IPv4 and IPv6 - CompTIA A+ 220-1101 - 2.5
Summary
TLDRThe video script explains the fundamentals of Internet Protocol (IP) addressing, focusing on IPv4 and IPv6. It clarifies that IPv4, with its 32-bit structure, is running out of unique addresses, leading to the creation of IPv6, which offers a vast 128-bit address space. The script also covers the importance of subnet masks, default gateways, and DNS servers in network communication, emphasizing the transition from manual IP address memorization to using domain names for ease of access.
Takeaways
- 🌐 IPv4 is the primary internet protocol for device communication, with IP addresses used to identify devices on the network.
- 🔄 Most modern operating systems support both IPv4 and the newer IPv6, which offers a larger address space.
- 📍 An IPv4 address consists of four numbers separated by periods, each representing an 8-bit segment, totaling 32 bits.
- 📊 IPv4 addresses are limited to a maximum value of 255 per segment, which led to the development of IPv6 due to address exhaustion concerns.
- 🚀 IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, providing a vast number of possible addresses, enough for every person on Earth to have many.
- 🔢 IPv6 addresses are divided into eight groups of 16 bits each, typically represented in hexadecimal format for easier handling.
- 🧩 IPv6 simplifies network addressing by using a 64-bit subnet mask, separating network and host addresses.
- 🛠️ Assigning an IP address to a device requires specifying the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for proper network communication.
- 🌐 The Domain Name System (DNS) is crucial for translating human-readable domain names into IP addresses for network routing.
- 🔀 Multiple DNS servers can be configured for redundancy, ensuring network reliability if one server is unavailable.
- 🔑 Configuring DNS in the operating system settings is common practice, with Google's 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4 being popular choices.
Q & A
What is IPv4, and why is it important in today's networks?
-IPv4, or Internet Protocol version 4, is the primary protocol used for most network communications today. It assigns unique IP addresses to devices, enabling them to communicate over a network.
How do IPv4 addresses differ from IPv6 addresses?
-IPv4 addresses are 32-bit addresses represented as four decimal numbers separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.1.131). In contrast, IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses represented in hexadecimal format, separated into eight groups.
Why was IPv6 introduced, and what are its advantages over IPv4?
-IPv6 was introduced due to the limited number of available IPv4 addresses. IPv6 provides a vastly larger address space, allowing for a greater number of devices to have unique IP addresses.
What is a subnet mask, and why is it needed?
-A subnet mask is used to determine which portion of an IP address identifies the network and which part identifies the host. It is essential for organizing and routing traffic within a network.
What is the purpose of a default gateway in a network configuration?
-A default gateway is the IP address of a router that allows devices on a local network to communicate with devices on other networks, such as the internet.
How is an IPv4 address structured in binary form?
-An IPv4 address is structured as four 8-bit segments, each representing a decimal number between 0 and 255. For example, 192 in decimal is 11000000 in binary.
What role does DNS play in network communication?
-DNS, or Domain Name System, translates domain names (like www.google.com) into IP addresses, making it easier for users to access websites without remembering numeric IP addresses.
Why might a device have multiple DNS servers configured?
-Multiple DNS servers are configured as a redundancy measure. If one DNS server is unavailable, the device can use the secondary DNS server to resolve domain names.
What is the significance of the 64-bit subnet mask in IPv6?
-In IPv6, a 64-bit subnet mask divides the address into a 64-bit network prefix and a 64-bit host identifier, which is common in most IPv6 network configurations.
Why is it important to avoid duplicate IP addresses in a network?
-Duplicate IP addresses in a network can cause conflicts, leading to communication issues as devices might not be able to properly send or receive data if they share the same IP address.
Outlines
🌐 Understanding IPv4 and IPv6 Protocols
The script introduces the Internet Protocol (IP), specifically IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the current standard with its addresses represented in four decimal numbers separated by periods, such as 192.168.1.131. It's explained that each number is an 8-bit segment, totaling 32 bits for the entire address. The limitations of IPv4 due to the rapid growth of the internet led to the creation of IPv6, which boasts a 128-bit address length, allowing for an astronomical number of unique addresses. IPv6 addresses are presented in groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons. The script also touches on the importance of DNS for simplifying the process of referring to servers by name rather than their complex IPv6 addresses.
🛠️ Configuring IP Addresses and DNS
This paragraph delves into the configuration of IP addresses, emphasizing the necessity of assigning unique IP addresses to each device on a network to avoid duplication. It explains the role of subnet masks in defining the network and host portions of an IP address, with a common example being 255.255.255.0. The paragraph further discusses the assignment of a default gateway, which is the IP address of a router that enables communication beyond the local subnet, using 192.168.1.1 as an example. The importance of the Domain Name System (DNS) is highlighted, as it translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses, facilitating easier navigation on the internet. The script mentions the configuration of DNS servers, such as Google's 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4, as a critical component of network settings, often with backup DNS servers in place for reliability.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡IPv4
💡IPv6
💡IP Address
💡Binary
💡Subnet Mask
💡Default Gateway
💡DNS Server
💡Domain Name
💡Network Administrator
💡Hexadecimal
💡Router
Highlights
IPv4 is the primary protocol for communication on today's networks.
IPv4 addresses are used on devices for communication.
IPv6 is a newer version of IP with broader support in major operating systems.
A device can have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for internet communication.
IPv4 addresses consist of four numbers separated by periods, totaling 32 bits.
IPv4 addresses can be represented in binary, with each segment being 8 bits or 1 byte.
