point)に近づけることがMPPT制御の目的です。
- 🧗♂️ 「登山法」はMPPT制御の一種で、出力特性曲線を探索しながら最大出力点に近づきます。
- 🔌 ブーストコンバーターはMPPT制御を実装し、太陽電池からの入力電圧と電流を変換して、最大出力点に近づけます。
- 🔄 ブーストコンバーターのデューティ比を変化させることで、太陽電池からの出力電圧と電流を制御し、最大出力点を見つけることができます。
- 🏡 家庭用太陽光発電システムでは、MPPT制御を用いたパワーコンディショナーが太陽電池とグリッドとの間に設置されます。
- ⚙️ 実験では、電子ロードを用いた手動でのMPPT制御を行って、太陽電池から最大電力を引き出そうとしました。
- ⚡ 太陽光発電は天候や時間に大きく依存するため、電力需要と供給のバランスが重要です。
Q & A
MPPT制御とはどのような技術ですか?
-MPPT制御は太陽電池から最大限の発電力を引き出すことができる制御技術です。太陽電池を充電したり、電力を売り込む際に使用されます。
DigiKey Back2Schoolキャンペーンとは何ですか?
-DigiKey Back2Schoolは学生のクラフトプロジェクトを支援するキャンペーンで、1,000ドルのギフト券を抽選で贈呈するというものです。
太陽電池の原理を簡単に説明してください。
-太陽電池はP型とN型の半導体を結合させ、光電効果により光エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換します。
太陽電池のオープンサーキット電圧とは何ですか?
-オープンサーキット電圧は太陽電池からロードを接続せずに、電圧が生成される状態です。光の強さによって変動します。
短絡電流とはどのような電流ですか?
-短絡電流は太陽電池を短絡させて流れ出る電流で、光の強さに大きく影響されます。
太陽電池から最大発電力を引き出すためにはどのような条件が必要ですか?
-太陽電池から最大の発電力を引き出すためには、適切な電圧と電流の組み合わせが必要です。これはMPPT制御によって実現されます。
「登山法」とはどのようなMPPT制御手法ですか?
-「登山法」はMPPT制御手法の1つで、発電電力のピークを探索しながら、発電電力を最大にする点に到達するように制御します。
ブーストコンバーターとは何ですか?
-ブーストコンバーターは入力電圧を高める変換器で、MPPT制御が実装されています。太陽電池から発電された電圧をブーストして、蓄電池やグリッドに送电します。
太陽電池を最大発電状態に保つためにはどうすればよいですか?
-太陽電池を最大発電状態に保つためには、MPPT制御を用いて、太陽電池の電圧と電流を調整し、最大出力点に保つ必要があります。
太陽光発電システムにおける出力制御とは何ですか?
-太陽光発電システムにおける出力制御は、発電された電力をグリッドの需要に合わせて調整することです。余剰電力の発生を防ぐために、発電量を制御します。
Outlines
🌞 太陽電池のMPPT制御の重要性と原理
このビデオは、DigiKeyが提供しています。太陽電池を使用して蓄電池を充電したり、電力を売り込むために電力を注入する際には、太陽電池からできるだけ多くの電力を得ることが重要です。MPPT制御はその方法の一つです。本ビデオでは、太陽電池の実験を通じてMPPT制御がなぜ必要か、その原理について説明します。また、DigiKey Back2Schoolキャンペーンも紹介されており、学生のクラフトプロジェクトを支援するためのキャンペーンで、賞金や優良なツールが提供されています。太陽電池の動作原理についても簡単に説明されており、PN結合されたセミコンダクターから湧き出す光電効果により電圧が生成される様子が説明されています。
📈 太陽電池の特性とMPPT制御のグラフィック表現
太陽電池の電力生成特性をグラフィックに表現し、電圧と電流の関係を説明します。太陽電池は開路電圧から始まり、電流を徐々に引き出していき、電力が最大値に達する点が最大出力点(Maximum Power Point)です。開路電圧時には電流はゼロで電力生成はゼロですが、電流を引き出すことで電力が増大し、一定の電圧と電流の組み合わせで最大電力が生成されます。その後、電流をさらに引き出すと電力は減少し、短路電流の状態になると電圧は非常に低くなります。また、光の強度に影響され、開路電圧や短路電流が変化する様子も触れられています。
🔍 MPPT制御の「登山法」の説明と実践
「登山法」というMPPT制御の一手法について説明し、太陽電池から最大電力を引き出すためにどのように制御するかをステップバイステップで説明しています。開始点は開路電圧で、その後、負荷を増やしながら電圧と電流を測り、電力を計算します。制御によって電圧や電流を変化させ、最大電力点に近づきます。実践では、パネル電圧を上げたり下げたりしながら、電力が最大になる方向を探します。このプロセスは繰り返し、最大電力点に到達するまで行われます。
🏠 太陽光発電システムとMPPT制御の実用性
