The HISTORY of ENGLAND [Part 1] - Prehistoric times through Ancient Britons and Roman Britannia

Summary

This video script offers a sweeping overview of English history from the Paleolithic Era to the fall of Roman Britannia. It explores the geography of Great Britain, the arrival of Homo heidelbergensis, the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, and the Roman conquest. Highlighting key figures like Julius Caesar and Boudicca, it details the cultural and political shifts that shaped the region, culminating in the Anglo-Saxon invasions and the emergence of medieval England.

Takeaways

• 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 The script covers the history of Great Britain from 500,000 years ago to 410 A.D., focusing on the geographical, cultural, and political changes over time.
• 🗺️ Great Britain was once connected to the European continent through a land bridge and was known as Britannia or Albion in antiquity.
• 🏞️ The United Kingdom is a nation composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, with England being the primary focus of the series.
• 🏔️ The geography of England is predominantly flat with the exception of the northern region, which features the Pennine Hills, contrasting with the more pronounced neurography of Scotland's Grampian Mountains.
• 🌊 The River Thames is the most famous river in the UK, known for flowing through London, while the River Severn is the longest.
• 🦕 Early inhabitants of Great Britain, such as Homo heidelbergensis, hunted prehistoric animals that are now extinct, like elephants, rhinoceroses, and hippopotamuses.
• 🕰️ The last ice age ended around 13,000 years ago, leading to the formation of Great Britain as an island and a significant increase in the human population.
• 🏠 The Neolithic period introduced farming, ceramics, and megalithic constructions like Stonehenge, which remains a mystery in terms of its exact purpose.
• 🛡️ The Bronze Age brought the Bell Beaker culture, known for bronze weapons and the exploitation of tin deposits, leading to the famous 'Tin Road' trade route.
• ⚔️ The Iron Age was marked by the arrival of the Celts, who were skilled in ironworking and organized into tribes led by kings and druids.
• 🏛️ Roman conquest of Britannia began under Emperor Claudius and continued with various military campaigns, leading to the establishment of Roman rule and the romanization of the local population.

Q & A

What was the geographical range of the story presented in the video script?

The story in the video script spans from approximately 500,000 years ago to 410 A.D., focusing on the history of Great Britain and its transformation over time.

What were the ancient names for the islands of Great Britain and Ireland?

In antiquity, Great Britain was known as Britannia or Albion, and the island of Ireland was referred to as Eriu, Hibernia, or Erin by the Romans.

What is the United Kingdom and what does it consist of?

The United Kingdom is a nation that is comprised of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The video series is primarily focused on the history of England.

What is the main geographical feature of England, and what is an exception to this feature?

England is generally a flat country with practically no mountains. The northern region is an exception, where the Pennine Hills can be found.

What is the most famous river in the United Kingdom and why is it well-known?

The most famous river is the River Thames, which is well-known for crossing the city of London, even though it is only the second longest river in the United Kingdom.

What is the significance of the Cambrian Mountains in Wales?

The Cambrian Mountains are significant because the River Severn, the longest river in the United Kingdom, starts there. The term 'Cambrian' also refers to an ancient name for Wales and a geological period of the Paleozoic Era.

What is the connection between the Loch Ness and the legend of Nessie?

Loch Ness is known worldwide due to the belief that its murky waters are home to a plesiosaur, a prehistoric creature, nicknamed Nessie.

What was the significance of the land bridge that once connected Great Britain to the European continent?

The land bridge that once connected Great Britain to the European continent, located in what is now the English Channel, was significant because it allowed ancient ancestors like Homo heidelbergensis to populate the lands during the Paleolithic Era.

What is the historical significance of Stonehenge and what are some theories about its purpose?

Stonehenge is historically significant as one of the most famous megalithic constructions in the British Isles, possibly used as an astronomical observatory to predict seasons, although its exact purpose remains a subject of multiple theories and debate.

What was the impact of the Bell Beaker culture on Southern England during the Bronze Age?

