Bhutan, Felicidad Nacional Bruta - Tshering Tobgay
Summary
TLDREn este discurso, el orador describe a Bután, un pequeño país en los Himalayas, conocido por su compromiso de mantener la neutralidad de carbono. Aunque es una nación en desarrollo, Bután prioriza el bienestar de su población a través del concepto de Felicidad Nacional Bruta (FNB), que equilibra el crecimiento económico, la sostenibilidad ambiental y la preservación cultural. A pesar de los desafíos del cambio climático, Bután se ha comprometido a ser un sumidero de carbono y propone extender este modelo a otros países a través de la iniciativa 'Earth for Life'.
Takeaways
- 🇧🇹 Bhutan es un país pequeño en los Himalayas, conocido por su enfoque en la felicidad nacional bruta (GNH) en lugar del producto interno bruto (PIB).
- 🌳 El 72% del país está cubierto de bosques, y su constitución exige que al menos el 60% del territorio permanezca así para siempre.
- ♻️ Bhutan es un país neutral en carbono, y de hecho, es negativo en carbono, ya que absorbe más CO2 del que emite.
- 💡 La energía hidroeléctrica es una fuente clave para Bhutan, y la exportación de energía limpia compensa millones de toneladas de CO2 en la región.
- 👑 El desarrollo de Bhutan ha sido guiado por sus monarcas ilustrados, quienes han equilibrado el crecimiento económico con la sostenibilidad social, ambiental y cultural.
- 🌍 A pesar de no haber contribuido significativamente al cambio climático, Bhutan está sufriendo sus consecuencias, como el derretimiento de glaciares y desastres naturales.
- 🚗 El gobierno de Bhutan promueve la sostenibilidad mediante la distribución de electricidad gratuita a agricultores rurales y la promoción de vehículos eléctricos.
- 🌱 Bhutan protege más de la mitad de su territorio a través de parques nacionales y reservas, conectados por corredores biológicos que permiten la libre circulación de la fauna.
- 🌲 El programa 'Bhutan for Life' asegura la financiación necesaria para proteger el medio ambiente hasta que el gobierno pueda mantenerlo por sí mismo.
- 🌐 Bhutan sueña con replicar el modelo 'Bhutan for Life' en otros países a través de un fondo global llamado 'Earth for Life' para conservar áreas protegidas en todo el mundo.
Q & A
¿Qué es el vestido nacional de los hombres en Bután y cómo se diferencia del vestido de las mujeres?
-El vestido nacional de los hombres en Bután se llama 'gho'. Es colorido y permite a los hombres mostrar sus piernas. A diferencia de las mujeres, los hombres pueden usar colores brillantes y tienen la oportunidad de mostrar sus piernas.
¿Por qué Bután ha sido descrito como 'Shangri-La', y cómo responde el orador a esta descripción?
-Bután ha sido descrito como 'Shangri-La' debido a su belleza natural y su aparente tranquilidad. Sin embargo, el orador rechaza esta descripción, afirmando que Bután no es un gran monasterio lleno de monjes felices, sino un pequeño país subdesarrollado que está haciendo lo mejor para sobrevivir y prosperar.
¿Qué es la Felicidad Nacional Bruta (GNH) y por qué es importante para Bután?
-La Felicidad Nacional Bruta (GNH) es un enfoque holístico para el desarrollo en Bután, que equilibra el crecimiento económico con el desarrollo social, la sostenibilidad ambiental y la preservación cultural. Fue establecido en la década de 1970 por el cuarto rey de Bután y se considera más importante que el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB).
¿Cómo Bután financia la educación y la atención médica para sus ciudadanos?
-Bután financia la educación y la atención médica utilizando sus recursos limitados de manera cuidadosa. La educación es completamente gratuita, y aquellos que trabajan arduamente pueden recibir educación universitaria gratuita. La atención médica, incluyendo consultas, tratamientos y medicamentos, también es completamente gratuita y proporcionada por el estado.
¿Qué porcentaje del territorio de Bután está cubierto por bosques y cómo protege el país su medio ambiente?
-El 72% del territorio de Bután está cubierto por bosques, y la constitución del país exige que al menos el 60% del total del territorio permanezca bajo cobertura forestal en todo momento. Bután protege su medio ambiente a través de áreas protegidas como parques nacionales, reservas naturales y santuarios de vida silvestre.