太陽電池のMPPT制御が家々の太陽光発電システムにどのように適用されるかについて説明しています。太陽電池は日中のみ電力を生成し、その電力は电网に送られます。電力需要に応じて、蓄能発電所のポンプ運転や火力発電所の出力を調整するなど、電力の供需バランスをとる必要があります。太陽光発電は天候や時間に大きく依存するため、出力制御が困難な場合がありますが、MPPT制御は太陽電池から最大効率で電力を引き出すことの重要性を強調しています。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡MPPT制御
💡太陽電池
💡開路電圧
💡短路電流
💡最大出力点
💡マウンテンクライミング法
💡ブーストコンバーター
💡デューティ比
💡出力制御
💡蓄電池
Highlights
DigiKey赞助了本期视频,介绍了MPPT控制太阳能发电的重要性。
DigiKey Back2School活动为学生工艺项目提供支持,有机会赢取高达1000美元的礼品卡。
太阳能电池的工作原理是通过PN结将光能转换为电能。
实验展示了太阳能电池在不同光照强度下的开路电压变化。
通过电子负载逐渐抽取太阳能电池的电流,展示了电压和电流的变化。
太阳能电池的最大功率点(MPP)是其发电效率最高的点。
介绍了MPPT控制的“爬山法”,这是一种寻找太阳能电池最大功率点的方法。
通过改变升压转换器的占空比来调整太阳能电池的电压和电流,实现MPPT控制。
实验中手动进行MPPT控制,通过调整电子负载来寻找太阳能电池的最大功率点。
商业太阳能发电系统中,太阳能电池的输出需要与电网的需求相匹配。
电力系统中的供需平衡对于维持电网稳定至关重要。
介绍了电力系统中的输出控制,包括抽水蓄能和热电厂的输出调整。
太阳能发电的不稳定性要求其输出控制需要更加灵活。
视频最后呼吁观众评论、评分和订阅频道,以获取更多关于太阳能电池和MPPT控制的信息。
Transcripts
This video is brought to you courtesy of DigiKey
Hello. - Hello.
Today's video is about MPPT control of solar power generation
When using solar cells to charge storage batteries and
When injecting power into the power grid, such as when selling power.
Getting as much power out of the solar cells as possible is
MPPT control.
This time, while experimenting with solar cells
Why MPPT control is necessary?
And I will explain the principle of MPPT control.
Before we begin, let me introduce today's sponsor, DigiKey.
Go ahead.
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First, let's talk about the principle of operation of solar cells.
Here is a brief description
This time we will discuss solar cells with a common PN junction
First, P-type and N-type semiconductors are bonded together
So a depletion layer is created in between.
I'll shine a light on that.
Then, due to the photovoltaic effect
The voltage comes out of this outwardly drawn terminal.
And if you connect the load here.
So the current flows through that load.
Thus, solar cells use semiconductors to
An element that converts light energy into electrical energy.
For a more detailed explanation, we have made a video before.
Please take a look at the link in the overview section.
So, let's actually shine the light on the solar panel.
In this case, from the standpoint of reproducibility.
