王局拍案|如何看待江泽民时代?
Summary
TLDR本文回顾了江泽民在任十余年的治国理念和作风。他最大的贡献是提出“三个代表”重要思想,使中共由革命政党转变为执政党,结束“阶级斗争”。在经济上,他解决了国企改革和双轨制带来的问题,为中国加入WTO奠定基础。在政治上,他落实邓小平提出的最高领导人任期制,实现了向胡锦涛的平稳交接,开创了共产党和平转移权力的先河。在文化上,他比较开明,允许媒体进行一定的舆论监督。总体而言,江泽民执政时代是中国继续深化改革的黄金时代。
Takeaways
- 😀 江泽民接受了华莱士的采访,这体现了他的勇气。
- 😁 江泽民提出了“三个代表”的思想体系,这是他时期最大的理论贡献。
- 😀 江泽民时期完成了中国经济体制的转型,这是改革中最艰难的阶段之一。
- 😃 江泽民实行了中共领导人任期制,这是共产党统治下第一位离任的领导人。
- 😄 江泽民时期社会各阶层生活都有所改善,人们也比较富有希望。
- 😉 江泽民时期对公共舆论监督较为开放和容忍。
- 😢 与江泽民时期相比,当前社会各阶层较为失望。
- 🤔 值得钦佩的是,江泽民最终在时限到期时自动离任。
- 😍 江泽民时期是中国社会改革的黄金时代。
- 😘 江泽民为实行领导人任期制和和平移交政权寻找足够的条件。
Q & A
江泽民接受迈克·华莱士专访表现出了什么品质?
-江泽民接受迈克·华莱士专访时,中美关系正处在1989年“六四”事件后的最低谷。江泽民知道华莱士会问一些尖锐甚至狠毒的问题,但他还是接受了采访,这表现出了他的勇气。在其他共产党领导人中,这可谓罕见。
江泽民任内最重要的理论贡献是什么?
-江泽民最重要的理论贡献是提出了“三个代表”重要思想。该理论将中共从革命政党转变为执政党,不再坚持阶级斗争,允许各阶层人士加入,对中国的改革开放起到了重要作用。
江泽民时期面临哪些改革的挑战?
-江泽民时期面临的改革挑战包括:实行下岗,解决国有企业缺乏竞争力的问题;取消双轨价格体制,应对高通胀和人民币大幅贬值;在这些艰难的改革后,中国终于在2001年加入了WTO,中国经济起飞的基础也由此奠定。
江泽民对媒体监督持什么态度?
-江泽民和朱镕基对媒体的监督持开放态度。焦点访谈曝光地方官员迫害餐馆老板致死的新闻后,江泽民立即严厉训斥了云南省委书记。这表明他重视公众舆论监督。
江泽民任内中国经济社会有什么变化?
-江泽民时期中国经济快速增长,人民生活水平逐步提高,社会各阶层都有获得感,媒体也比较自由发展。这是一个值得怀念的文化繁荣时代。
江泽民为何能按时离任让位于胡锦涛?
-江泽民按时离任和平交权,是共产党国家首次实现权力更迭。如果江执政时间过长,可能会破坏这一和平交权预期。江的这种退位让人印象深刻。
江泽民理论中的“三个代表”有何内涵?
-“三个代表”理论提出:中共代表先进社会生产力的发展要求;中共代表先进文化的前进方向;中共代表最广大人民的根本利益。
江泽民在经济改革方面做出了哪些贡献?
-江泽民贡献有:建立社会主义市场经济体制框架;取消双轨价格;解决国企改革和下岗难题;为中国加入WTO奠定基础,开启中国经济高速增长。
江泽民执政初期面临哪些外部环境?
-江泽民刚上台时,中美关系处在1989年“六四”事件后最糟糕阶段。民主党克林顿政府对华极为强硬,江泽民面对的外部环境十分困难。
江泽民与台湾的蒋经国时代有何相似之处?
