S1.3.3 / S1.3.4 Atomic orbitals and sub-levels
Summary
TLDRThis video offers an insightful look into atomic orbitals and their sublevels. It explains that s orbitals are spherical, while p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped and oriented at 90 degrees to each other. The script delves into the principal energy levels, detailing the number of sublevels and electrons each can hold, from the 1s sublevel with 2 electrons to the 4f sublevel with 14, culminating in a total of 32 electrons for the n=4 level. The video promises to explore the electron filling order in the next installment, piquing interest for further learning.
Takeaways
- 🌐 An atomic orbital is defined as a region of space where there is a high probability of finding an electron.
- 📘 S orbitals are spherical in shape, with examples being the 1s and 2s orbitals.
- 🔄 P orbitals are dumbbell-shaped and exist in three orientations: px, py, and pz, which are at 90 degrees to each other.
- 📚 Principal energy levels are split into sublevels, with the number of sublevels increasing as the principal quantum number (n) increases.
- 🔢 The first principal energy level (n=1) has one sublevel, the 1s sublevel.
- 📈 The second principal energy level (n=2) has two sublevels, the 2s and 2p sublevels.
- 📊 The third principal energy level (n=3) has three sublevels, the 3s, 3p, and 3d sublevels.
- 🎓 The fourth principal energy level (n=4) has four sublevels, the 4s, 4p, 4d, and 4f sublevels.
- 📉 The energy of sublevels within a principal energy level increases from s to f, with the s sublevel being the lowest and the f sublevel being the highest.
- 🧠 The order of filling of atomic orbitals with electrons will be discussed in the next video.
- 📊 A summary table in the video provides the number of sublevels, orbitals, and electrons for each principal energy level, with the maximum number of electrons for n=1 being 2, n=2 being 8, n=3 being 18, and n=4 being 32.
Q & A
What is an atomic orbital?
-An atomic orbital is a region of space where there is a high probability of finding an electron.
What are the shapes of s orbitals?
-S orbitals are spherical in shape.
How many s orbitals are there in the first principal energy level?
-There is one s orbital in the first principal energy level, known as the 1s orbital.
What is the shape of p orbitals?
-P orbitals are dumbbell-shaped.
How many p orbitals are there in the p sublevel?
-There are three p orbitals in the p sublevel, labeled as px, py, and pz.
What is the orientation of the p orbitals relative to each other?
-The p orbitals are oriented at 90 degrees to each other.
What are the sublevels of the second principal energy level?
-The second principal energy level has two sublevels: the 2s and the 2p sublevels.
How many sublevels does the third principal energy level have?
-The third principal energy level has three sublevels: the 3s, 3p, and 3d sublevels.
What is the order of energy for the sublevels within the main energy level?
-Within the main energy level, the order of energy is from lowest to highest: s, p, d, f.
What is the maximum number of electrons the 3d sublevel can hold?
-The 3d sublevel can hold a maximum of 10 electrons.
How many electrons can the 4f sublevel hold and what is its energy level?
-The 4f sublevel can hold a maximum of 14 electrons and it is part of the fourth principal energy level.
What is the total number of electrons that the fourth principal energy level can hold?
-The fourth principal energy level can hold a maximum of 32 electrons.
What will be the focus of the next video after the one described in the script?
-The next video will focus on the order of filling these atomic orbitals with electrons.
Outlines
🌌 Atomic Orbitals and Sublevels Overview
This paragraph introduces the concept of atomic orbitals as regions with high electron probability and describes their shapes. S orbitals are depicted as spherical, exemplified by the 1s and 2s orbitals, while p orbitals are characterized as dumbbell-shaped with three distinct orientations (px, py, and pz). The video script promises a deeper dive into sublevels in the subsequent discussion.
📚 Sublevel Structure and Energy Levels
The script explains the structure of sublevels within principal energy levels, detailing how each level (n=1 to n=4) is split into an increasing number of sublevels: s, p, d, and f. It emphasizes the order of energy within these levels, with s sublevels having the lowest energy and f sublevels the highest, and provides a visual representation of sublevels arranged by energy, culminating with the 4p sublevel as the highest.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Atomic Orbitals
💡Sublevels
💡S Orbitals
💡P Orbitals
💡Principal Energy Levels
💡Energy
💡Electron Configuration
💡Quantum Number
💡Electron Probability
💡Dumbbell Shaped
💡Orientation
Highlights
Introduction to atomic orbitals and sublevels.