The maximum value for each octet in an IPv4 address is 255.
IPv4 address capacity was exceeded, leading to the creation of IPv6.
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, allowing for a vast number of unique addresses.
IPv6 addresses can accommodate the global population with multiple addresses each.
IPv6 addresses are divided into eight groups of 16 bits each.
IPv6 addresses are typically represented in hexadecimal format.
DNS is crucial for referring to servers by name instead of complex IPv6 addresses.
IPv6 addresses are often assigned with a 64-bit subnet mask.
Assigning an IP address requires the address itself, a subnet mask, and a default gateway.
DNS servers translate domain names to IP addresses for routing purposes.
Configuring multiple DNS servers ensures redundancy in case one is unavailable.
Google manages DNS servers 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4, providing reliable DNS services.
Transcripts
IP version 4, which you will commonly see written as IPv4,
is the primary protocol for almost everything
that we do on today's networks.
If you're communicating between two different devices,
IP addresses will be used on both of those devices.
There's a newer version of IP called IP version 6 or IPv6.
And you'll find that most major operating systems now
support both IPv4 and IPv6 on those systems.
These are the IP addresses on my device.
I have both IPv4 addresses and IPv6 addresses
that have been assigned to my computer.
This means that I can communicate to any other device
on the internet, either using IPv4 addresses or IPv6.
IPv4 addresses are four separate numbers,
all separated with a period.
So an example of an IPv4 address would be 192.168.1.131.
We can also view this in a binary form.
You can see there are 32 total bits in an IPv4 address.
And they're separated into these four different blocks.
This is the binary representation of 192.
This is the binary representation of 168,
and so on.
You'll sometimes hear these referred to as 8-bit segments,
one byte, or one octet.
And having four of those together
is 32 total bits or 4 bytes of an IPv4 address.
If you were to convert this binary value back to decimal,
you would see that 11000000 is 192.
This also means if we have eight of these bits
and they're all set to 1, the maximum value would be 255.
So any of these groups or octets can
have a maximum value of 255.
We quickly realized with the popularity of the internet
that we were going to exceed the capacity of what
IPv4 addresses could provide.
So we created IPv6 which was a new form of IP that
had a much larger address.
You can see that an IPv6 address is 128 bits in length.
This means that you can have a very large number
of total addresses, which ultimately means
that the $6.8 billion people on Earth
could have a very large number of addresses
for each individual person.
This gives us enough addresses to assign an IPv6 address
to almost anything that we might use.
You can see that IPv6 addresses are separated
into eight different groups.
And each one of those groups consists of 16 bits.
This is also two bytes or two octets.
Instead of displaying these addresses as binary or decimal,
you can see that in IPv6, we choose to address
these in hexadecimal format.
So a common IPv6 address might be FE80 colon colon 5D18 colon
652 colon CFFD colon 8F52.
As you can tell, it's a much larger address.
And in some ways, it's a much more difficult address
to try to memorize.
For that reason, your DNS is going
to be a very important tool to use on your network,
because you'll very often be referring to these servers
by their name instead of their very long and relatively
complicated IPv6 address.
We also tend to see IPv6 addresses assigned
with a 64-bit subnet mask.
That means that the first 64 bits are the network address,
and the last 64 bits are the host address.
If you're assigning an IP address to a device,
there are a number of important configuration parameters
you need to add.
The first would obviously be the IP address itself.
So for IPv4, you might assign it an IP address of 192.168.1.165.
Every device on your network needs a unique IP address.
So you have to make sure there are
no duplicates when you start assigning these IP
addresses to devices.
Along with the IP address, we also
need to assign a subnet mask.
This will normally be assigned by the network administrator.
And it's usually a format like this one,
such as, 255.255.255.0.
Subnet masks are used by the local device
to determine what subnet it happens to be a part of.
So it uses this to mask out the IP address, leaving only
the host address at the end.
You'll often be provided both of these values at the same time.
So if you're assigning an IP to a device,
someone may tell you to assign 192.168.1.165
with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0.
If you only have one of these parameters,
you won't be able to complete the IP address assignment.
Both of these parameters are used in conjunction
with each other.
And you have to have both of them to assign an IP.
If the device also needs to communicate outside
of your local subnet, and most devices do,
you'll need to also assign a default gateway.
This is the IP address of a router
that allows you to communicate outside of your local subnet.
So the default gateway in this particular example
is 192.168.1.1.
In most cases, this is the bare minimum
of configurations you would need to assign to a local device.
So you would need an IP address, a subnet mask, and a default
gateway.
As I mentioned earlier, the domain name system server
or DNS server is also an important component.
We don't commonly type an IP address in the browser
that we're using.
Instead we type www.professormesser.com
or www.google.com.
It would be very complicated if we
had to remember all of these IP addresses and type them
in manually every time we wanted to visit one of these websites.
Instead, we have a service that does this for us.
It converts between these names to an IP address.
This is because the routers and other devices on our network
don't know what these names mean,
but they do know where to send your traffic if there's an IP
address associated with it.
So we need something that can translate
between the fully qualified domain
name, such as professormesser.com,
to an IP address.
And it's the DNS server that provides that translation.
We would commonly configure a DNS in the IP settings
of your operating system.
So in my particular case, I've assigned 8.8.8.8.
You'll also notice there are other DNS servers listed
on my machine.
That's because DNS is such a critical resource
that it's very common to assign two separate DNS IP addresses
to your configuration.
That way if one DNS is not available,
you have another DNS that you can use.
In my example, I have 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4, both of which
are DNS servers managed by Google.
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