The Bell Beaker culture, known for their bell-shaped ceramic jars and the ability to produce bronze weapons, had a significant impact on Southern England during the Bronze Age. They gradually replaced 90% of the local population and contributed to the region's commercial success due to the abundance of tin deposits in Cornwall and Devon.

What were the key events that marked the end of Roman Britannia and the beginning of Anglo-Saxon dominance?

The end of Roman Britannia and the beginning of Anglo-Saxon dominance were marked by the withdrawal of Roman troops by Emperor Constantine III in 407 A.D. due to Barbarian invasions in the Roman Empire, and the subsequent Anglo-Saxon invasions by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from northern Germany and Denmark in 410 A.D.

Outlines

00:00

🏞️ Geography and Early History of Britain

This paragraph sets the stage for the series on English history by discussing the geographical features of Great Britain, including its islands, mountains, rivers, and lakes. It distinguishes between Great Britain and the United Kingdom, emphasizing the focus on England. The paragraph also outlines the prehistoric timeline, from the land bridge connecting Britain to the European continent around 500,000 years ago to the arrival of Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis. The narrative continues with the arrival of Homo sapiens around 40,000 years ago and the transformation of Britain into an island after the last ice age. The paragraph concludes with the Neolithic period and the construction of Stonehenge, highlighting the mystery surrounding its purpose and construction techniques.

05:01

🛡️ The Celtic and Pre-Roman Era in Britain

This section delves into the cultural and societal developments in Britain during the Bronze and Iron Ages. The Bell Beaker culture's influence and the significance of Cornwall and Devon's tin deposits are highlighted, along with the commercial success of the 'tin route'. The paragraph discusses the Wessex culture, the creation of the Huffington White Horse, and other chalk figures. It also covers the arrival of the Celts and their societal structure, including the Druids and the warrior class. The narrative includes the construction of hill forts and the interactions between the Celts and other tribes, leading to the first written records of British history by the Greek explorer Pytheas of Massilia. The paragraph concludes with the Roman Republic's interest in Britain, marked by Julius Caesar's expeditions.

10:01

🏛️ Roman Conquest and Influence in Britannia

The Roman Empire's engagement with Britannia is the focus of this paragraph, detailing the initial invasions by Julius Caesar and the subsequent Roman conquest under Emperor Claudius. It outlines the battles, alliances, and resistance, including the significant figures like Caratacus and Boudicca. The paragraph describes the romanization of Britain, with the establishment of cities, infrastructure, and cultural elements. Londinium's rise as a trade hub and the construction of Hadrian's Wall to defend against the Picts are also covered. The narrative includes various revolts and the reorganization of the provinces, culminating in the military and political instability that marked the end of Roman rule in Britannia.

15:03

🏰 The Fall of Roman Britannia and the Rise of Anglo-Saxon England

This final paragraph chronicles the decline of Roman control in Britannia and the emergence of Anglo-Saxon dominance. It discusses Emperor Constantine III's recall of Roman troops and the subsequent Anglo-Saxon invasions by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The paragraph details the end of Roman Britannia in 410 A.D. and the establishment of the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy, marking the beginning of medieval England. The video concludes with an invitation for viewers to follow the channel for more historical insights.

Keywords

💡Great Britain

Great Britain is the largest island in the British Isles, comprising England, Scotland, and Wales. It is central to the video's theme as it sets the geographical stage for the historical narrative. The script mentions it in the context of its ancient names, Britannia or Albion, and its distinction from the United Kingdom, which also includes Northern Ireland.

💡Paleolithic Era

The Paleolithic Era, or Old Stone Age, is a period in human history characterized by the use of stone tools and early human migration. In the script, it is mentioned as the time when ancient ancestors like Homo heidelbergensis began to populate the lands that would become Great Britain, highlighting the deep historical roots of the region.

💡Neolithic Period

The Neolithic Period, or New Stone Age, is marked by the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, and the construction of permanent settlements. The script discusses this era in relation to the introduction of farming and ceramics in Great Britain, indicating a significant shift in the way of life of its inhabitants.