We'll make it an indoor experiment with lighting.
When shooting outdoors, conditions are inevitably unstable.
By the way, we are using 200W lighting this time.
When you actually shine the light on it.
As you can see, the voltage is coming from both ends of the solar cell.
This is the state when power is being generated
Nothing is taking load current now.
There is a flow of about several tens of uA, but
This is the electronic load current
It's flowing at about 11μA, but I'm not going to worry about that.
The output power at this time is called the open circuit voltage of the solar cell
Depending on the intensity of light incident on the solar cells
Open circuit voltage varies
The open circuit voltage is high because it is the strongest now.
When the light is turned down
Thus the open circuit voltage decreases
As we further reduce the intensity
Thus, the voltage goes down and down and down.
By the way, if the solar cells are shaded...
Voltage will also change.
It looks like this.
The next step is to connect the solar cell to the electronic load here.
Let's take out the current.
Little by little, current is drawn from the solar cells.
First, the open circuit voltage is 19.8 V
We take the load off gradually.
And as we did that, first of all, the voltage started to drop a little bit.
Current is now flowing 64 mA.
We will take even more loads.
Take more and more current.
0.1A flowing now.
The voltage at this time is 17.5 V. The power consumption is 1.7 W.
The voltage of the solar cell is
Actually, we haven't made that big a change.
Further current is applied.
What if we do so?
Voltage has dropped a little.
Load current is flowing 125mA
Voltage has been dropping steadily.
Now power is generated 1.92W
Let's increase the current even more.
Voltage is dropping rapidly.
The voltage dropped further and further.
It has become 100mV
This is almost a short circuit.
Current is flowing at 159 mA.
By the way, if you short-circuit the solar cells over here...
The current flow is actually not that different.
159mA.
The current flowing at this time is
Call it the short-circuit current of the solar cell
Incidentally, when the intensity of the light weakens
Short-circuit current is also reduced.
It looks like this.
Short-circuit currents have a considerable effect on light intensity
The larger the short-circuit current, the larger the solar cell.
Can draw a lot of current.
When we experiment in this way, we find that
Where a certain amount of current is applied.
Solar cells were found to generate the greatest amount of power
The power at this time is approximately 1.9W.
By the way, when generating maximum power
If you create a shadow on the panel
The power generated was 0.how many watts or something like that.
Here is a graph of the power generation characteristics of solar cells
The horizontal axis is voltage and the vertical axis is current.
I have a color.
This black color has the highest light intensity.
as one goes down
The intensity of the light becomes weaker and weaker.
For example, the open circuit voltage here
When light intensity is strongest
Open circuit voltage was high.
But as you reduce the intensity of the light.
Open circuit voltage is now a little lower.
And the same is true for short-circuit currents.
When light intensity is strong, short-circuit current flows well, but
When light intensity is weak, short-circuit current does not flow much
First, when you are taking power from solar cells
Most cases start with an open state.
That is the initial state.
Current is drawn from the solar cells.
So this is the place to start.
First, though, a starting point.
Although the open circuit voltage
Since little or no current is flowing
Power generated is zero.
Then we drew a little current from the solar cells.
For example, this is about it.
Then there is also the current value.
So you are generating electricity.
By the way, how much electricity is generated by the solar cells?
You can tell by the area of this rectangle.
Go ahead and draw a line like this here.
And about electric currents.
When you draw a line like this.
The area of the square represents how much electricity is being generated
The experiment drew even more current.
For example, this is about it.
Then the area of the rectangle looks like this
It's getting pretty big.
Further current draw.
Right about here.
This is just the area where power was at its maximum.
The area of the rectangle is largest at this time.
In other words, the solar cells are generating the most power.
Further current after this point.
I tried to pull it out and generate power.
If the solar cell voltage is
It's stoned and dropped.
For example, if we look at the point here
Solar cell voltage is very low
We are not in a situation where we can say we are generating electricity.
And when short-circuited, the short-circuit current flows this way.
That's the situation with power generation.
