Chapter 1 – Electronic Structure and Bonding: Part 1 of 3

Summary

In this introductory organic chemistry lecture by Dr. Mike Chris Hansen, students are welcomed to the foundational concepts of the subject. The professor humorously sets expectations, emphasizing the course's goal to teach basic principles, organic synthesis, reaction predictions, and structure determination using IRMS and NMR data. He uses the analogy of Lego assembly to explain molecule synthesis and highlights the importance of organic chemistry in medicine, referencing the development of the drug Taxol. The lecture also reviews ionic and covalent bonds, electronegativity, and introduces Lewis, skeletal, and condensed structures, providing a solid groundwork for further study.

Takeaways

• 🎓 Dr. Mike Chris Hansen is a chemistry professor from Utah State University, introducing the organic chemistry course, Chem 2310.
• 🌟 Students can expect to gain a foundational understanding of organic chemistry, devise simple organic syntheses, predict chemical reaction outcomes, and determine compound structures using IR and NMR data.
• 📚 The course textbook is 'Organic Chemistry' sixth edition by Paula Yurkanis Bruice.
• 🤝 Organic chemistry is likened to assembling complex structures, like Legos, from simple pieces, but on a molecular level using chemical reactions.
• 🧪 The course covers the synthesis of complex molecules from commercially available starting materials, exemplified by the synthesis of the pharmaceutical drug Levan.
• 🌿 Most medicines are synthesized by organic chemists, including those originally derived from natural sources, due to the scarcity of naturally occurring quantities.
• 🔬 Organic chemistry's importance is highlighted by its role in pharmaceutical development, with organic chemists creating nearly every medicine used by humans.
• ⚖️ The lecture reviews the difference between ionic and covalent bonds, explaining how electron sharing differs between these types of bonds.
• 🔋 Electro negativity is introduced as a measure of an element's desire for electrons, influencing the polarity of bonds between atoms.
• 📝 Lewis structures are reviewed, detailing the steps for drawing them, which are essential for visualizing how atoms bond in molecules.
• 🔬 The lecture also touches on resonance structures and condensed structures, providing examples and their significance in organic chemistry.

Q & A

What is the main focus of Dr. Mike Chris Hansen's first lecture in the organic chemistry course?

The main focus of the lecture is to introduce the basic principles of organic chemistry, the importance of the subject, and to set expectations for what students will learn throughout the course.

What is the humorous alternative that Dr. Mike Chris Hansen jokingly suggests students will gain from the course instead of the actual knowledge?

Dr. Mike Chris Hansen humorously suggests that students will gain wealth, power, and prestige from the course, instead of the actual knowledge of organic chemistry.

What is the actual outcome students can expect to achieve from the organic chemistry course according to Dr. Mike Chris Hansen?

Students can expect to understand the basic principles of organic chemistry, devise organic syntheses of simple molecules, predict the outcome of chemical reactions discussed in class, and determine compound structures using IR and NMR data.

What is the textbook that will be used for the organic chemistry course?

The textbook used for the course is 'Organic Chemistry Sixth Edition' by Paully Yuranis Bruis.

How does Dr. Mike Chris Hansen compare organic chemistry to playing with Legos?

Dr. Mike Chris Hansen compares organic chemistry to playing with Legos by explaining that just as complex Lego sets are assembled one piece at a time, organic chemists assemble complex molecules one step at a time from simple starting materials.

What is the significance of the yield percentage in a chemical reaction according to the lecture?

The yield percentage is a measure of how efficient a chemical reaction is. The closer to 100%, the less material is wasted each time the reaction is run, indicating a more efficient process.

What is the role of organic chemists in the pharmaceutical industry as described in the lecture?

Organic chemists are responsible for making or synthesizing molecules, often medicines, by using specific structure-altering chemical reactions to convert simple starting materials into complex products.

Why is it necessary to develop synthetic methods for medicinal compounds found in nature?

It is necessary to develop synthetic methods because many medically useful molecules found in nature are present in such small amounts that it is not feasible to obtain enough of them to treat diseases without causing significant environmental harm.

What is the story of paclitaxel (Taxol) and how it relates to the role of organic chemistry in medicine?

