Ancient Rome in 20 minutes

Summary

This video script offers a sweeping overview of Roman history, from its humble beginnings as a small tribal settlement to its peak as a vast empire spanning continents. It explores Rome's cultural, political, and military evolution, highlighting key events like the establishment of the Republic, the Punic Wars, and the Pax Romana. The narrative delves into Rome's societal structure, the rise of emperors, and the eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire. It also touches on Rome's legacy, including its impact on modern languages and the concept of citizenship, emphasizing Rome's enduring influence on Western civilization.

Takeaways

• 🌍 The Roman Empire's influence was vast, with its territories spanning across much of the known world at the time.
• 🏛 Rome was originally a small settlement of the Latins by the river Tiber and grew to become a significant power through trade and strategic alliances.
• 👥 Rome's early history was marked by a mix of diverse populations, including the Etruscans and Greeks, which contributed to its cultural and political development.
• 🔄 The Roman Republic was established after the last king was expelled, leading to a system where power was shared between two consuls and the Senate.
• 🛡️ Rome's military reforms, including the division of the legion into manipula, made its army more mobile and effective, contributing to its conquests.
• 🏛️ The Pax Romana, a period of relative peace and stability, allowed for significant cultural and infrastructural development within the empire.
• 📚 The Romans adopted and adapted the Greek alphabet, which became the basis for the Latin script used in many modern languages.
• 🏙️ Rome's expansion led to a complex social structure with different levels of citizenship rights, which eventually led to social tensions and reforms.
• 🛑 The fall of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Empire marked a shift in power dynamics, with figures like Julius Caesar and Augustus consolidating control.
• 🏰 The Roman Empire's legacy can be seen in the widespread use of Latin-derived languages and the architectural and cultural influences that persist to this day.

Q & A

What is the significance of the Roman alphabet and how was it created?

The Roman alphabet is significant as it was adapted from the Greek letters to meet the needs of the Latin language. This adaptation facilitated the spread of the Latin language and the Roman civilization, which later influenced many modern languages.

How did Rome's geographical location contribute to its early development?

Rome's location at the crossroads of trade routes between the Atrans to the north and Greek colonies to the south made it an open city and a safe haven for various people, including outcasts and migrants. This contributed to Rome becoming the largest metropolitan city of the ancient world.

What was the Roman Republic and how was it formed?

The Roman Republic was a form of government that replaced the monarchy in 509 BC. It was formed after a struggle for rights between the patricians and the plebeians, leading to the establishment of a more inclusive government where the plebeians could also hold state positions.

What was the impact of the Roman military reforms after the Gallic invasion in 390 BC?

The military reforms led to the Roman legion being divided into smaller, more mobile units called manipula. This increased the army's effectiveness in battle and contributed to Rome's ability to expand its territories and resist powerful adversaries.

Why were the Punic Wars fought and what was their outcome?

The Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage over control of the Mediterranean. The outcome was the destruction of Carthage, with Rome taking control of its territories and becoming the dominant power in the region.

How did Rome's conquests lead to the spread of Roman citizenship and what was its significance?

As Rome conquered new territories, it extended citizenship rights to the conquered peoples, laying the foundation for a vast empire. This policy allowed for greater integration and loyalty among the diverse populations within the empire.

What was the Pax Romana and why is it considered the first example of globalization?

The Pax Romana was a period of relative peace and stability across the Roman Empire, facilitated by Rome's extensive control over its vast territories. It is considered the first example of globalization due to the interconnectedness it fostered through trade, cultural exchange, and the spread of Roman law and language.

How did the assassination of Julius Caesar impact Rome's political structure?

The assassination of Julius Caesar led to further civil wars and eventually the end of the Roman Republic. It paved the way for the rise of Octavian, who became the first Roman Emperor, marking the transition to the Imperial era.

What were the key characteristics of the Roman Empire during the reign of Augustus?

During Augustus's reign, the Roman Empire experienced a period of peace and stability known as the Pax Romana. It was characterized by economic growth, extensive construction projects, and the expansion of citizenship rights, which contributed to the empire's prosperity and cultural influence.

How did the Roman Empire's approach to governance change under Emperor Diocletian?