💡Stonehenge

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, known for its large standing stones arranged in a circle. The script refers to it as a possible astronomical observatory and a significant example of megalithic construction, which is a key point in discussing early cultural and technological advancements in England.

💡Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is characterized by the use of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, for tools and weapons. In the script, the Bronze Age is introduced with the arrival of the Bell Beaker culture, which brought new metallurgical skills and had a significant impact on the region's trade and society.

💡Iron Age

The Iron Age is marked by the widespread use of iron for tools and weapons, which was tougher and more abundant than bronze. The script mentions the Iron Age in the context of the Celts who occupied Great Britain, indicating a period of advanced craftsmanship and societal organization.

💡Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was a vast ancient civilization that at its height controlled much of Europe, the Near East, and North Africa. The script discusses the Roman Empire's invasion and subsequent rule over Britannia, which is pivotal to understanding the region's transformation under Roman governance.

💡Hadrian's Wall

Hadrian's Wall is a historical fortification in northern England, built by the Roman Empire to protect against invasions from the north. The script refers to it as a massive construction project and a symbol of Rome's efforts to maintain control over its northern frontier.

💡Anglo-Saxon

The Anglo-Saxons were a group of Germanic tribes from northern Germany and the Jutland peninsula in Denmark who invaded and settled in Great Britain. The script mentions the Anglo-Saxon invasions as the beginning of a new era in English history, leading to the establishment of the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy, or seven kingdoms.

💡Boudicca

Boudicca, or Boudica, was a queen of the Iceni tribe who led an uprising against the Roman Empire. The script recounts her rebellion as a significant event in the history of Roman Britannia, illustrating the resistance of native tribes against Roman rule.

💡Geography

Geography is the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and human activity on it. The script begins with a discussion of geography to provide a foundational understanding of the regions and landscapes that played a role in the historical events of the video.

Highlights

Introduction to the history of England, covering a vast timeline from 500,000 years ago to 410 A.D.

Geographical overview of Great Britain and the United Kingdom, including the distinction between the island and the nation.

Description of the physical geography of England, including its flat landscape, notable exceptions like the Pennine Hills, and major rivers like the Thames.

Historical account of how Great Britain was once connected to the European continent via a land bridge during the Paleolithic Era.

The arrival and influence of ancient hominids like Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens in Great Britain.

Transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic period, marked by the introduction of farming and ceramics around 5000 BCE.

Megalithic construction in the British Isles, exemplified by the long barrow tombs and the enigmatic Stonehenge.

The Bronze Age's onset around 2500 BCE and the Bell Beaker culture's impact on Southern England's demographics and trade.

The Iron Age's arrival and the Celts' influence on Britannia, including their social structure and conflicts with pre-Celtic tribes.

The Roman Republic's interest in Britannia, initiated by Julius Caesar's expeditions in 55 and 54 BCE.

The Roman Empire's invasion and conquest of Britannia under Emperor Claudius, leading to the establishment of Roman rule.

Resistance against Roman rule, including Boudicca's rebellion and its aftermath, which shaped the Roman province of Britannia.

The Romanization of Britannia, with the development of cities, infrastructure, and cultural assimilation.

The construction of Hadrian's Wall and its significance in the border defense between Roman Britannia and Caledonia.

The decline of Roman Britannia, marked by the withdrawal of Roman troops and the rise of Anglo-Saxon dominance.

The end of Roman rule in Britannia in 410 A.D. and the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period, leading to the formation of the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy.

Transcripts

the following story takes place between

approximately 500 000 years ago and 410

A.D

today we'll begin with the highly

anticipated series about English history

but before we dive in I think it would

be a good idea to set the stage and talk

about geography for a bit

[Music]