-江泽民时期中国大陆与台湾蒋经国时代相似,经济虽相对落后但持续增长,不同社会阶层生活逐步改善,法制建设进步,社会开放程度增加,是经历了一个文化繁荣的黄金时代。
Outlines
😊江澤民被訪談勇氣可嘉
江澤民曾接受美國記者麥克·華萊士採訪,展現出勇氣。這是繼鄧小平之後,第二位接受華萊士採訪的中共領導人。現任領導人胡錦濤和習近平都不敢接受西方媒體採訪。江在採訪中面對批評,仍表現堅定。
😀三個代表理論改變黨性質
江澤民最大的理論貢獻是提出三個代表理論。該理論使中共由革命政黨轉變為執政黨,擴大了黨的代表性。這標誌著中共放棄馬克思主義原則,不再實行階級鬥爭,各階層都可以加入黨內。三個代表使黨的統治合法化,人民可以監督質疑。
🤔國企改革艱難江任內基本完成
江澤民時期中國面臨國企改革等艱難改革。他打破鐵飯碗,實行下崗;取消雙軌價格體系,使通貨膨脹;加入WTO,促進對外開放。這些改革代價高昂但必要,奠定日後高速發展基礎。江和朱容基完成中國改革最困難階段。
😊江引領中國走向開明
江澤民根據鄧小平思想,在任時中國經濟文化開始繁榮,社會開放,民眾生活改善,媒體監督作用增強。其開明政策與當時台灣相似。雖1989政改停滯,但市場和法治建設仍在推進,可視為中國發展黃金時代。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡三个代表
💡正常交接权力
💡国有企业改革
💡入世
💡宏观经济
💡南方周末
💡与时俱进,与国际接轨
💡扼杀腐败
💡防大洪水
💡科技兴国
Highlights
江接受过美国记者迈克·华莱士的专访,这显示了他的勇气。
江提出了“三个代表”理论,这是他在位期间最重要的意识形态贡献。
“三个代表”理论将中共从革命党转变为执政党。
江在位时期,中国实现了从计划经济到市场经济的转型。
国企改革是改革开放的关键,这为中国未来发展奠定了基础。
加入WTO标志着中国融入世界,中国经济高速发展的起点。
江在位时期的中国类似于蒋经国时期的台湾,经济增长带来社会各阶层生活改善。
江及时退位,实现了共产主义国家首次和平政权交接,具有历史意义。
江允许媒体监督政府,这是一个政府相对开明的时代。
江面对外国记者问题时表现开放,体现他对言论自由的认同。
与江任内相比,当前中国面临的环境更加严峻。
江在任内中国经济增长带动各阶层生活改善,媒体环境相对宽松。
“三个代表”理论实现意识形态转型,中共从革命党向执政党转变。
国有企业改革解决计划经济难题,为中国改革发展奠定基础。
江退位实现首次共产主义国家领导人和平交接,开创先例。
Transcripts
(Toastmaster) Friends, let's give a warm welcome
(Toastmaster)"Let General Secretary Jiang and Prime Minster Li share some words"
(Audiences are applauding)
(Comrades, friends, ladies and gentlemen as well as audiences at home)
Jiang Zemin has passed away, I want to talk about this former General Secretary today
Generally, my impression of Jiang is quite good
He was once interviewed by Mike Wallace
There are only two Chinese CCP leaders who have been interviewed by Mike Wallace
One was Deng Xiaoping and the other was Jiang Zemin
For his successors, Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping, they did not dare to give interviews to the Western media.
Not to Western media, I am afraid Xi would be terrified to get interview by domestic media.
Thus, that Jiang dared to accept Wallace's interview at that time is definitely thought to show his courage.