Definition of an atomic orbital as a region with high electron probability.
Shape of s orbitals described as spherical.
Illustration of 1s and 2s orbitals.
Description of p orbitals as dumbbell-shaped.
Labeling of p orbitals as px, py, and pz with 90-degree orientations.
Summary of s orbitals being spherical and p orbitals being dumbbell-shaped.
Explanation of principal energy levels and their sublevel splits.
Details on the first principal energy level with one s sublevel.
Second principal energy level with 2s and 2p sub-levels.
Third principal energy level with 3s, 3p, and 3d sub-levels.
Fourth principal energy level with 4s, 4p, 4d, and 4f sub-levels.
Energy arrangement of sublevels from lowest to highest.
Next video's focus on electron filling of sublevels.
Order of energy within principal energy levels, s being lowest and f highest.
Example of 4s being the lowest and 4f the highest energy sublevel.
Table summary of principal energy levels, sub-levels, orbitals, and electron capacity.
n=1 energy level with one 1s sublevel holding a maximum of 2 electrons.
n=2 energy level with 2s and 2p sub-levels, totaling 4 orbitals holding 8 electrons.
n=3 energy level with 3s, 3p, and 3d sub-levels, 9 orbitals holding 18 electrons.
n=4 energy level with 4s, 4p, 4d, and 4f sub-levels, 16 orbitals holding 32 electrons.
Transcripts
this is msj chem in this video i'll be
taking a quick look at atomic orbitals
and sublevels
so we'll start by looking at the shapes
of s orbitals and p orbitals before we
do so here we have a definition an
atomic orbital is a region of space
where there is a high probability of
finding an electron so starting with s
orbitals which are spherical on the
right we can see the shapes of a 1s
orbital and a 2s orbital
next we have p orbitals which are
dumbbell shaped
in the p sublevel there are three p
orbitals which are labeled px py and pz
the orientation of the orbitals is at 90
degrees to each other so to summarize s
orbitals are spherical and p orbitals
are dumbbell shaped so next we look at
sublevels
so each principal energy level is split
into sublevels
the first principal energy level which
is labeled as n equals one has one sub
level which is the one s sublevel the
second principal energy level which is n
equals 2 has two sub-levels
they are the 2s and 2p sub-levels
the third principal energy level which
is n equals 3 has three sub-levels which
are the 3s the 3p and the 3d sub levels
and finally we have the fourth principal
energy level which is n equals four and
this has four sub levels they are the 4s
the 4p the 4d and the 4f sublevels
on the right we can see these sublevels
arranged in order of energy with the
lowest energy being the 1s sublevel and
the highest energy being the 4p sublevel
in the next video we'll look at how
these sub levels are filled with
electrons
note that within the main energy level
or principal energy level the order of
energy is as follows
so the s sublevel is the lowest energy
and the f sublevel is the highest energy
so for example the 4s sublevel is the
lowest energy
and the 4f sublevel is the highest
energy
so let's end the video with a summary in
this table we have the principal energy
level or main energy level with the
number of sub-levels the number of
electrons in each sub-level the number
of orbitals and the total number of
electrons in each main energy level so
starting with n equals 1 which has a 1s
sublevel this can hold a maximum of 2
electrons
so the n equals 1 energy level has one
orbital which can hold two electrons
next we have n equals 2 which has 1 2s
sublevel and 1 2p sublevel the 2s
sublevel can hold 2 electrons and the 2p
sublevel can hold 6 electrons the number
of orbitals is 4 which can hold a total
of 8 electrons moving on to n equals 3
which has a 3s a 3p and a 3d sub level
the 3s sublevel can hold 2 electrons the
3p sublevel can hold 6
and the 3d sublevel can hold 10
electrons the total number of atomic
orbitals is 9 which can hold 18
electrons
and finally we have the n equals 4
energy level this has a 4s sublevel a 4p
sub level a 4d sub level and a 4f sub
level the 4s sub level can hold 2
electrons the 4p sublevel can hold 6.
the 4d sublevel can hold 10
and the 4f sublevel can hold 14
electrons the total number of orbitals
is 16 which can hold a maximum of 32
electrons
so that's all from this video in the
next video we look at the order of
filling of these atomic orbitals
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