Teori Yang Membuat Kalian Berfikir Ulang Tentang Arti "JATUH" | TEORI RELATIVITAS UMUM EINSTEIN

Summary

This script delves into the concept of time dilation as explored in the film 'Interstellar', drawing parallels with the Twin Paradox in physics. It explains Einstein's theory of relativity, which posits that gravity can bend space-time, affecting the passage of time. The script discusses the historical context of Newton's law of gravitation and how Einstein's perspective offered a revolutionary view, treating gravity as a curvature of space-time rather than a force. It also touches on the experimental verification of light bending around massive objects, predicting the existence of black holes, and the practical implications for GPS technology due to time differences caused by gravitational effects.

Takeaways

• 🌌 The concept of time dilation in 'Interstellar' is inspired by the theoretical physics thought experiment known as the Twin Paradox, which explores the effects of relative velocity on the passage of time.
• ⏳ In the Twin Paradox, one twin travels at near-light speed, causing time to slow down significantly for them relative to the twin who remains on Earth, illustrating the relativity of time.
• 🔍 'Interstellar' expands on the concept of time dilation by introducing gravitational time dilation, where the presence of massive objects like black holes can distort spacetime and further slow down time.
• 📡 GPS systems in reality experience time dilation due to the differences in gravitational forces between Earth's surface and satellites, requiring constant corrections to maintain accuracy.
• 🚀 Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity revolutionized our understanding of gravity, proposing that it is not a force but rather a curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy.
• 🌐 Einstein's theory suggests that spacetime is a four-dimensional fabric that can be warped by mass, leading to the phenomenon of gravity and the bending of light around massive objects.
• 🌟 The bending of starlight around the sun, as predicted by Einstein, was confirmed during a solar eclipse by Sir Arthur Eddington, providing empirical evidence for General Relativity.
• 🖥 The first-ever image of a black hole, captured by the Event Horizon Telescope, aligns with the theoretical predictions made by Einstein's equations, demonstrating the accuracy of his theory.
• 🎥 The depiction of the black hole in 'Interstellar' was scientifically accurate, based on the mathematical formulations of Einstein's General Relativity, providing a realistic representation of such astronomical phenomena.
• 🕰 The film 'Interstellar' and Einstein's theories highlight the complex interplay between space, time, and gravity, challenging our everyday experiences and understanding of the universe.

Q & A

What is the main concept of the movie 'Interstellar' related to?

The main concept of 'Interstellar' is based on the theory of relativity, particularly the idea that time dilation occurs due to gravity, which is experienced by the character Cooper when he passes through a black hole.

What is the Twin Paradox in physics?

The Twin Paradox is a thought experiment in physics that considers the effects of traveling at near-light speeds on time, where one twin that travels into space would age slower than the other who remains on Earth.

How does Einstein's theory of relativity explain the slowing of time?

Einstein's theory of relativity explains that time slows down significantly for an object moving at speeds close to the speed of light or in a strong gravitational field, as it experiences time dilation.

What is the role of gravity in affecting time according to Einstein's theory?

In Einstein's theory, gravity can influence time by causing spacetime to curve around massive objects, which in turn causes time to slow down in stronger gravitational fields.

What is the difference between Newton's and Einstein's views on gravity?

Newton viewed gravity as a force that attracts objects to each other based on their mass and distance, while Einstein saw gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy.

Why do all objects fall at the same rate in a vacuum according to the script?

In a vacuum, all objects fall at the same rate because there is no air resistance, and it is not their weight that causes the difference in falling speeds, but rather the air resistance that affects lighter objects more.

What is the significance of the bending of light predicted by Einstein?

The prediction that light would bend around massive objects was a significant test of Einstein's theory of general relativity and was later confirmed during a solar eclipse, providing strong evidence for the theory.

How did the concept of spacetime curvature lead to the understanding of gravity in Einstein's theory?

In Einstein's theory, gravity is not a force but a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy, which causes objects to move along curved paths.

What is the significance of the 1919 solar eclipse experiment in the context of Einstein's theory?

The 1919 solar eclipse experiment, led by Arthur Eddington, confirmed Einstein's prediction of light bending around the Sun, providing empirical evidence for the theory of general relativity.