[Applause]

what is Great Britain well it's this

island right here and in Antiquity it

was known as Britannia or Albion next to

it is the island of Ireland or era or

Hibernia as the Romans used to call it

so then what exactly is the United

Kingdom well first of all it's a nation

not an island a nation comprised by the

countries of England Wales Scotland and

Northern Ireland and yes the title of

this series is the history of England

because even though we all mention that

the parts from time to time we're going

to focus primarily on England England

perhaps at some point in the future

there will be videos about the rest of

the UK if you'd like that you can let us

know in the comments for the most part

and broadly speaking England is a

generally flat country with practically

no mountains the northern region is the

main exception and that's where you can

find the Pennine Hills not to be

confused with the appenite mountains in

Northern Italy I don't need a geography

in Scotland we find the most pronounced

neurography specifically in the grampian

mountains which are home to Ben Nevis

the highest peak in the United Kingdom

with an altitude of 1 343 meters in

terms of rivers the most famous river is

the River Thames although it's only the

second longest river in the United

Kingdom you've probably heard about it

because it crosses the city of London

other important ones are the great use

the river Trent which crosses Nottingham

and the river ooze in addition the river

seven the longest in the land starts in

Wales specifically in the Cambrian

mountains thus called because Cambria

was the ancient name for Wales as you

may know the cambrick is also a geologic

period of the paleozaic age and it was

named thusly because it was first

identified in Wales lastly in the

Scottish Highlands we find the super

famous lakeness or Loch Ness which is

known all around the world because many

believe that its murky waters are home

to a plesiosaur nicknamed Nessie

um but they're not sorry to disappoint

you

[Music]

[Applause]