¿Qué significa que Bután sea un país 'carbono negativo'?
-Bután es un país 'carbono negativo', lo que significa que genera menos dióxido de carbono del que sus bosques pueden absorber. En total, Bután genera 2,2 millones de toneladas de CO2, pero sus bosques secuestran más de tres veces esa cantidad, haciendo del país un sumidero neto de carbono.
¿Cuáles son algunos de los desafíos que enfrenta Bután debido al cambio climático?
-Bután enfrenta desafíos significativos debido al cambio climático, como el derretimiento de los glaciares que causa inundaciones repentinas y deslizamientos de tierra. Estos desastres ya han provocado destrucción en el país, a pesar de que Bután no ha contribuido significativamente al calentamiento global.
¿Qué es 'Bhutan for Life' y cómo ayuda a proteger el medio ambiente de Bután?
-'Bhutan for Life' es un mecanismo de financiación creado por el rey de Bután para proteger las áreas naturales del país hasta que el gobierno pueda financiar completamente sus esfuerzos de conservación. Este fondo de transición garantiza la protección de los parques nacionales, reservas naturales y corredores biológicos de Bután por un período de 15 años.
¿Qué es 'Earth for Life' y cómo se relaciona con 'Bhutan for Life'?
-'Earth for Life' es un sueño que el orador comparte, inspirado en 'Bhutan for Life'. La idea es replicar el concepto de 'Bhutan for Life' a nivel global para ayudar a otros países a conservar sus áreas protegidas, contribuyendo así a la lucha mundial contra el cambio climático.
¿Cómo contribuye Bután a la reducción de las emisiones de carbono fuera de sus fronteras?
-Bután contribuye a la reducción de las emisiones de carbono fuera de sus fronteras exportando electricidad renovable generada por sus ríos de rápido flujo. Para 2020, se espera que Bután exporte suficiente electricidad para compensar 17 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono, y si se aprovecha la mitad de su potencial hidroeléctrico, podría compensar hasta 50 millones de toneladas al año.
Outlines
🇧🇹 La singularidad de Bután: su vestido nacional y su compromiso con la neutralidad de carbono
El orador comienza desmintiendo las percepciones erróneas sobre su vestimenta, explicando que es el atuendo nacional de los hombres en Bután, donde los hombres usan colores brillantes y muestran sus piernas. Luego, introduce el compromiso de Bután de mantenerse neutral en carbono, presentando la historia del país. Describe a Bután como un pequeño país en los Himalayas, entre China e India, que no es el Shangri-La idealizado, sino una nación pequeña y en desarrollo que ha prosperado gracias a sus monarcas ilustrados. Estos reyes han equilibrado el crecimiento económico, el desarrollo social, la sostenibilidad ambiental y la preservación cultural bajo el marco del ‘Felicidad Nacional Bruta’ (GNH), una visión pionera que prioriza el bienestar y la felicidad del pueblo sobre el producto interno bruto (PIB). A pesar de su economía pequeña, Bután ofrece educación y atención médica gratuitas, gestionando cuidadosamente sus recursos y manteniéndose fiel al desarrollo con valores.
🌲 Bután: protección de la naturaleza y la democracia impuesta
El orador destaca cómo Bután protege su medio ambiente con una cobertura forestal del 72%, cumpliendo con una Constitución que exige un mínimo del 60% de cobertura forestal en todo momento. Sorprendentemente, Bután no solo es neutral en carbono, sino negativo, ya que sus bosques secuestran tres veces más carbono del que genera el país. Además, Bután exporta electricidad limpia, compensando millones de toneladas de CO2 en la región. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser uno de los pocos países neutrales en carbono, Bután enfrenta los efectos del cambio climático, como el derretimiento de glaciares que causan inundaciones y deslizamientos de tierra. A pesar de no haber contribuido significativamente al calentamiento global, el país ya está lidiando con sus consecuencias, lo que refuerza su compromiso de luchar contra el cambio climático.
💡 La lucha de Bután contra el cambio climático y su compromiso en Cop21
Bután prometió por primera vez ser neutral en carbono en 2009 durante la COP15, aunque no fue notado. En la COP21 de París, reafirmaron este compromiso, recibiendo finalmente la atención mundial. El orador subraya la importancia de que todos los países cumplan sus compromisos para contener el calentamiento global en 2 grados Celsius. Bután está implementando diversas iniciativas, como proveer electricidad gratuita a agricultores rurales, invertir en transporte sostenible y promover el uso de vehículos eléctricos y luces LED. También están limpiando el país y plantando árboles. Los parques protegidos de Bután, que actúan como sumideros de carbono, son clave en su estrategia de neutralidad de carbono. Sin embargo, la conservación es costosa, y Bután necesitará 15 años para financiar completamente estos esfuerzos.