When Deng got the interview by Mike Wallace
Firstly, The U.S. and China were still in a honeymoon period
Secondly, the time of interview between Mike Wallace and Deng was severe to be limited
To be honest, Mike Wallace was shocked by Deng's heroical personal charisma at the time
He didn't ask particularly sharp questions
Only some questions about the Lifetime Leadership System
The situation Jiang faced was different
When Jiang got the interview by Mike Wallace
It was the toughest period between U.S and P.R.O.C since Tiananmen Massacre in 1989
And Jiang knew that
Mike Wallace would ask some sensitive or even tougher questions and he accepted that
Mike Wallace point at him and said, "People say you are a dictator"
Jiang still talked and laughed even facing criticism
Among the leaders of the Communist countries
I think he seems to be a rarity of the rarities
(A person's fate, of course, depends on self-struggle)
(We, however, need to consider the process of history)
(I have never anticipated that)
(I would in charge of top power later when I was the mayor of Shanghai)
(Comrade Deng talked to me)
(The CPC Central Committee decided you would be the next general secretary)
(I told to him I was not qualified for such important position. That's true)
(I was just the mayor of Shanghai, I have no experiences in working in the core of China's power)
(But, Comrade Deng insisted on, "We have already decided the final decision")
(Later I quoted a poem "I shall dedicate myself to the interests of the country in life and death irrespective of personal weal and woe")
(After that, I moved to Beijing to start a new journey)
(There are three achievements that I gained when I was general secretary in Beijing for over ten years)
(Firstly I built a framework of socialist market economy)
(Secondary, I introduced Deng's Theory into the Party constitution)
(The third is the Theory of Three Represents)
(If there is one more achievement is that I made a strict order to stop the PLA doing business)
(This order will affect the PLA's fate in the future)
(Because I continue to be the Chairman of Military for another 20 months)
(I have served for 15 years as the Chairman of the Central Military Commission)
(Of course, fighting against the great deluge in 1998 was also a big achievement)
(Compared with the three achievements that I gained; other things were less important)
(I feel ashamed that I did a little work. Thank you)
Jiang has passed away
Today I want talk about over ten years of Jiang's rule.
What are his greatest contributions to Chinese society?
I think the most important one is to build up the Theory of Three Represents
The core of philosophy that CCP believed in the past, like Marxism-Leninism, Maoism, is Class Struggle
The so-called class struggle is to be regarded the Communist Party as a revolutionary party
The labor class is the vanguard for a revolutionary party
The peasants, the bourgeoisie and the intellectuals are either allies or class enemies, who need to be fought
The labor class is the purest element in a revolutionary party
This theory filled by revolutionary perspectives has its own problem
It would sunder the society into different social classes and perpetuate political movements
Even purify the Party itself by endless political movements
The standard of purification is getting harsher to meet
There would be leading an unavoidable result:
The social elites cannot join in the governing system
Actually, the members of intellectual class could be the most valuable fortune for any kinds of society
But the early philosophy that CCP believed
this intellectual was a stinking ninth, and they needed to be remolded by revolutionary force
Mao remarked intellectual class can't carry out China's revolutionary cause
Therefore, the social status of intellectuals is naturally lower than workers and peasants
The Party's ideology decided that
What progressive effects can an intellectual make in such context?
If our society is leading by illiterate, proletarians
The group is enlightened and educated is becoming the target to be remolded and persecuted
Society should be the communities being full of anti-intellectualism
Mao's idea
or Marxism-Leninism, Maoism, they are philosophies to instigate a revolution.
After Deng's economic reform, Deng has abandoned Mao's course in reality
But Deng Xiaoping did not actually have a set of ideologies
If you read the books of Deng's Theory, they are not holistic
When I read Deng's articles, I feel I am reading Confucius's Analects
A short sentence set up a quotation, letting you feel reasonable
(To respect knowledge and to respect talent)
(Regardless of the white cat and black cat, to catch the rat is a good cat)
(Useless to entangle socialism or capitalism, to make economic development is our central task)
Those quotations are not holistic
There is no unified ideology
Deng just realized Mao's idea was wrong
Deng has practiced his idea first, even there was not a completed theorical structure yet
That's why I call him a pragmatist
But a governing Party for a great country
needs a new idea of ideology
Deng destroyed Mao's ideology
But he did not establish his completed philosophy
After Jiang Zemin became the new leader of CCP
He got the help from Wang Huning and reconstructed a set of theoretical system
Which is called Theory of Three Represents
The so-called "Three Represents"
actually transforms the Communist Party from a revolutionary party into a ruling party
The core of Theory of Three Represents is
CCP is no longer the so-called Vanguard of The Working Class
CCP would also represent other social classes
The Communist Party will always represent the most advanced culture
Representing the most advanced ideas, the most advanced productive forces
All classes of the society, including Intellectuals, farmers, and workers
Even bourgeoisie can be a member of CCP's representation
Now, you can figure out the differences comparing with Maoism
As I said in the Deng episode
Communist Party would not be Communist anymore based on the method of Deng's reform
CCP would be transferred into a Party featuring by European social democratic characteristics
Of course, CCP still is the only governing party in China
If CCP practiced the rotation of ruling parties
It would be a non-Communist Party of Communist in the view of ideology
No more Class Struggle
No more Marxism-Leninism, or at least they gave up the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism
The timing throwing away old theoretical structure
Is when Jiang finished constructing his theory name after Theory of Three Represents
After that, CCP has its new theoretical system
We should admire that system is essential
That system marked a Party featuring of revolutionary faith and ideality has started to disintegrate into a governing Party
Individual has the opportunity to criticize a Communist Party in a view of judging a governing Party
We can have supervision by public opinion and criticism outside the Party
A revolutionary Party won't allow people to criticize itself
Definitely not
You repined a revolutionary Party means you are counterrevolutionaries
You are a reactionist against revolution, an enemy against revolutionary masses
When a revolutionary Party has changed to be a governing Party in modern sense
People can query the legitimacy of governing of Party itself
People argue whether the Party is improving economic development or is picking a correct way of management.