Paclitaxel, commonly known as Taxol, is a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy, originally isolated from the bark of the Pacific Yew tree. Due to the impracticality of obtaining it in large quantities from the tree, organic chemists, including Robert A. Holton, developed a synthetic method to produce it from 10-deacetylbaccatin III, a compound that can be harvested from the European Yew tree without killing it.

What is the concept of electronegativity and how does it relate to the formation of polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

Electronegativity is an element's ability to attract electrons in a bond. When there is a significant difference in electronegativity between two atoms, they form polar covalent bonds with a dipole moment. If the difference is minimal, they form nonpolar covalent bonds with even sharing of electrons.

How does Dr. Mike Chris Hansen describe the process of drawing Lewis structures in the lecture?

Dr. Mike Chris Hansen summarizes the steps for drawing Lewis structures, which include counting valence electrons, placing atoms and single bonds, completing octets for all atoms except hydrogen, placing leftover electrons on the central atom, and using multiple bonds if necessary.

What are the differences between Lewis structures, skeletal structures, and condensed structures?

Lewis structures show bonding electrons as dots and lone pairs. Skeletal structures simplify the Lewis structures by omitting some or all of the covalent bonds and listing atoms with subscripts. Condensed structures are a further simplification where the subscripts are also omitted and the atoms are simply listed in their connected order.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Course

In this introductory lecture for the organic chemistry course, Dr. Mike Chris Hansen from Utah State University sets the stage for the semester, humorously suggesting that students will gain wealth, power, and prestige, before clarifying that they will actually learn the fundamental principles of organic chemistry. He outlines the course objectives, which include understanding organic chemistry basics, devising simple molecule syntheses, predicting chemical reactions, and determining compound structures using IR and NMR data. The text for the course is 'Organic Chemistry' by Pauly Yuranis Brus. Dr. Hansen also provides an analogy comparing organic chemistry to assembling Lego sets, emphasizing the step-by-step process of building complex molecules from simpler ones using specific chemical reactions.

05:00

💊 The Role of Organic Chemistry in Medicine

Dr. Hansen explains the significance of organic chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry, highlighting the role of organic chemists in synthesizing medicines from simple starting materials. He uses the example of the drug ESN proxin, derived from a complex synthesis process he was involved in during graduate school, to illustrate the efficiency of chemical reactions measured by percent yield. The lecture also touches on the importance of organic chemistry in creating medicines from natural products, such as paclitaxel (Taxol), which is synthesized from 10-deacetylbaccatin, a compound found in the European yew tree. This process allows for the large-scale production of life-saving drugs without depleting natural resources.

10:02

🔬 Understanding Bonding and Electronegativity

This section delves into the concepts of ionic and covalent bonds, explaining how electrons are shared or transferred between atoms. Dr. Hansen uses visual representations to illustrate electron density and partial charges in molecules. He introduces the concept of electronegativity as an element's tendency to attract electrons, noting that it increases across the periodic table. The lecture also covers the formation of polar and non-polar covalent bonds, influenced by the difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms, and the resulting dipole moments. Interactive questions are posed to engage students in identifying trends in electronegativity and understanding bond polarity.

15:04

📝 Lewis Structures and Molecular Representations

The final paragraph focuses on Lewis structures, summarizing the steps for drawing them and emphasizing their importance in understanding molecular geometry and bonding. Dr. Hansen provides a brief overview of the process, from counting valence electrons to completing octets and forming multiple bonds if necessary. He also introduces condensed structures, a simplified way of representing molecules by omitting non-essential bonds. The lecture concludes with a series of questions designed to test students' comprehension of Lewis structures, covalent structures, and condensed formulas, encouraging self-directed learning and problem-solving.

Keywords

💡Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds and their reactions. It is central to the understanding of life processes and the development of pharmaceuticals. In the video, Dr. Mike Chansen introduces organic chemistry as a subject that allows students to learn the basic principles, devise organic syntheses, predict chemical reactions, and determine compound structures using various spectroscopic data.

💡Chemical Bonding

Chemical Bonding refers to the force that holds atoms together in a molecule or a crystal. The video discusses two primary types of chemical bonds: covalent and ionic. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, while ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating ions.