The vertical axis of this graph shows
Let's add a further axis of power
Write down the power-voltage characteristics of the solar cell
Then we get these characteristics
It started this way.
As you go back down.
What does this graph mean?
We will start generating power at the open circuit voltage first.
Then, in the beginning.
Power generated is increasing rapidly.
And at some point.
There are places where the power generated is at its maximum
What happens when the current is then drawn further is
So the power generated is going down and down and down.
So the voltage generated by the solar cells is
It will have these peaked characteristics
This is true even if you reduce the intensity of the light
For example, at half light intensity
Suppose we had a current characteristic like this
Then you know what happens to the peaks.
The power-voltage characteristics are written in dotted lines.
It goes like this.
It just peaked around here.
As the peak drops.
This point is the peak.
The power due to light intensity is
Tracing the point where the maximum
It will have diagonal characteristics roughly like this
Here is the point of maximum power points
So there are several depending on the intensity of the light.
The peak here is the maximum power point.
Called Maximum Power Point
And the solar cells are always at maximum power.
of controls that would generate electricity.
Called maximum power point tracking control
MPPT control.
Maximum Power Point Tracking control.
There are various types of MPPT control.
In this issue, we will introduce the "Mountain Climbing Method.
As the name implies, it climbs up the mountain on this power curve.
This is a method to explore the maximum power point
When using MPPT control
When charging storage batteries and
Reverse power flow into the power grid.
Used for selling electricity, etc.
This is done by maximizing the power drawn from the solar cells.
To allow for the most economical operation.
So let me quickly explain the "mountain climbing method".
For reference, here is the current-voltage characteristic
We start generating power at the open circuit voltage first.
Measure the voltage and current of the solar panel at this point
That's where we calculate the power.
At this point, voltage is present, but current is zero.
So the voltage generated will be 0W.
Up to this point is a one-step process.
The next step is to connect the load to the solar cell.
We will draw out the current.
For example, we come to a point around here.
In terms of power, it's around here.
Although the voltage is reduced compared to the previous point.
Current is increasing.
As a result, the amount of electricity generated has increased.
You are climbing the mountain in the right direction!
We will increase the current in the same way.
For example, this point.
We climbed up to about this point.
Then, as before, the power is increased, so
We are moving more and more in this direction.
And the next step
It's just around here.
Here we have just reached the pinnacle of power
This is the maximum power point.
The next step is to increase the current further
It's just around here.
This would increase the current.
The panel voltage will drop more than that.
So as far as power goes, it's less than the previous step.
Just when you think you're climbing a mountain, you go straight past the top.
This time it went down the mountain.
So the next time you go in the opposite direction.
I'll try reducing the current a little.
They move like this.
Let's just do it here.
Then the panel voltage will be a little higher.
As a result, the amount of electricity generated has also increased.
You've climbed the mountain correctly.
The next step is to further reduce the current
Let's just put it right around here.
The panel voltage had increased even more.
The current has been reduced so
As for power, that means it has been reduced.
We were climbing a mountain.
So the next step was down.
So the next step is to increase the current.
Climbing the mountain again
These things are just repeated over and over again.
The "Mountain Climbing Act."
The "Mountain Climbing Act" is a way to get to the top of the mountain.
It's all about going back and forth.
In this way, the maximum power point is
We are trying to find out...
Lowering or increasing the panel voltage is not a good idea.
It's not very intuitive to understand.
The next step about it is the power conditioner.
I will explain using an actual circuit.
This is the home solar power generation
Power conditioner.
There are various circuit configurations that I have left out.
It's roughly like this.
Where are you going to take the installation?
I'm sure there are a lot of things to go into, but...
It's roughly made up of circuits like this
This is the solar panel
Here is the boost converter
Solar panel voltage
I think it's about 300V.
Boost it up to about 400V.
And an inverter to link it to the power grid.
MPPT control is implemented in this boost converter
A boost converter boosts the input voltage.
At the same time, it also converts the current
For simplicity, the power conversion efficiency of the boost converter is
Assume 100%.