🌍 Bhutan for Life: Una iniciativa para la conservación global
El orador presenta ‘Bhutan for Life’, un mecanismo de financiamiento diseñado para proteger los parques de Bután hasta que el gobierno pueda asumir completamente los costos. Inspirado en modelos de Wall Street, este fondo de transición solo se activa una vez que se cumplen todas las condiciones preestablecidas y se comprometen todos los fondos. El proyecto asegura que los donantes individuales no tengan que preocuparse por apoyar un plan insuficientemente financiado. La meta es financiar la conservación durante un periodo de 15 años, después de lo cual el gobierno se compromete a garantizar el financiamiento total de manera permanente. El orador expresa entusiasmo por cerrar el trato este año y agradece al World Wildlife Fund por su apoyo. Termina con un llamado a expandir esta idea a nivel global, creando un ‘Earth for Life’ para ayudar a otros países a conservar sus áreas protegidas, con la esperanza de combatir juntos el cambio climático y proteger el planeta.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Carbono neutral
💡Felicidad Nacional Bruta (FNB)
💡Desarrollo sostenible
💡Monarquía iluminada
💡Cambio climático
💡Cultura
💡Electricidad renovable
💡Áreas protegidas
💡Democracia impuesta
💡Bután para la Vida
Highlights
The speaker emphasizes Bhutan's unique national dress, where men get to wear bright colors and showcase their legs, highlighting cultural pride.
Bhutan is a small country in the Himalayas, sandwiched between the world's two most populous countries, China and India.
Despite being underdeveloped, Bhutan thrives thanks to enlightened monarchs who focus on balancing economic growth with social development, environmental sustainability, and cultural preservation.
Bhutan's development is guided by Gross National Happiness (GNH), a pioneering vision prioritizing happiness and well-being over economic output.
Education in Bhutan is completely free, and those who work hard receive free college education. Healthcare is also free, with all medical services provided by the state.
Bhutan's Constitution mandates that a minimum of 60% of the country's land must remain under forest cover at all times, contributing to its status as a carbon-negative country.
Bhutan's forests sequester more than three times the carbon dioxide the country generates, making it a net carbon sink for over 4 million tons of CO2 annually.
The clean energy Bhutan exports offsets millions of tons of CO2, with plans to offset up to 50 million tons annually by harnessing more hydropower potential.
Bhutan is already experiencing the impacts of climate change, with melting glaciers causing flash floods and landslides.
Despite being a small, poor, landlocked, and mountainous country, Bhutan has pledged to remain carbon neutral and is actively fighting climate change.
Bhutan's protected areas, which cover more than half the country, are essential to its carbon-neutral strategy and are connected by biological corridors allowing wildlife to roam freely.
Bhutan for Life is a funding mechanism started by the King to protect Bhutan's parks until the government can fully finance conservation efforts independently.
The Bhutan for Life initiative is supported by the World Wildlife Fund and aims to ensure the protection of Bhutan's parks for the long term.
The speaker envisions expanding the Bhutan for Life model globally through an 'Earth for Life' initiative, helping other countries conserve their protected areas.
The talk concludes with a call to action to dream, work, and fight climate change together, highlighting the shared responsibility of protecting the planet.