💡Covalent Bond

A Covalent Bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. The video script explains that covalent bonds can be either polar, where electrons are shared unequally, or non-polar, where electrons are shared equally. Examples from the script include F2, where electrons are shared equally, and HF, where they are shared unequally.

💡Ionic Bond

An Ionic Bond is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. In the script, the formation of lithium fluoride (LiF) is used as an example, where lithium donates its electron to fluorine, resulting in a lithium cation and a fluoride anion.

💡Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond. The video describes it as an element's 'thirst for electrons' and explains that it increases across the periodic table from left to right. Electronegativity differences between atoms determine the polarity of covalent bonds.

💡Polarity

Polarity refers to the separation of electric charges within a molecule, leading to a molecule having a positive end and a negative end. The video script explains that polarity arises from differences in electronegativity between atoms within a molecule, resulting in polar covalent bonds.

💡Lewis Structures

Lewis Structures are diagrams that represent the valence electrons of atoms within a molecule and the bonds between them. The video script provides a brief overview of how to draw Lewis structures, emphasizing the importance of achieving complete octets for atoms and using multiple bonds when necessary.

💡Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. In the context of the video, Dr. Chansen mentions the use of IR (Infrared) and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy to determine compound structures, which is a key skill students will learn in organic chemistry.

💡Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals are drugs or medications used in the treatment and prevention of diseases. The video script highlights the role of organic chemistry in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, with the example of the drug Taxol, which is synthesized from a natural product through organic chemical reactions.

💡Molecular Synthesis

Molecular Synthesis is the process of chemically combining simpler compounds to form more complex molecules. The video script uses the example of the synthesis of ESN proxin from a commercially available starting material, demonstrating the stepwise assembly of complex molecules through specific chemical reactions.

💡Condensed Structures

Condensed Structures are a simplified way of representing organic compounds by omitting some or all of the covalent bonds and listing the atoms with subscripts. The video script briefly introduces this concept and contrasts it with Lewis structures, which show bonding electrons as lines and lone pairs.

Highlights

Introduction to the organic chemistry course by Dr. Mike Chris Hansen from Utah State University.

The course aims to teach the basic principles of organic chemistry, devise syntheses, predict chemical reactions, and determine compound structures using IRMS and NMR data.

The importance of organic chemistry in creating wealth, power, and prestige humorously introduced.

The text for the course is 'Organic Chemistry Sixth Edition' by Paully Yuranis Brus.

Organic chemistry likened to playing with Legos, where complex molecules are assembled from simple pieces.

The process of assembling molecules through specific chemical reactions, as illustrated by the synthesis of ESN proxin.

The significance of organic chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry for synthesizing medicines.

The role of organic chemists in developing scalable methods for producing medicinal compounds like Taxol.

The story of how organic chemistry made Taxol more accessible by synthesizing it from 10-deacetylbaccatin III.

The impact of organic chemistry on nearly all medicines, including those derived from nature.

The frustration expressed with medical professionals who may not fully understand the role of organic chemists.

Review of the difference between ionic and covalent bonds, and the concept of electron sharing.

Explanation of electro negativity and its influence on the polarity of covalent bonds.

The process of drawing Lewis structures, including steps and examples.

Introduction to the concepts of resonance structures and condensed structures in organic chemistry.

Interactive questions posed to the students to test their understanding of electronegativity and bond polarity.

The importance of understanding the electronic structure and bonding for the study of organic chemistry.

Upcoming lecture on electronic structure and bonding announced.

