Pembuatan Kladogram

wety yuningsih

10 Sept 202004:59

Summary

TLDRIn this educational video, the host WT Dwiningsih explores the concept of a cladogram, a branching diagram illustrating the relationships among species based on shared characteristics. The video guides viewers through the process of creating a cladogram, starting with describing species' traits, then using Venn diagrams to cluster similar characteristics, and finally constructing the cladogram itself. The example used involves grouping a snake, chicken, goat, and cat, highlighting the closer kinship between the goat and cat compared to the snake. The video concludes with an invitation to learn about viruses in the next episode, encouraging viewers to like and subscribe for more.

Takeaways

📚 The script discusses the creation of a cladogram, a branching diagram that illustrates the relationships between species grouped together.
🔍 A cladogram helps to visualize the kinship among species, making it easier to understand their evolutionary relationships.
🐍 The process of creating a cladogram involves describing the characteristics of the species, such as the presence of a backbone, the type of locomotive organs, viviparous reproduction, and the presence of molar teeth.
📈 The script provides an example of creating a cladogram for four species: snakes, chickens, goats, and cats.
👣 The presence of a backbone is a common characteristic among snakes, chickens, goats, and cats, indicating a shared evolutionary trait.
🚶‍♂️ The ability to move with feet is a characteristic shared by chickens, goats, and cats, but not snakes.
🐣 Viviparous reproduction is a trait shared by goats and cats, suggesting a closer kinship between these two species.
🦷 The presence of molar teeth is a characteristic unique to cats, distinguishing them from the other species in the example.
📊 The script outlines a method to create a Venn diagram or a cladogram by arranging species according to their shared characteristics.
🔗 The cladogram shows that the closer to the right on the diagram, the closer the kinship between the species, indicating that goats and cats have a closer relationship than snakes and chickens.
🌐 The script concludes with an invitation to like and subscribe for more educational content, and ends with a traditional greeting in Arabic.

Q & A

What is the main topic discussed in the script?
-The main topic discussed in the script is the creation of a cladogram to illustrate the relationships between different species.
What is a cladogram?
-A cladogram is a branching diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among species grouped by shared characteristics.
Why is a cladogram useful in studying species?
-A cladogram is useful because it helps to visualize the relationships of kinship among the grouped species, making it easier to understand their evolutionary connections.
What are the steps mentioned in the script for creating a cladogram?
-The steps mentioned are: 1) Describing each character or trait of the species for the cladogram, 2) Making a Venn diagram or intersection of species traits, and 3) Drawing the cladogram lines to show the relationships.
Which species are used as examples in the script to create the cladogram?
-The species used as examples in the script are the snake, chicken, goat, and cat.
What are the traits or characteristics considered in the script to create the Venn diagram?
-The traits considered are the presence of a backbone, the presence of limb movement apparatus, viviparous reproduction, and the presence of molar teeth.
How does the script suggest placing the species in the Venn diagram?
-The script suggests placing the species according to the circles or traits they possess, with the outermost circle representing the most common trait, which is the backbone in this case.
What does the direction of the cladogram lines indicate in terms of species relationships?
-The direction of the cladogram lines indicates that the further to the right, the closer the kinship relationship, suggesting that species on the right are more closely related.
According to the script, which two species have the closest kinship relationship among the examples given?
-According to the script, the goat and the cat have the closest kinship relationship among the examples given.
What is the conclusion drawn from the cladogram in the script?
-The conclusion drawn is that the goat and the cat have a closer kinship relationship than the snake and the chicken.
What does the script suggest for further discussion after the cladogram topic?
-The script suggests that after discussing the cladogram, the next topic will be about viruses.

Outlines

00:00

🌿 Introduction to Cladograms

The speaker begins by greeting the audience and introducing the topic of biological classification, specifically the creation of a cladogram. A cladogram is a branching diagram that represents the relationships between species grouped together. It is described as a useful tool for visualizing the kinship among species. The speaker then proceeds to explain the process of creating a cladogram, starting with describing the characteristics of the species involved, followed by the construction of the diagram itself. The direction of the branches in the diagram is noted to indicate the closeness of the kinship.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Cladogram

A cladogram is a branching diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among species or higher taxonomic groups. In the video, the cladogram is used to illustrate the concept of grouping species based on shared characteristics and to show the relationships between a cat, snake, chicken, and goat. The script describes the process of creating a cladogram, emphasizing its utility in visualizing the closeness of kinship among species.