Transcripts
in case you're wondering no I'm not
wearing a dress and no I'm not saying
what I'm wearing underneath this is a
call this is my national dress this is
how all men dress in Bhutan that is how
our women dress like our women we men
get to wear pretty bright colors but
unlike our women we get to show off our
legs our national dress is unique but
this is not the only thing that's unique
about my country I promise to remain
carbon-neutral is also unique and this
is what I'd like to speak about today I
promise to remain carbon neutral but
before I proceed I should set you the
context I should tell you our story
Bhutan is a small country in the
Himalayas we've been called shangri-la
even the last shangri-la but let me tell
you right off the bat we are not
shangri-la my country is not one big
monastery populated with happy monks the
reality is that they are barely seven
hundred thousand of us sandwiched
between two of the most populated
countries on earth
China and India the reality is that we
are a small underdeveloped country doing
our best to survive but we're doing okay
we are surviving in fact we are thriving
and the reason we are thriving is
because we've been blessed with
extraordinary kings are enlightened
monarchs have worked tirelessly to
develop a country balancing economic
growth
carefully with Social Development
environmental sustainability and
cultural preservation all within the
framework of good governance we call
this holistic approach to development
gross national happiness or GNH back in
the 1970s
our fourth king famously pronounced that
for Bhutan gross national happiness is
more important than gross national
product ever since all development in
Bhutan is driven by GNH a pioneering
vision that aims to improve the
happiness and well-being of our people
but that's easier said than done
especially when you are one of the
smallest economies in the world I entire
GDP is less than two billion dollars I
know that some of you here are worse
more individually than the entire
economy of my country so I economy is
small but here's where it gets
interesting education is completely free
all citizens are guaranteed free school
education and those that work hard are
given free college education health care
is also completely free medical
consultation medical treatment medicines
they are all provided by the state we
manage this because we use our limited
resources very carefully and because we
stay faithful to the core mission of GNH
which is development with values our
economy is small and we must strengthen
it
economic growth is important but that
economic growth must not come from
undermining a unique culture or our
pristine environment today our culture
is flourishing we continue to celebrate
our art and architecture food and
festivals monks and monasteries
and yes we celebrate our national dress
- this is why I can wear my cool with
pride here's a fun fact you're looking
at the world's biggest pocket it starts
here goes around the back and comes out
from inside here in this pocket we store
all manner of personal goods from phones
and wallets to iPads office files and
books but sometimes sometimes even
precious cargo
so what culture is flourishing but so is
our environment 72% of my countries on
the forest cover our Constitution
demands that a minimum of 60% of
boudin's total land shall remain under
forest cover for all time
our Constitution this Constitution
imposes for us Kevon us incidentally our
King use this Constitution to impose
democracy on us
you see we the people didn't want
democracy we didn't ask for it we didn't
demand it and we certainly didn't fight
for it instead our king imposed
democracy on us by insisting that he
included in the constitution but he went
further he included provisions in the
Constitution that empower the people to
impeach the Kings and included
provisions in here that require all our
Kings to retire at the age of 65 fact is
we already have a king in retirement a
previous king the great force retired 10
years ago at the peak of his popularity
he was all of 51 years at that time so
as I was saying 72% of our countries
under forest cover and all that forest
is pristine that's why we are one of the
few remaining global biodiversity
hotspots in the world and that's why we
are a carbon neutral country in a world
that is threatened with climate change
we are a carbon neutral country turns
out it's a big deal of the 200 odd
countries in the world today it looks
like we are the only one that's carbon
neutral actually that's not quite
accurate Bhutan is not carbon neutral
Bhutan is carbon negative our entire
country generates 2.2 million tons of
carbon dioxide but a forest they
sequester more than three times that
amount so we are a net carbon sink for
more than form
million tonnes of carbon dioxide each
year but that's not all we export most
of the renewable electricity we generate
from a fast flowing rivers so today
the clean energy that we export offsets
about six million tons of carbon dioxide
in a neighborhood by 2020 we'll be
exporting enough electricity to offset
17 million tons of carbon dioxide and if
we were to harness even half a
hydropower potential and that's exactly
what we are working at the clean green
energy that we export would offset
something like 50 million tons of carbon
dioxide a year that is more co2 than
what the entire city of New York
generates in one year so inside our
country we are a net carbon sink outside
we are offsetting carbon and this is
important stuff you see the world is
getting warmer and climate change is a
reality climate change is affecting my
country our glaciers are melting causing
flash floods and landslides which in
turn are causing disaster and widespread
destruction in our country I was at that
Lake recently it's stunning that's how
it looked
ten years ago and that's how it looked
twenty years ago just 20 years ago that
Lake didn't exist it was a solid glacier
a few years ago a similar lake breached
his dams and wreak havoc and the valleys
below that destruction was caused by one
glacial lake we have 2,700 of them to