Transcripts

welcome my dear students to my first

video lecture for the semester one of

our two semester organic chemistry

course entitled chem

2310 I'm Dr Mike Chris chansen a

chemistry professor from Utah State

University and I'm excited to

indoctrinate I mean teach you about the

wonderful world of organic chemistry and

what should you hope to gain from this

course why wealth power and Prestige of

course I'm just kidding instead of all

that crap what you will learn if you

listen to and retain all the information

that I share over the course of this

entire lecture series is the following

one you'll learn to understand the basic

principles of organic chemistry two

you'll be able to devise organic

syntheses of simple

molecules three you'll be able to

predict the outcome of chemical

reactions discussed in class and four

you'll be able to determine compound

structures using irms and NMR

data now our text for this class or for

this YouTube lecture series for those of

you who aren't privileged enough to be

taking this from me in person will be

organic chemistry sixth edition by

paully yuranis bruis before we begin

however I'd like to First give you a

brief introduction to Organic Chemistry

by teaching you what it is and why it's

so

important organic chemistry is kind of

like playing with Legos trademark for

any of you who've played with Legos

trademark you might recognize that what

you see on the cover of the box is not

what you see when you open up the box so

how in the world do you convert all the

little pieces inside the box into the

actual playet featured well you do it

one piece at a time by following this

the instructions of course in this

particular example which I stole off the

internet you can assemble this Farmer's

watering hole for his dog and pig by

starting with this piece to which is

added these pieces to which are added

those pieces and so forth and so on

until we finally have the dog and the

Pig and the farmer next to watering hole

isn't that wonderful I thought you'd

like it organic chemistry then is very

similar just as we might assemble a

complex Lego play set one step at a time

by putting simple pieces together

organic chemists assemble complex

molecules one step at a time from simple

starting materials that can be bought at

a store unlike Legos however complex

molecules can't be assembled using our

hands they're just too tiny instead

they're put together by using very

specific chemical

reactions now just as an example I'd

like to show you guys the Assembly of a

molecule that I participated in

developing back when I was in grad

school starting with molecule one which

is cheap and commercially available from

several chemical supply companies uh the

research group I was in and I worked and

treated it under these conditions to

turn it into molecule 2 now you don't

have to understand at all what these

conditions are I just want you to

understand that they magically using

organic chemistry stuff that you don't

have to worry about right now turn

molecules like one into molecule two one

thing that I want to point out is that

this reaction was run in 98% yield what

does that mean well percent yield is a

measure of how efficient a particular

reaction is the closer to 100% a

reaction's yield is the less material is

wasted each time the reaction is run

thus we are again at chemists often try

to develop a lot of ways of increasing

our percent yields now with molecule 2

now in our hands on large scale we

reacted it under these conditions to

convert it into molecule 3 compound 3

was then converted to molecule four and

four was converted to five using a

special Catalyst that I haven't shown

here because honestly it structure is

really big and I don't think it'd fit on

this

slide finally at the very end molecule

five was converted into this molecule

shown right here which is known as ESN

proxin or more commonly it is

commercially known as the pharmaceutical

drug leave and just in case you're

interested in reading more here are two

publication references for the work that

we did on this project so once again

here's the point we organic chemists are

the people charged with the

responsibility of making or

synthesizing molecules which often are

medicines and we do so by using specific

structure altering chemical reactions to

convert simple starting materials into

complex products one step at a time now

many people don't realize that nearly

all the medicines that we buy and use as

human beings are made by organic

chemists and the processes by which they

are made are also invented by organic

chemists and chemical

Engineers but wait you might say don't

we get a lot of our medicines from

nature yes we do however most medically

useful molecules made by Nature are

found in such tiny amounts that we can't

get enough of them from nature to

actually treat disease hence natural

product chemists discover medicinally

useful molecules from nature and then

organic chemists develop ways of making

those molecules in large scale in the

lab I'll now illustrate this by telling

you a story that involves our molecule

of the

day paclet taxel which is commonly known

as taxol shown here is a mitotic

inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy

that is isolated from the bark of the

Pacific U tree because it takes about

1.3 tons of ubar to get 10 g of taxon

and doing so kills the tree an

alternative means of developing large

amounts of taxol had to be developed I

hope you understand that natural

compound found out there but we'd have

to ravage nature in order to obtain

enough of it to actually treat any

disease so what do we do well in time a

compound called 10 detil bactin shown

here was found it happens to be made by