What is the connection between the theory of relativity and the operation of GPS systems?

The theory of relativity is connected to GPS systems because the satellites' clocks in orbit experience time dilation due to their relative speed and weaker gravitational field, requiring corrections to synchronize with Earth-based clocks.

How does the concept of a black hole relate to the theory of general relativity?

Black holes are regions of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They are a direct consequence of Einstein's theory of general relativity, which predicts the existence of such extreme gravitational fields.

Outlines

00:00

🌌 Time Dilation in Interstellar and Einstein's Theory of Relativity

The first paragraph discusses the concept of time dilation as depicted in the movie 'Interstellar'. It tells the story of Cooper, who leaves his 10-year-old daughter to embark on a space journey to find a new planet. Due to passing through a black hole, time shifts dramatically, with each hour for him equating to years on Earth. This phenomenon is inspired by the 'Twin Paradox', a thought experiment in physics where one twin travels at near-light speed and ages slower than the other who remains on Earth. The paragraph also introduces Einstein's theory of relativity, explaining how speed and gravity can affect the passage of time. It mentions that GPS systems experience time dilation due to their position in space and the influence of Earth's gravity.

05:01

🔬 Einstein's Perspective on Gravity and the Fabric of Spacetime

The second paragraph delves into Einstein's revolutionary view of gravity, which he conceptualized not as a force but as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy. It describes Einstein's thought experiment of a falling elevator, where he realized that in free fall, there would be no sensation of gravity, and everything would float. This concept was pivotal in developing the General Theory of Relativity, which posits that gravity is not a force but a result of objects moving through curved spacetime. The paragraph also touches on the historical verification of Einstein's theory through observations of starlight bending around the sun during a solar eclipse, which was first attempted by Erwin Finlay-Freundlich and later confirmed by Arthur Eddington.

10:06

🌑 The Prediction and Observation of Black Holes

The third paragraph explores the concept of black holes, which were initially a mathematical hypothesis derived from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. It discusses how black holes are regions in spacetime where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape. The paragraph mentions the role of the movie 'Interstellar' in simulating the appearance of a black hole using Einstein's equations, which was later confirmed by the first-ever image of a black hole captured by the Event Horizon Telescope. It also explains how time dilation is even more pronounced near a black hole due to the extreme curvature of spacetime caused by its immense mass.

15:07

⏳ The Impact of Gravitational Time Dilation on Our Understanding of the Universe

The final paragraph summarizes the implications of gravitational time dilation and the broader impact of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity on our understanding of the universe. It emphasizes that time dilation is not just a theoretical concept but has practical applications, such as in GPS technology, where corrections are necessary to account for the difference in time experienced by satellites and receivers on Earth. The paragraph concludes by highlighting the ongoing exploration and discovery in the field of astrophysics, including the study of black holes and the mysteries of the cosmos that continue to inspire scientific inquiry.

Keywords

💡Interstellar

Interstellar refers to the 2014 science fiction film directed by Christopher Nolan, which explores themes of space travel, time dilation, and the impact of gravity on time. In the video, Interstellar is used as a narrative to explain complex scientific concepts such as time dilation and the effects of black holes on time, as experienced by the character Cooper who ages differently due to his proximity to a black hole.

💡Time dilation

Time dilation is a difference in the elapsed time measured by two observers, due to a relative velocity between them (special relativity) or differences in gravitational potential (general relativity). In the video, time dilation is central to the plot of Interstellar, where the protagonist Cooper experiences this effect, aging more slowly than his daughter on Earth due to the strong gravitational field near a black hole.

💡Black hole

A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing—including particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from inside it. The video discusses how black holes, like the one in Interstellar, can cause extreme time dilation due to their immense gravitational pull, which distorts spacetime.

💡Twin paradox

The twin paradox is a thought experiment in special relativity involving identical twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to find the other twin has aged more. The video uses the concept of the twin paradox to illustrate the effects of time dilation, as one twin traveling at near-light speed would age more slowly than the one remaining on Earth.