If they can not achieve that
The people can criticize the Party and require them to correct the mistakes
That's very very important
I think Jiang's Three Represents Theory
Is the greatest achievement of ideology in his period
That's the first part I want to share
Secondary
I want to say in Jiang's period
He spent the complex and dangerous phases of China's reform and opening up
We all know
The key of China's reform is to transfer nation's plan from economics into market economics
There are no precedents of success in the entire Communist world
We know Russia took an approach called Brittle Disintegration
The old Communist system was gone suddenly
They gave people privatization vouchers through Shock Therapy
The nation-owned system was collapsed
The cost could be heavy
Inflation was 100,000 times higher
The social wealth accumulated by every single person in this country was gone
Eventually an "oligarchic economy" was formed
The wealth gap between ordinary people and these oligarchs was also quite large
The economic development was not so successful
No useful precedents from other Communist countries either
How does a Communist Party lead a state transfer from plan economics into market economics?
There are many challenges
The biggest technical issue is the management of nation-owned companies
At that time, the nation-owned companies were lack of competitive power in China
That is the truth
On the other hand
The employees in nation-owned companies had Communist Party's words
CCP promised they can rely on nation for whole life
No one can be fired without any reason
In Jiang's period
There were several challenges he solved
Firstly, he broke the system of secure job
The system that employees wanted to rely on nation for the whole life was discarded
He decided to marketize those companies lacking competition force though forcing works to lay-off.
Marketization or to be bankrupt, there were only two ways
The company my father used to work
was almost bankrupt in the reform wave of laying-off
Because it lacked competition impetus
For the workers in that period, especially ones who had fallen into the swirl of reform
They were suffered a lot
China had not established a system of social aid or welfare at that time
The fate of many families who laid-off were very miserable
The last prime minister, Zhu Rongji used to remark in his memoirs
It is mandatory to reform nation-owned companies
No changing of nation-owned companies, no future for China's reform and opening-up
Then the challenge bringing by double-track price system
China had a double-track price system at the beginning of price reform
One track was interior price, and another was exterior price
Corruption was endemic in the gap between two tracks of price
So many people could use their privilege
to purchase the goods with cheap interior price
To sell goods with high exterior price to earn lots of money
This was called bureaucrat reselling
They were privilege to realize extra income by using the price gap
Finally, the double-track system was cancelled by Prime Minister Zhu
This cancel also caused a huge throes of economics
Ghastly inflation and substantial devaluation between RMB and US currency
The throes of Chinese economics have lasted for 5 to 8 years
After that, Chinese economy has achieved a high-speed development
Which create the condition for entire economic reform in the future
I personally feel that the most difficult aspects of China's reform during the Jiang and Zhu eras
were accomplished in this area
Eventually, China joined WTO after solving those problems
The extraordinary rise of China's growth was started after China's accession to the WTO
Due to the little tense between the U.S. and the P.R.O.C
Both parties discussed the Most-Favored-Nation Issues every year
I still remember when Long Yongtu discussed with the U.S. about China's accession to the WTO
Media was focusing on the hotspots referring the content of negotiation
All of Chinese were so excited when China joined WTO
We should that China has announced to join the world after that
The real rise of China's growth was started after China's accession to the WTO
(Our beloved Comrade Jiang Zemin came to visit us all)
(Let's welcome Comrade Jiang Zemin with a warm round of applause to make an important speech for us)
(I am so glad to see you today, there are just 3 sentences)
(Firstly, my sincere thanks for accepting my resignation)
(Secondary, thanks to)
The last one, I think the most remarkable point is he left on time
We all know the Communist state practices a system of life tenure
No exception
When Deng got his power, he realized that life tenure was not acceptable
Because his generation of communist leaders had been suffered a lot by Mao's patriarchy
Deng was determined to break the system of life tenure for leaderships