Then it takes the form of generated power = output power
The boost converter uses the power semiconductors here.
Power conversion is performed by switching
The period during which this power semiconductor is ON and
The period of time that you are OFF.
Called duty ratio
D.
Then the input voltage of the boost converter and
Here is the formula for output voltage
This time, since input power = output power
This equation is also valid
By changing the duty ratio
The current flowing through the solar panels and
And the voltage can be changed
What does that mean?
Changing the duty ratio
The current flowing through the solar panel changes
And the panel voltages change.
In this case, if the duty ratio is increased
Panel voltages will drop and
If the duty ratio is reduced
Panel voltage will be higher
In the actual power conditioner
In this way, the maximum power point is explored
If you want to sell electricity
In addition, an inverter will be attached here, so
Coordinated movement with it is also important.
Based on the principles of MTTP control to date
I'm trying to do a human-powered MPPT control with an electronic load.
First, the solar panel voltage is
I'll start with the 18v.
The first step is to increase the panel voltage.
I would like to climb mountains.
First of all, the initial condition power generation is about 1W.
Now we will increase the panel voltage.
And when they did, the power generated dropped.
Roughly 0.9W or so.
So this is supposed to be a mountain to climb.
So we've gone down the mountain.
So, the control to increase the panel voltage is
It would be wrong.
I'll try to control the panel voltage to be lower next time.
Power generated has increased.
Therefore, the direction to lower the panel voltage is the way to go.
It's the right direction.
We will further lower the panel voltage.
Power generated is increasing rapidly.
1.2W.
So we're climbing the mountain in good shape.
The panel voltage is further reduced
Panel voltages are shown here as well.
The panel voltage is now roughly 15V, but
The rise in electricity generated from this area is called
It will be considerably less.
That means we are getting pretty close to the top!
The panel voltage is reduced progressively, but
The maximum value of power generated is approximately 1.6W.
The panel voltage is further reduced
Then the power generated seems to be decreasing.
This means that we are now descending the mountain.
Therefore, lowering the panel voltage any further is not a good idea.
This will result in a decrease in power generated
So now we need to increase the panel voltage.
We will work the controls.
As we did so, the amount of electricity generated increased.
Approximately 1.6W at maximum value
In this way, the power generated
So we're looking for the place where the maximum
Generated power was maxed out at roughly 15V.
So far, we have discussed MPPT control of solar cells.
We have confirmed this with experiments.
For solar cells to generate electricity most efficiently
I have found that I need to apply the proper load.
On the other hand, in commercial power systems, the load
There is an assumption that there is demand.
And then you decide what power to supply to it.
Solar cells generate electricity only during daylight hours.
The electricity generated is then sent to the power grid.
And there are many other power generation facilities.
Thermal, hydro, nuclear, wind, you name it.
Where is the electricity generated here used?
That's why they are used in homes and factories.
So there is a demand for electricity in homes, factories, etc.
If power plants generate excess electricity when this demand is low
Power imbalance.
If the voltage of the power system rises too high or
Frequency can fluctuate.
So, matching the supply and demand of electricity is
Very important.
And by adjusting that balance.
The power system is structured.
So if there is going to be a surplus of power
Pumping operations at pumped-storage power plants and
They can reduce the output of thermal power plants.
Reducing this output is output control.
This kind of renewable energy
Relatively unstable characteristics
Because how much electricity can be generated?
It's very hard to predict.
So, if solar power generation is
When excessive power is generated contrary to expectations
The power generated is then used to
If the output control of thermal power plants cannot cover
Solar power plants are also subject to output control
This is because thermal and nuclear power plants are
Turbine and motor are turned to generate electricity
Such steam turbines and generators are
We have to turn some of it around.
There is also an increase or decrease in output control
so in some cases
Output control on the renewable energy side
Kyushu Electric Power does well.
If we talk about output control and all that stuff here.
The video would be too long.
For more information on this topic, please see
I would like to make another video.
So, about MPPT control of solar cells
I've been experimenting and explaining.
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