💡Einstein's theory of relativity

Einstein's theory of relativity encompasses two theories: special relativity and general relativity. Special relativity deals with objects moving at constant speeds, particularly at speeds close to the speed of light, while general relativity extends these principles to include the influence of gravity on the fabric of spacetime. The video explains how these theories predict the phenomena of time dilation and the warping of spacetime by massive objects like black holes.

💡Spacetime

Spacetime is any four-dimensional continuum that combines the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single continuum. In the video, spacetime is described as being warped by the presence of mass, which is central to understanding how gravity works according to Einstein's general relativity and how it affects the passage of time.

💡Gravitational lensing

Gravitational lensing is the bending of light or other electromagnetic radiation due to the warping of spacetime by a massive object, such as a black hole or a cluster of galaxies. The video mentions that Einstein predicted the bending of starlight around the Sun, which was later confirmed during a solar eclipse, providing evidence for the warping of spacetime by massive objects.

💡Einstein's field equations

Einstein's field equations are a set of ten interrelated equations in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, which describe the fundamental interaction of gravitation as a result of spacetime being curved by mass and energy. The video highlights how these equations are used to predict the behavior of objects in strong gravitational fields, such as the appearance of a black hole.

💡Event horizon

The event horizon is a boundary in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer. In the context of black holes, it is the 'point of no return' beyond which anything, including light, cannot escape the black hole's gravitational pull. The video uses the event horizon to explain the boundary around a black hole where time dilation becomes extreme.

💡GPS

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides geolocation and time information to GPS receivers anywhere on Earth. The video explains how GPS systems must account for time dilation caused by general relativity, as the clocks on satellites experience time at a slightly different rate than clocks on Earth due to their different gravitational potentials.

💡Erwin Finlay-Freundlich

Erwin Finlay-Freundlich was a German astronomer who attempted to test Einstein's theory of general relativity by observing the bending of starlight during a solar eclipse. Although his initial attempt was thwarted by World War I, his efforts are mentioned in the video as an early attempt to empirically verify the predictions of general relativity regarding gravitational lensing.

Highlights

In 'Interstellar', Cooper leaves his 10-year-old daughter to search for a new planet, experiencing time dilation due to a black hole.

The 'Twin paradox' thought experiment inspired the time dilation concept in the movie.

Einstein's theory of relativity suggests that time slows down significantly for objects moving near the speed of light.

In 'Interstellar', time dilation is caused by gravity rather than speed, a concept from Einstein's general theory of relativity.

Einstein's theory of relativity not only changed our view of time but also our understanding of space.

Space-time can be distorted around massive objects, causing time to slow down as experienced by 'Interstellar's Cooper.

The GPS system we use experiences time dilation due to the effects of gravity on satellites.

Newton's law of universal gravitation is based on the idea that every object attracts every other object with a force proportional to their masses.

The famous apple story is a myth that helped Newton formulate the concept of gravity.

All objects fall at the same rate in a vacuum, regardless of their weight, disproving the idea that lighter objects fall slower.

Einstein's alternative view of gravity suggests that it's not a force but a curvature of space-time caused by mass and energy.

Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that gravity can bend light, which was later confirmed during a solar eclipse.

The theory of general relativity took Einstein eight years to develop, from 1907 to 1915.

The discovery of black holes is a consequence of Einstein's theory of general relativity.

The first-ever image of a black hole, taken by the Event Horizon Telescope, aligns with the predictions made in 'Interstellar'.

Time dilation near a black hole can be extreme due to the immense gravitational pull, causing time to slow dramatically.

Einstein's theory of general relativity has practical applications, such as in GPS technology, where time correction is necessary.

The movie 'Interstellar' accurately portrays the scientific concepts of time dilation and black holes, based on Einstein's theories.