The restricted tenure system was not limited Deng himself
His once inheritors, Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang
Deng did not adopt restricted tenure system in himself
Because Hu and Zhao were abrogated under unusual situation
Jiang was also not the inheritor that nominated by himself
When Jiang was retired in 2002
Deng has passed away for many years
The peaceful change of power between Jiang and his successor
Seems to be the only time in the entire Communist World
To be honest
If Jiang had kept his power, no one could have focused him to be retired
But Jiang got off the vehicle of power on time and gave his position to Hu Jintao
He achieved the first time of the change of power based on the restricted tenure system in Communist World
That has impressed me a lot
Nowadays, people have experienced Xi's constitutional amendment and his ambition of life tenure
You will understand how cherished of the moment that Jiang delivered his power to Hu
Jiang created a precedent in history
A leader can rule this country for 10 years and then he or she must retire.
He or she can keep the welfare for general secretary, but there is no chance to interfere with his successor's policy decisions
We need to notice that Jiang continued to be the chairman of the Central Military Commission over 1 year when he retired from the position of general secretary
He called as help Hu get on a horse and escort a while
Basically, he did not interfere so much with Hu's policy decisions in Hu's 10 years period
I convince that would be a big fact reflecting the benevolence of a dominant leader
If we look through the entire East Asia
I think China in Jiang's period can be similar with Taiwan in Chiang Ching-kuo's period
Why do I believe of that?
It is said that at that time, although the economy was relatively backward
different social classes had been improved step by step
The growth of economy was rising
And the circumstance of each person was improving gradually
The judicial system was also improving, and society was opening up
As a media professional at that time
The era seeded the print media Southern Weekend
And TV program Focus Interview and Eastern Time and Space
It was a time of prosperous development
Although the reform aimed to political system was suspended after 1989
The improvement of marketing and rule of law has continued to be pursued
That was the golden age of China's development
And also, the golden age for our media
I used to say Jiang and Zhu were fully affirmed the role of supervision from public opinion
Let me tell you a story
When I was in the team of Focus Interview
Once we used to report a town mayor compelled owner of restaurant to be death in Yunnan Province
When we broadcast this event to public
Jiang watched it and called to the Secretary of Yunnan Provincial Party Committee immediately
and ordered him to go to the office of central government on the next morning
When this leader of Yunnan Province arrived at Zhongnanhai
Jiang reproached abusively to him
What hell were you doing?
You guys were party's cadres or bandits?
The leader from Yunnan was not dare to response to Jiang's rebuke
When he left the office and he visited the head of CCTV at that time, Zhao Huayong
He talked to Zhao
(I did not mean to complaint that you report this event to public)
(The truth is we have interrogated and dismissed him)
(You should tell the public about this fact)
(I am too nervous to tell Jiang this fact)
The story that I want to referred is that
Jiang and his deputy Zhu paid attention to the supervision of their government from media
They were quite open attitude to the media supervision
There is another example that indicates Jiang's attitude when he faced foreign journalists
When he visited aboard
I convinced his attitude to the speech freedom in western society
Including the fourth method of supervision for person in power from media
He has a large degree of recognition
When he gave a lecture in Harvard University, someone asked him
(Mr. Jiang, how do you feel there are many protestors outside of lecture hall when you have speech right now?)
(I know that)
(The only thing I can do)
(is to make my voice louder, so you can listen to me more clearly)
It definitely was an open epoch that desire our cherished memory
Each social class had the feeling of better life and hope in the future
The present that we are suffering is so frustrated
People always said that, (Competition is a bxxch)
Compare with Jiang's period
Jiang Zemin is quite remarkable
(We should be proud of our motherland's splendid culture)
(We also have to keep up with the times)
(We should blow the trumpet of the new century)
(Let's plant the better fruits of culture)
(Thank you very much)
Sub: Bowen
Proofread: Sun
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