the European utree tendil Bon can be

harvested from the trees need needles

without uh killing the tree and they

grow back one thing you might notice if

you look at these two is that tends til

Bacon's core looks very very similar to

those of pacl taxel so in the late 1980s

and early 1990s Robert a Holton an

organic chemist from Florida State

University devised and patented a way of

synthesizing pacl taxel from tend detil

Bon using organic chemistry this

provided a scalable means of making

large amounts of this anti-cancer

medicine for clinical trials it's been

rumored incidentally that a good chunk

of Florida State's football team budget

is paid for by the royalties from this

patent uh though I don't actually know

if that's really

true so why do we care about organic

chemistry well the most significant

reason is that organic chemists use

organic chemistry to make nearly every

medicine in part or in whole that we use

as human beings even medicines that

originate from

nature thus pharmaceutic companies have

armies of organic Chemists in their

basement laborator slaving away like

Orcs to develop the treatments that we

use every day things like aspirin

oxycotton Viagra and liquid Joy note

liquid Joy is not a real product now I

have to mention that I sometimes find

myself feeling frustrated when I visit

with medical doctors or dentists who

don't seem to understand the role that

organic chemists play in their fields

now don't misunder understand me I'm not

trying to accuse all medical doctors and

dentists of such ignorance I did however

visit with one some number of years ago

who tried desperately to persuade me to

abandon my dream of becoming an organic

chemistry professor and to instead

pursue a career in the medical field

which no offense to doctors and dentists

just isn't my personal cup of tea to me

that was a little bit like a grocery

store owner trying to dissuade someone

from becoming a farmer frankly without

organic chemists medical doctors would

have to diagnose and treat dis

by shaking up bones in a

cup I know the

bones the Bones have

Fen so that takes us to our lecture

material for today I should warn you

that nearly all of the material in

today's lecture will review stuff that

you should have learned back in freshman

chemistry nevertheless it is pertinent

groundwork for understanding the rest of

organic chemistry so we will cover it

are you ready then good let's get

started after today's lecture you guys

should be able to do the following

distinguish between ionic and calent

bonds explain electro negativity

identify non-polar and polar calent

bonds and draw leis structures cacula

structures and condensed

structures first I'd like to start by

reviewing the difference between ionic

and calent bonds you see when two atoms

bond so that they they share each

other's electrons we say that they have

formed a calent bond when two atoms bond

so that one completely steals the

electrons from the other more or less we

call it an ionic

bond here's some pictures that show how

electrons spread across three different

molecules redder parts of those

molecules have more electron density

that is there's greater partial negative

charge there and Bluer Parts have less

electron density which means that

there's a greater partial positive

charge there our first example F2 shown

here which is also known as Florine gas

is formed when two individual Florine

atoms bond together when they do so they

share their electrons thus we can say

that they form a calent bond with even

sharing in our second example HF or

hydrofluoric acid the H and the F atoms

also share each other's electrons unlike

F2 however h and f do not share those

electrons even l so this is an example

of a calent bond in which there are

uneven sharing of

electrons in our third example l or

lithium fluoride the lithium atom has

more or less completely transferred its

single valence electron to the Florine

atom thus these two atoms are not

sharing electrons instead the Florine

has more or less completely stolen the

electron from the lithium this type of

bond is called an ionic bond because

there's a complete transfer of electrons

leaving two individual ions a lithium

positively charged cat ion and a

fluoride negatively charged

annion as mentioned when calent bonds

form sometimes the atoms in those bonds

share their electrons evenly and

sometimes they don't so what determines

the degree of

sharing electro

negativity and what is electro

negativity electro negativity simply

defin is an element's thirst for

electrons the more an element wants to

steal electrons to feel like a noble gas

I.E obtain a full octet the more Electro

negative that atom

is electro negativity increases as you

move up and to the right on the periodic

table noble gases the elements found in

column 8 of the periodic table are

excluded because they have very little

thirst of electrons because they already

have a full octet thus the most

electronegative element on the periodic

table is Florine and the least

electronegative atom is

francium this brings us to an impromptu

lecture question which atom in each of

the following pairs is the most

electronegative now I'm not going to

answer this question for you but we'll

instead let you Ponder and answer it for

yourself this is of course an excellent

exercise to determine if you can

identify Trends in electro

negativity

as I've already foreshadowed when two

bonded atoms have an electro negativity

difference the more Electro negative

atom will hog

electrons like this in this example

chlorine is much more electronegative

than hydrogen thus the chlorine pulls

electrons to itself much more strongly

than the hydrogen does kind of like a

tug-of-war between a monster truck and a