Transcripts

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dalam Interstellar diceritakan Cooper

meninggalkan putrinya yang berumur 10

tahun pergi ke luar angkasa untuk

mencari planet baru

lalu Cooper melewati lubang hitam yang

membuat waktu bergeser sangat cepat

setiap jamnya sama dengan waktu tahunan

di bumi sehingga begitu Kubar kembali ia

menyaksikan Putrinya sudah tua

ternyata Cooper sudah meninggalkan

putrinya selama 80 tahun lebih menurut

hitungan bumi padahal baginya dia hanya

pergi selama beberapa tahun Nah apa yang

diceritakan interselar ini sebetulnya

terinspirasi dari eksperimen khayalannya

para Fisikawan yang disebut Twin paradox

atau paradoks kembar dalam paradox

kembar para Fisikawan membayangkan dua

orang kembar berpisah karena salah

satunya harus pergi ke luar angkasa

menggunakan roket roket itu memiliki

kecepatan mendekati kecepatan cahaya

menurut teori relativitasnya Einstein

seseorang yang bergerak mendekati

kecepatan cahaya waktu akan melambat

secara signifikan relatif terhadap orang

normal sehingga begitu si kembar yang

dalam roket itu kembali ia akan bertemu

dengan kembarannya di bumi yang lebih

tua dari dirinya

fenomena ini disebut dengan dilatasi

waktu dan ini merupakan konsekuensi dari

teori relativitasnya Einstein nah tapi

yang menarik di interselar waktu

melambat bukan karena kecepatan tapi

karena gravitasi

di mana logikanya gravitasi bisa

mempengaruhi waktu simak video ini

sampai habis kita akan bahas teori

relativitas umum Einstein kali ini

Einstein bukan hanya mengubah cara

pandang kita seorang waktu tapi dia juga

mengubah cara pandang kita soal ruang

dimana ruang waktu bisa mengalami

distorsi di sekitar objek bermasa besar

sehingga waktu bisa melambat seperti

yang dialami Cooper dan fenomena ini

bukan fiksi karena faktanya GPS yang

selama ini kalian gunakan sesungguhnya

pun mengalami perlambatan waktu

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jadi guys siapkan akalnya dan siapkan

imannya karena kita akan masuk pada

kajian yang bisa membuat kalian gila

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tentu kalian tahu cerita Newton

kejatuhan apel di kepalanya cerita ini

sangat terkenal dan katanya itu yang

membuat Newton bisa merumuskan gravitasi

gravitasi dirumuskan Newton sebagai gaya

tarik antar benda yang bergantung pada

masanya dan jaraknya karena bumi

massanya jauh lebih besar dari

benda-benda lainnya di bumi maka

benda-benda di bumi kalah oleh gaya

tarik bumi

tapi ada satu hal yang menarik

coba perhatikan eksperimen ini dalam

eksperimen ini bola bowling ini akan

dijatuhkan bersama dengan bulu yang

ringan

tapi Spesialnya kedua benda ini akan

dijatuhkan di ruang vakum artinya tidak

ada udara sedikitpun di dalam ruang ini

karena sudah disedot habis apa yang

terjadi

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bola dan bulu ini jatuh bersamaan

sampai menyentuh tanah

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ini fakta yang tidak semua orang tahu

bahwa sebetulnya semua benda akan jatuh

dengan percepatan yang sama tidak peduli

berapapun beratnya yang menjadikan bulu

kapas atau kertas jatuh lebih lama bukan

karena dia ringan tapi karena hambatan

udara

seandainya tidak terhalang udara batu

dan kapas pun akan jatuh bersamaan

nah fenomena ini tidak cukup dijelaskan

oleh gravitasinya Newton karena Newton

hanya berasumsi adanya gaya yang

mendorong atau menarik semua benda jatuh

ke tanah yang bergantung pada masanya

dan itu tidak menjawab mengapa semua

benda jatuh dengan percepatan yang sama

maka ada satu alternatif penjelasan dan

ini Mungkin kalian tidak akan suka yaitu

Bahwa sebenarnya semua benda tidak

pernah jatuh mereka diam justru bumilah

yang bergerak ke atas

ya memang kedengarannya nggak masuk akal

tapi inilah yang pernah dipikirkan

Einstein suatu waktu Einstein berada di

sebuah lift

dia membayangkan seandainya tali lift

itu putus dan lift itu jatuh bebas maka

dia tidak akan merasakan gravitasi tidak

ada kekuatan apapun yang menarik atau

mendorongnya ke bawah Dia dan

benda-benda sekitarnya akan melayang

nah Bukankah situasi ini sama dengan

diam di ruang angkasa dalam gravitasi 0

itu sebabnya pesawat bisa mensimulasikan

gravitasi nol dengan menukik ikannya ke

bawah sehingga jatuh bebas orang-orang

di dalamnya tidak akan tahu bahwa mereka

sedang dijatuhkan mereka hanya merasakan

sensasi berat tubuhnya hilang dan

melayang

artinya semua benda yang jatuh

sebenarnya tidak mengalami apa yang

dikira Newton sebagai gaya gravitasi

[Tepuk tangan]