around 500 000 years ago Great Britain

was not an island but instead was

connected to the European continent

through a land bridge located in what

today is called the English Channel this

was formed throughout the multiple ice

ages that the Earth went through during

the Paleolithic Era that was how our

ancient ancestors homo heidelbergensis

began to populate these lands they

mostly spent their time hunting

different animals such as prehistoric

elephants rhinoceroses and

hippopotamuses yup you heard that right

a long time ago this area was full of

such huge creatures unaware they're

about to go extinct around 230 000 years

ago other ancient hominids Homo

neanderthalensis began to arrive and

replace the locals quickly taking over

their territories Although our Homo

Sapien ancestors already exists at the

time there is no evidence that any of

them set foot in Great Britain until

roughly around 40 000 years ago however

the number of modern humans was not

significant until the end of the last

ice age around thirteen thousand years

ago the ice sheets melted sea levels

Rose and Great Britain became the island

Island we all know today I guess you

could say that was the original brexit

1.0 mistake after mistake around 5000

BCE the coastline was practically the

same as nowadays but that didn't mean

that Great Britain was isolated from the

rest of the world the following

centuries saw several waves of

immigrants arrive from Europe who

introduced shepherding farming of Wheat

and barley and also Ceramics this

brought the island into the Neolithic

period around 4000 BCE at this time

different groups of humans settled down

in the hills and started to build

stockades and moats one of the best

known is the settlement of windmill Hill

built around 3700 BCE there were also

burials at so-called long barrels which

are collective inhumation tombs that

could reach up to 100 meters in length

perhaps one of the oldest is the West

Kenneth long barrel a tomb in Wiltshire

County where numerous burials were

carried out this was the first

significant example of megalithic

construction in the British Isles

in about 2500 BCE which is around the

time when the Egyptians were building

some of their most famous pyramids a

field north of present-day Salisbury

witnessed the first construction stages

of what would become the famous

Stonehenge apparently this Monumental

cromlet was an astronomical Observatory

which was used to predict Seasons well

actually this hasn't been entirely

confirmed yet it's just one of multiple

theories about the place in truth

scientists can't quite agree on the

purpose of this site perhaps the people

who built Stonehenge liked to celebrate

rituals during the summer solstice

archaeologists have also found burial

sites nearby but what they are

definitely not is interdimensional

portals or the work of Merlin the

sorcerer or temples built by aliens

sorry everyone

what we do know are the construction

techniques they used which apparently

took them almost a thousand years Yes

you heard that right a thousand years

and we've also found the remains of the

homes where the builders lived another

famous site very close to Stonehenge is

durrington walls in the interior of that

Circle experts are found remains of a

Neolithic Village from around 2500 BCE

comprised by a large number of homes

built with mud and wood all organized

around a wide Avenue which led to the

river Avon right next door there was a

circular structure made of wooden posts

which some smartass named woodhenge just

like the stone version we don't know the

purpose of that structure and in fact we

don't even know whether it was open or

had some sort of roof lastly also close

by we have the West Amesbury Circle and

the curses an ancient long moat what

were they used for your guess is as good

as anyone's it's an old Imperial base

the year 2500 BCE is commonly regarded

as the staff of the Bronze Age and with

it came a new wave of humans the Bell

Beaker culture which apart from being

known for its bell-shaped ceramic jars

were also able to produce brawn's

weapons this bronze was obtained by

mixing copper and tin and luckily for

them in the regions of Cornwall and

Devon there were massive tin deposits so

the south of England enjoyed a huge

Commercial Success this became the

famous tin root which crossed Gaul and

reached various different points

throughout the Mediterranean it is

believed that the people the Bell Beaker