💡Cladistic Dendrogram

Although not explicitly defined in the script, 'Cladistic Dendrogram' is synonymous with 'Cladogram' and refers to a similar diagram that depicts the branching pattern in evolutionary relationships. It is mentioned at the beginning of the script to introduce the concept of cladograms, which is central to the video's theme of classifying living organisms based on their shared traits.

💡Kinship

Kinship refers to the degree of closeness in genetic relationship between different species. In the context of the video, kinship is the main focus of the cladogram, which helps to identify how closely related different species are. The script explains that the further to the right on the cladogram, the closer the kinship, as seen in the example comparing the relationships between a cat, snake, chicken, and goat.

💡Venn Diagram

A Venn diagram is a type of diagram that shows all possible logical relations between different sets of items. In the script, it is used to describe the process of creating a cladogram by illustrating the shared and unique characteristics among species. The script mentions that the outermost circle in the Venn diagram represents the most common characteristic, such as having a backbone, among the species being studied.

💡Characteristics

Characteristics, in the context of the video, refer to the traits or features of species that are used to classify them into groups. The script discusses various characteristics such as having a backbone, means of locomotion, viviparous reproduction, and having molar teeth, which are used to create the Venn diagram and, subsequently, the cladogram.

💡Backbone

A backbone is a part of the vertebral column in vertebrates that provides structural support. In the script, having a backbone is one of the characteristics used to identify the commonalities among the snake, chicken, goat, and cat. It is mentioned as the most common feature among the species in the Venn diagram.

💡Locomotion

Locomotion refers to the ability to move from one place to another, which is a characteristic of living organisms. In the video, the script describes the means of locomotion, such as legs, as a characteristic that helps differentiate between species. It is used as one of the criteria for creating the cladogram.

💡Viviparous

Viviparous is a term used to describe the mode of reproduction where the offspring develops inside the mother's body until birth. In the script, being viviparous is a characteristic that helps classify the goat and cat, as opposed to the snake and chicken, which are oviparous, laying eggs.

💡Molar Teeth

Molar teeth are the grinding teeth located at the back of the mouth in mammals, used for processing food. In the video, having molar teeth is a characteristic that distinguishes the cat from the other species in the cladogram, as it is the only one among the four with this feature.

💡Evolutionary Relationships

Evolutionary relationships refer to the connections between different species based on their shared ancestry and the changes that occurred over time. The script uses the cladogram to demonstrate these relationships, showing how species with more shared characteristics are more closely related, as illustrated with the example of the cat and goat being more closely related than the snake.

Highlights

Introduction to the topic of classifying living organisms and the creation of a cladogram.

Definition of a cladogram as a branching diagram illustrating the relationships between species.

Explanation of the benefits of creating a cladogram to easily see the kinship relationships among grouped species.

The process of creating a cladogram begins with describing the characteristics or traits of the species.

Making a Venn diagram to intersect the species' traits for the cladogram.

The significance of the position on the cladogram, where moving to the right indicates closer kinship.

Selection of species for the cladogram example: snake, chicken, goat, and cat.

Identification of traits to be examined: presence of a backbone, type of locomotion (feet), mode of reproduction (viviparous), and presence of molar teeth.

Tabulation of species traits to determine shared characteristics.

Creating a Venn diagram based on the species' shared traits, starting with the most common trait, the backbone.

Placement of species within the Venn diagram according to their shared traits.

Development of the cladogram line drawing, starting with the most common trait among the four species.

Inclusion of species names on the cladogram line drawing to show their relationships.

Conclusion from the cladogram that the closer to the right, the closer the kinship, indicating a closer relationship between goat and cat than snake and cat.

Encouragement for viewers to like and subscribe for more educational content.

Closing with a thank you and traditional greetings in Arabic.