Nah sekarang bayangkan seandainya lift

tadi berada di ruang angkasa dalam

gravitasi 0 lalu lift itu bergerak ke

atas dengan percepatan maka rasanya akan

sama persis seperti gravitasi

tapi Bukankah aneh berpikir bahwa

bumilah yang ke atas atau ke bawah atau

ke samping Ya tentu saja ini hanya cara

pandang Einstein memandang gravitasi

dalam sebuah kerangka acuan relatif Yang

intinya dia ingin menunjukkan bahwa

tidak ada gaya apapun yang mendorong

atau menarik sesuatu ke bawah gaya

gravitasi adalah gaya semu soda Force

maka pertanyaannya kalau gravitasi itu

bukan gaya lalu apa penyebab semua benda

mengarah ke bumi jawabannya adalah

kelengkungan ruang waktu

kita hidup menempati ruang yang dalam

matematika diterjemahkan dalam 3

koordinat x y dan Z atau sederhananya

kiri kanan depan belakang atas bawah

tapi jangan lupa bahwa kita pun

menempati waktu kapan kita berada di

tiga koordinat itu sehingga sebenarnya

kita hidup bukan di alam 3 dimensi tapi

4 dimensi dengan waktu sebagai dimensi

keempat Nah bagi Einstein ruang waktu

yang empat dimensi ini harus dipandang

sebagai satu konstruksi yang utuh tidak

terpisah sehingga semua kejadian harus

dipandang bagaikan rekaman film yang

setiap framenya tersusun jadi satu blok

seolah-olah masa lalu masa kini dan masa

depan jadi satu maka kita bisa mulai

melihat lintasan Setiap kejadian dalam

ruang waktu benda yang jatuh pun akan

tampak melengkung dalam dimensi waktu

tapi yang menarik kata Aisan yang

melengkung itu bukan Bendanya tapi ruang

waktunya

jadi pada awalnya ruang waktu itu flat

semuanya dalam garis lurus tapi ketika

masa atau energi hadir di sana

geometrinya berubah jadi melengkung atau

meregang maka apapun yang melintasinya

akan terpengaruh oleh lengkungan ruang

waktu ini objek yang tadinya bergerak

lurus akan berbelok begitupun dengan

benda yang diam akan mulai bergerak

mengikuti lengkungannya inilah gravitasi

menurut ansain

memang sekilas pandangan Einstein ini

terlalu mengada-ngada bahkan para

Fisikawan pun awalnya ragu tapi asisten

berani menantang para astronom untuk

membuktikannya sendiri karena menurutnya

kelengkungan ruang waktu ini pun akan

membengkokkan cahaya Einstein

memprediksinya lengkap dengan berapa

derajat cahaya bintang akan menyimpang

di sekitar matahari orang pertama yang

menerima tantangan ini adalah seorang

astronom Jerman Erwin friendly dia dan

timnya melakukan ekspedisi ke Rusia

untuk memotret cahaya bintang dalam

gerhana matahari

sayangnya Erwin gagal melakukannya

karena keburu ditangkap oleh tentara

Rusia yang saat itu sedang perang

melawan Jerman di Perang Dunia 1

tapi pada gerhana berikutnya yaitu di

tahun 1919 prediksi Einstein ini

berhasil dibuktikan oleh Arthur

eddington astronom Inggris dan seperti

prediksi Einstein cahaya bintang

betul-betul berbelok dan hanya berbeda

0, sekian derajat dari prediksi aksen

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a708

membuktikan bahwa teorinya benar tapi

kalian harus catat bahwa teori Einstein

ini lebih kompleks dari yang kalian

pikir karena Teori ini tidak sekedar

berbicara soal gravitasi tapi

keseluruhan alam semesta dalam konteks

ruang waktu karena itu Einstein

membutuhkan waktu sampai 8 tahun untuk

menyusunnya dari 1907 sampai 1915

bergelut dengan formulasi matematika

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inilah rumus gravitasi Einstein