culture gradually replaced 90 of the

population in Southern England after

them claimed the Wessex culture who

built necropolises comprised by large

Mounds where they buried their Warrior

Elites from this age it's also worth

mentioning the Huffington White Horse a

110 meter long figure sculpted into a

chalky Hillside in Oxfordshire in case

you didn't know pure white chalk is

quite common in the English South think

the White Cliffs of Dover we also have

the long man of Wilmington and the giant

of Kern Abbas in Dorset but it looks

like these are only 300 years old and

probably more of a prank or a joke

the last prehistoric period was the age

of iron which began around the year 800

BCE iron was super duper cool because it

was much tougher and more abundant than

bronze and so people found it very

useful to make tools and plows and

weapons of course there's always weapons

this materials technology was brought to

Britannia by the Celts who occupied

large parts of the south of the next

Thousand Years these people were

excellent craftsmen who used iron and

other materials and the society was very

well organized they gathered into tribes

led by a king and also had an ability

comprised of the toughest Warriors below

them were the priests the famous Druids

and then the lowest class of Celtic

Society were the peasants Shepherds and

slaves that doesn't sound fair to me at

all these Celts had plenty of run-ins

with the Island's natives especially

with other Fierce pre-celtic Warriors

who lived in the north known as depicts

because of this the Celts began to build

wooden fortresses throughout the land

the most notable were the hill thoughts

which featured complex systems of walls

moats and embankments inside were the

living quarters usually round and made

of wood and then there were the grain

silos raised in wooden poles some of the

most famous are Maiden Castle in Dorset

chin Castle in Cornwall eddersbury

hillfort and Cheshire and East Lowman

Hill Fort up in Scotland towards the end

of 350 BCE the Greek Explorer pythius of

massilia surveyed the British Coastline

well you've got to have a hobby I guess

his is the first written record of the

local history and customs and thanks to

him we know the super cool names of many

British Celtic tribes such as the icini

brigantes kuretan

and others

folks were gradually joined by new

immigrants like the Bell guy who as

their name indicates came from

present-day Belgium together with some

attribatas and perhaps also the

catavilluni these belgay gradually fused

with the britons and their small

villages grew into towns with larger

areas of influence which engaged in

active trade later the Parisi from

northern Gaul also settled down in the

region of modern-day Yorkshire some of

those ancient Celtic tongues have

endured until the present day including

the godelic languages such as Scottish

galic Irish Gaelic and Manish Gaelic

spoken in the Isle of Man this Gaelic

language originated in Ireland but the

scoti extended it to Scotland around the

5th Century and then we have the Britain

languages like Welsh cumbrick spoken in

Cumbria Britain spoken by The britons

Who Would later emigrate to French

Brittany after the Anglo-Saxon invasions

and lastly Cornish still spoken in

Cornwall by about 3 000 people

speak my language this Britannic

Prosperity attracted the interest of the

Roman Republic Julius Caesar was fully

embroiled in the gallic wars when he

decided it would be a great idea to

visit those Rich Celts living in

Britannia he sent two Expeditions one in

55 BCE and another one the following

year in this last one Caesar fought the

Britannic tribe of the catavulunai led

by Casa valanis the first Britain known

to history casavalonis lost that

encounter but Caesar had to return to

Gaul to deal with the portrayal of

communist leader of the attribatas a

gallic Belgian tribe who had changed

size to support his enemy the leader of

the gallic resistance Verkin getterex if

you remember your Roman history you'll

know that Caesar was eventually

Victorious but that war quelled his

interest in Britannia and instead he

returned to Rome to start a civil war

against Pompeii

always always fighting however homius

and his attribatas migrated to Britannia

and settled down there founding a little

kingdom of Their Own no it would take a

whole Century before the Romans decided

to return but when they eventually did

they did so in force invading and

conquering Britannia

[Music]

[Applause]