Volkswagen Beetle this uneven sharing of

electrons results in a partial positive

charge on the hydrogen and a partial

negative charge on the chlorine this

charge difference is called a

dipole the greater the difference in

electro negativity between two atoms the

more unevenly they share electrons and

the more polar their bond will

be we can often say then that bonds with

dipoles that is uneven sharing of

electron have dipole moments we can draw

a dipole moment in two different ways

one way is by drawing a partial positive

charge next to the atom that has a

partial positive charge and a partial

negative charge next to the atom that is

more electr negative another way is to

draw this this little arrow pointing

toward the more Electro negative atom

the one that is hogging the electrons to

itself more indicates that the electron

density is more heavily uh accumulated

on that atom coent bonds with dipoles

are called polar calent bonds and calent

bonds that do not not have dipoles are

called non-polar calent

bonds so this takes us back to our

original slide here as you can see when

two atoms have an even sharing of

electrons they have a non-polar calent

bond this happens when they have little

to no difference in electr negativity as

occurs in F2 when two atoms have a

more when two atoms have a more

significant difference in electro

negativity between them they evenly

share electrons this is called a polar

coent bond and lastly when two bonding

atoms have a really significant electro

negativity difference one atom will

completely transfer its electrons more

or less to the other and form an ionic

bond we might consider ionic bonds then

to be kind of like extremely polar coal

bonds this occurs most often when an

atom from the right side of the periodic

table bonds with an atom from the left

side of the periodic table because they

have such an extreme difference in

Electro negativities they will form an

extreme dipole in essence a complete

transfer of electrons from one atom to

the other giving an ionic

bond this brings us to another impromptu

leure question arrange each of the

following sets of bonds in order of

increasing

polarity and question two which of the

following bonds has a dipole for those

that have dipoles on which which atoms

do the partial positive and partial

negative charges lie once again I'm not

going to answer these questions for you

but we'll let you instead Ponder and

answer them for

yourselves we now move to a different

subject that of Lewis structures back in

general chemistry we learned how to draw

Lewis structures now I expect you to

know how to do this but I will not give

a thorough review here instead I will

just summarize the steps give you some

example problems to practice with if you

wish and provide some helpful links to

online tutorials on the subject if

needed please review section 1.4 of our

class text so here are the steps for

drawing L structures one add up all the

veence electrons for every atom in the

molecule if there are any anions in the

molecule add one electron to the total

number for each negative charge for cat

ions subtract one electron from the

total number for each positive charge

don't worry about which electrons came

from which atoms only only worry about

the total number two write the symbol

for all the atoms in the molecule

showing which atoms are attached to

which then connect them with a single

Bond or a dash which represents two

electrons chemical formulas are often

written in the order in which the atoms

are connected in many polyatomic ions

the first atom in the formula is the

central atom in the leou structure

usually but not always the central atom

is the less electronegative atom three

complete the octets around all the atoms

bonded to the central atom Except for

hydrogen which only wants two electrons

around it four Place leftover electrons

on the central atom even if doing so

results in more than an octet of

electrons around it and five if there

are not enough electrons to give the

central atom an octet try multiple bonds

such as double or triple bonds you got

that all right here are some more

electric questions on the subject

question one construct a leis structure

for O2 which each atom achieves an octet

of electrons two explain why it's

necessary to form a double bond in the

Le structure of

o2 and three draw loose structures for

each of the following

molecules and here's another question

the Le structure for the carbonate ion

is

what now once again I'm not going to

answer these questions but we'll instead

let you answer them for

yourselves we'll now finish this lecture

by briefly introducing you to two

different subjects Cula structures and

condensed structures in Cula structures

bonding electrons are drawn as lines and

lone pairs are usually left out unless

needed for some special reason here are

some

examples we often draw simplified

structures by omitting some or all of

the calent bonds and listing the atoms

with subscripts like this these types of

structures are called condens condensed

structures the condensed structures

shown here correspond to the Cula

structures that I showed in the previous

slide and now I finish by showing you

some more electric questions on this

subject question number two from our

problem set the culi structure of

pentane is shown here draw its condensed

structure

formula question three write a Le

structure for the following molecule ch2

Co and question four draw Cula

structures of the five different isomers

of C6

h14 well that brings us to the end of

this lecture please stay tuned for a

part two lecture on electronic structure

and bonding which will be posted shortly

until then have an enjoyable day