sekaligus ini adalah geometri ruang

waktu 4 dimensi berkat rumus inilah para

ilmuwan banyak menemukan hal menakjubkan

di alam semesta termasuk menemukan

adanya lubang hitam

lubang hitam atau black hole awalnya

adalah hipotesis matematis konsekuensi

dari teori relativitas umum yang

memperkirakan adanya objek di alam

semesta yang massanya luar biasa besar

hingga melengkungkan ruang waktu begitu

hebatnya sampai-sampai cahaya pun tidak

bisa lolos

lama-kelamaan para ilmuwan semakin yakin

bahwa lubang hitam Benar benar ada

hingga pada saat diproduksinya film

Interstellar seorang profesional

mencoba mensimulasikan penampakan lubang

hitam dengan menurunkan rumusnya

Einstein

jadilah tampilan lubang hitam seperti

yang kalian saksikan di interseller jadi

ini bukan sekedar efek Visual tapi murni

hasil perumusan matematika yang khusus

dibuat untuk film ini

menariknya di tahun 2019 5 tahun setelah

intersella tayang para ilmuwan berhasil

memarted lubang hitam untuk pertama

kalinya dengan menyatukan seluruh

teleskop di seluruh dunia untuk memotret

lubang hitam yang jaraknya 50 juta tahun

cahaya yang disebut mit7 Dan inilah

penampakannya

walaupun tampak blur dan tampak berbeda

dengan lubang hitam di interselar Tapi

menurut tips Stone tangkapan dari

teleskopnya para astronom ini sesuai

dengan prediksinya di Interstellar

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lalu apa hubungannya kelengkungan ruang

waktu ini atau lubang hitam ini dengan

perlambatan waktu

ingat kelengkungan ruang waktu yang

dimaksud dalam teori relativitas umum

Einstein ada dalam 4 dimensi sayangnya

Kita manusia hanya mampu melihat dalam

tiga dimensi sehingga gambaran yang tadi

kita lihat baru gambaran lingkungan

dalam ruang padahal waktu pun ikut

melengkung yang kita bisa bayangkan

adalah bahwa di setiap titik ruang tadi

ada jam yang berdetak ketika masa hadir

di sana maka lengkungan ruang waktu

membuat jarak setiap data kan jam

menjadi melebar semakin mendekat ke

pusat gravitasi lengkungannya semakin

besar akibatnya jamnya pun semakin

lambat itu sebabnya kalian harus tahu

bahwa sebetulnya jam di permukaan bumi

lebih lambat dari jam di posisi satelit

karena itu sinyal GPS yang kalian Terima

di ponsel kalian sebetulnya hasil

koreksi karena jam di satelit dan jam di

ponsel kalian tidak sinkron kalau

perbedaan waktu ini tidak dikoreksi

sinyal GPS tidak akan bekerja posisi

kalian akan melenceng sejauh 10 km

Bagaimana dengan lubang hitam

memang tidak ada yang pernah ke sana

tapi menurut hitungan gravitasinya

Einstein karena lubang hitam massanya

bisa milyaran kali lebih besar dari

matahari maka lengkungan waktunya sangat

dahsyat akibatnya perbedaan waktu akan

sangat drastis

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ya gambarannya seperti yang kita

saksikan di Interstellar satu jamnya

bisa sama dengan waktu tahunan di bumi

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yaitulah teori relativitas umum dengan

fenomena dilatasi waktunya ya terlepas

dari ini hanyalah teori dan terlepas

interselar hanyalah fiksi kalaulah

Einstein benar dengan teorinya ini hanya

sebagian kecil dari keajaiban di alam

semesta Semoga kita bisa mengambil

pelajaran darinya

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