first emperor of the Roman Empire and

planned to invade Britannia on up to

three occasions but for one reason or

another he was never able to begin his

Conquest Rome had allied with the

trinivantus tribe but in the year 9 A.D

capitalizing on the Roman defeat at

tutorberg Forest the catavulunai led by

their King canobeline started a war and

managed to Corner them King canobeline

was succeeded by his son Togo Dominus

and under his rule the catavulani became

the most powerful Kingdom in southern

Britannia by the way Britannia became

the name of the territory occupied by

the Romans as opposed to Caledonia

formidable Northern Territory which

later became known as Scotland the Celts

who lived there were known as britons

the Romans also called Great Britain

Albion and the island of Ireland was

called Hibernia for the local tribe of

the iverni both Islands formed the

Britannic Isles confused yes oh thank

you for the geography lesson in the year

43 A.D the Romans were still allied with

the trinivantes and later started to

connect with verica king of the

attribatas this

but was defeated and had to flee

Britannia with his tail between his legs

now August is relevant because the Roman

Emperor Claudius took advantage of the

situation and under the pretext of

reinstating verica as king finally

commenced the invasion of Britannia

Roman general Olas platius first gained

control over the territory of the

trinivantus and then went after the

catavulani tokodumnus sought to put up

an anti-roman resistance but was killed

at the Battle of the Thames and was then

succeeded by his brother karatekus the

final battle against the caterpillar

Knight took place at their Capital

Camillo dunum which is modern day

Colchester after that big victory many

Britain tribes accepted the Roman rule

but not karapticus who fled and

organized a new focus of resistance in

the west meanwhile the Romans settled

their Capital at Camilla Dunham and

reinstated verica as king of the

atrobates after swearing fealty to Rome

of course I love Rome over the following

years the Roman progressed throughout

the island was Unstoppable in the year

47 A.D the general and governor of

Britannia asturia scapula LED various

attacks in Wales against the most

powerful tribes the siluries and the

ordovichis headed by karakticus in the

year 50 A.D they were defeated at the

Battle of care karadoc and caractocus

was forced to flee once again this time

he sought Refuge with the tribe of the

brigantes but their Queen Carter mandua

didn't want any trouble with the Romans

and turned him in it is said that

karatekus was put in Chains and brought

before the Emperor who then decided to

be magnanimous and forgive him his life

I own you in contrast another queen in

the area had no intention to befriend

the Romans her name was Boudicca or

bodacia ruler of the issini tribe and

she fought the Invaders between the year

60 and 61 A.D The Story Goes that her

anger came because the last will of her

husband King prasitagus left half of his

territory to Emperor Nero believing that

this would buy them peace unfortunately

after he croaked the Roman procurator of

Britannia katus decianus decided to

confiscate the whole lot and set

extortion at taxes some things never

change and then to topic fall off he had

boudica flogged and allowed some of his

Entourage to have their way with her

daughters all thieves rapist

rapist child molesters

boudicca's rebellion was hugely

successful many tribes joined the

uprising not only because she was the

king's wife but also a priestess of the

war goddess andraste after Gathering a

massive Army ludaka managed to sack

several Roman settlements including

Camillo dunum and londinium however a

few months later Roman general Gaia

sutonius paulinus defeated her at the

Battle of Watling Street and Boudicca

Proud To the End killed herself well to

be honest nobody knows for sure what

happened and there are numerous theories

about how she met her end wounded in

battle drinking poison falling sick or

Japanese style seppuku after this

Victory the situation in southern

Britannia calmed down considerably the

Romans began to romanize the population

the small Celtic Britain kingdoms were

gradually absorbed by the Roman

Administration and Britannia became a

province of the Roman Empire with its

capital at Camilo junum new cities were

founded in large architectural projects

were developed including aqueducts

Pavements Bridges sewer systems public

baths and amphitheaters

sanitation the medicine education wine

public order irrigation Road the fresh

water system of Public Health what are

the Romans ever done for us the

previously mentioned londinium became

the most important Roman city later it

would be called London and then

eventually London without a doubt this

was the largest city and a hub of

Britain Roman trade so much so that the

Romans later made it the provincial

capital while Camillo dunum continued to

be important it gradually lost its

relevance in favor of other places like

Calver celchester lindum Lincoln and

glevum Costa another famous place was

acquisulus thus called for its thermal

Waters which made it a great place to

build cool public baths Small Wonder

then that nowadays it's called bath

lastly the northernmost city was

ibarakum modern day York one Governor we

should mention was Julius Agricola who

conquered a lot of new territory until

he reached Caledonia in the year 80 A.D

there he encountered the first tribe of

the pickles over whom he triumphed at

the Battle of mons gropius in 84 A.D but

the land remained very rebellious and

impossible to control so much so that in

115 A.D the picts overran the Roman and

Garrison ibarakum which led Emperor

Hadrian to order the construction of a

massive defensive wall the famous

Hadrian's Wall Build That Wall build

that war it's 118 kilometers represented

a colossal construction project and far

more importantly served as inspiration

for the war in Game of Thrones but

things didn't end there because

Hadrian's successor antoninus Pius

ordered the construction of a second

wall further North near the fourth Clyde

Isthmus however that project had to be

abandoned and so Hadrian's Wall stood as

the real border between Roman Britannia

and Caledonia cos England and Scotland

share borders the next century was

remarkably unremarkable well except for

when Emperor Septimus Severus tried to

conquer the North in the year 211 A.D

but instead ended up dying at a barakum

then in 260 A.D all of Gul and Britannia

rose up against Rome but this only

lasted for 14 years between 286 and 296

we have the Revolt of gracias this Roman

Naval Chief declared himself emperor of

Britannia and Northern Gaul he managed

to hold on for a decade until he was

defeated by Emperor and tetrock

constantius Cloris daddy of Constantine

the first after that the provinces were

reorganized into Britannia primer

Britannia secunda Flavia cesarensis and

Maximus azarensis and a little while

later the province of Valencia in the

following years more Roman military

leaders tried to gain control of

Britannia for example the year 367

witnessed the great conspiracy in which

a Garrison Hadrian's Wall rebelled and

let in the pits at takotai and scottai

by the way these atacosai and scoti were

two Gaelic tribes from Ireland but began

to migrate to Caledonia and fight

against depicts the scoti would later

learn their name to Scotland I go home

is to Sky Scotland with this we reached

the 5th Century in the year 407 A.D the

Roman Empire was in a pretty bad shape

due to the Barbarian invasions by

Germanic peoples faced with this threat

emperor Constantine III recalled most of

the troops from Britannia to fighting

gold and this was quickly noticed and

just as quickly taken advantage of by

some other Germanic Invaders these were

mainly three tribes angles Saxons and

jutes who came from northern Germany and

the Jutland peninsula in Denmark these

are commonly known as the Anglo-Saxon

invasions in 410 A.D the Romano britons

asked Emperor honorius for help but he

was already up to his neck in it so he

told them that they were going to have

to help themselves therefore that date

marks the end of Roman Britannia and the

start of anglo-saxon dominance which

gradually established seven Petty

kingdoms known as the Anglo-Saxon

heptaki this is the beginning of the

fascinating history of medieval England

which we will cover in the next video

and the rest is history if you enjoyed

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