contend with the point is this my
country and my people have done nothing
to contribute to global warming but we
are already bearing the brunt of its
consequences
and for a small poor country one that is
landlocked and mountainous it is very
difficult but we are not going to sit on
their hands doing nothing
we will fight climate change that's why
we have promised to remain carbon
neutral we first made this promise in
2009 during cop15 in Copenhagen but
nobody noticed government's was so busy
arguing with one another and blaming
each other for causing climate change
that when a small country raised our
hands and announced we promised to
remain carbon neutral for all time
nobody heard us nobody cared last
December in Paris at cop21 we reiterated
our promise to remain carbon neutral for
all time to come
this time we were heard we were noticed
and everybody cared what was different
in Paris was that governments came
around together to accept the realities
of climate change and were willing to
come together and act together and work
together all countries from the very
small to the very large committed to
reduce the greenhouse gases emissions
the UN Framework Convention for climate
change says that if these so-called
intended commitments are kept
we'd be closer to containing global
warming by 2 degrees Celsius by the way
I've requested the TED organizers here
to turn up the heat in here by 2 degrees
so if some of you are feeling warmer
than usual you know how to blame it's
crucial that all of us keep our
commitments as far as Bhutan is
concerned we will keep our promise to
remain carbon neutral here are some of
the ways we are doing it we're providing
free
city to a rural farmers the idea is that
with free electricity they will no
longer have to use firewood to cook
their food we are investing in
sustainable transport and subsidizing
the purchase of electric vehicles
similarly we are subsidizing the cost of
LED lights and our entire government is
trying to go paperless we are cleaning
up our entire country through clean
Bhutan a national program and we are
planting trees throughout our country
through green Bhutan another national
program but it is our protected areas
that are at the core of a carbon neutral
strategy our protected areas are a
carbon sink they are our lungs today
more than half our country is protected
as national parks nature reserves and
wildlife sanctuaries but the beauty is
that we've connected them all with one
another through a network of biological
corridors now what this means is that
our animals are free to roam throughout
our country take this Tiger for example
it was spotted at 250 metres above sea
level in the hot subtropical jungles two
years later that same tiger was spotted
near 4000 metres in a cold Alpine
mountains
isn't that awesome we must keep it that
way
we must keep our parks awesome so every
year we set aside resources to prevent
poaching hunting mining and pollution in
the parks and resources to help
communities who live in those parks
manage their forests adapt to climate
change and lead better lives while
continuing to live in harmony with
Mother Nature but that is expensive over
the next few years our small economy
won't have the resources
to cover all the costs that are required
to protect our environment in fact when
we run the numbers it looks like it'll
take us at least 15 years before we can
fully finance all our conservation
efforts but neither Bhutan nor the world
can afford to spend 15 years going
backwards this is why His Majesty the
King started Bhutan for life Bhutan for
life gives us the time we need it gives
us breathing room it is essentially a
funding mechanism to look after our
parks to protect our parks till our
government can take over on our own
fully the idea is to raise a transition
fund from individual donors cooperations
and institutions but the deal is closed
only after predetermined conditions are
met and all funds committed so
multi-party single closing an idea we
borrowed from Wall Street
this means that individual donors can
commit without having to worry that
they'll be left supporting an
underfunded plan it's something like a
Kickstarter project only with a 15 year
time horizon and millions of tons of
carbon dioxide at stake once the deal is
closed we use the transition fund to
protect a parks giving our government
time to increase our own funding
gradually till the end of the 15 year
period after that our government
guarantees full funding forever
we almost there we expect to close later
this year
naturally I'm pretty excited
the World Wildlife Fund is our principal
partner in this journey and I want to
give them a big shout out for the
excellent work they're doing in Bhutan
and across the world it is getting warm
in here
I thank you for listening to a story a
story of how we are keeping a promise to
remain carbon neutral a story of how we
are keeping our country pristine for
ourselves our children for your children
and for the world but we are not here to
tell stories are we we are here to dream
together so in closing I'd like to share
one more dream that I have what if you
could mobilize our leadership and our
resources our influence and our passion
to replicate the Bhutan for Life idea to
other countries so that they too can
conserve the protected areas for all
time after all there are many other
countries who face the same issues that
we face they do have natural resources
that can help win the world's fight for
sustainability only they may not have
the ability to invest in them now so
what if we set up earth for life a
global fund to pick start the Bhutan for
life throughout the world I invite you
to help me to carry this dream beyond
the borders to all those who care about
a planet's future after all we're here
to dream together to work together to
fight climate change together to protect
our planet together because the reality
is we are not together
some of us might dress differently but
we enter together
thank you very much and Russia's Allah
thank you thank you thank you
you
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