Under Emperor Diocletian, the Roman Empire was divided into four parts, each ruled by a co-emperor. This tetrarchy system was an attempt to manage the vast territories more effectively. Rome lost its central significance, and the empire was governed by a bureaucracy reporting directly to the emperors.

What was the role of Christianity in the later stages of the Roman Empire?

Christianity played a significant role in the later stages of the Roman Empire. Emperor Constantine the Great made all religions equal and later, Emperor Theodosius I made Christianity the official religion, leading to the construction of churches and the decline of traditional pagan temples.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ The Rise and Legacy of Rome

This paragraph discusses the Roman Empire's influence on modern languages and its historical scope. It begins with the Roman numerals and the concept of Pax Romana, marking the first signs of globalization. Rome's history is traced back to its origins as a small settlement by the Tiber River, highlighting its growth into a global power. The paragraph also covers Rome's early political structure, including the roles of consuls, patricians, and plebeians, and the development of the Roman Republic. It touches on Rome's military innovations, such as the reformation of the Roman legion into manipula, and its strategic alliances with conquered territories, which contributed to its enduring success.

05:01

🛡️ Military Conquests and Cultural Shifts

The second paragraph delves into Rome's military conquests, including the defeat of Carthage and the incorporation of Greek culture into Roman society. It discusses the political and social changes that occurred as Rome expanded, such as the demand for citizenship rights from non-Roman Italians and the shift in power dynamics within the Senate. The paragraph also covers the rise of Julius Caesar and his impact on Roman politics, leading to the transformation of the Republic into an Empire. It highlights the assassination of Caesar and the subsequent power struggle that led to Octavian's rise as the first Emperor, marking the beginning of the Pax Romana and the spread of Roman citizenship across the conquered territories.

10:02

🏟️ The Pax Romana and the Fall of the Republic

This paragraph focuses on the Pax Romana, a period of relative peace and stability in the Roman Empire. It discusses the economic and cultural prosperity during this time, including the construction of monumental buildings like the Colosseum and the Pantheon. The paragraph also explores the rise and fall of various emperors, from Augustus's long reign to the chaotic period that followed, marked by the rise of the Praetorian Guard's influence on the imperial succession. It highlights the cultural shifts, such as the adoption of Greek as a second state language and the impact of Christianity on the Empire, leading to the eventual split of the Empire into Western and Eastern halves.

15:08

🏰 The Transformation of the Roman Empire

The fourth paragraph details the transformation of the Roman Empire under various emperors, from the 'Five Good Emperors' to the crisis of the third century. It discusses the expansion of the Empire, the construction of infrastructure like roads and fortifications, and the cultural achievements, such as the Pantheon's architectural marvel. The paragraph also covers the decline of the Western Roman Empire, marked by a series of short-lived emperors and the rise of Constantine the Great, who made Christianity the official religion and moved the capital to Constantinople. It ends with the division of the Empire into Western and Eastern halves and the eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire to barbarian invasions.

20:10

🌟 The Enduring Impact of Rome

The final paragraph reflects on the enduring impact of Rome, not only in its time but also on subsequent civilizations. It discusses the concept of Rome as a global state that lasted for over a thousand years and the question of how Rome managed to achieve such longevity. The paragraph suggests that the life and career of Jesus, as an example of social mobility within the Roman Empire, may be indicative of Rome's ability to adapt and integrate diverse cultures and peoples. It concludes with a call to action for viewers to engage with more content about ancient history and other topics, encouraging them to subscribe to the channel for further exploration.

Keywords

💡Pax Romana

Pax Romana, or 'Roman Peace,' refers to the relative peace and stability that pervaded the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 180 AD. This period was marked by a lack of significant foreign threats and internal strife, allowing for economic growth, the spread of the Roman legal system, and the construction of infrastructure. In the video, Pax Romana is mentioned as the first example of globalization, illustrating the extensive reach and influence of Rome's peace, which helped to spread its culture and language across vast territories.

💡Roman Legion

The Roman Legion was the principal military unit of the Roman army, consisting of thousands of heavy infantrymen. It was known for its discipline, training, and tactical formations, which allowed Rome to conquer and maintain control over its vast empire. In the script, the Roman Legion is highlighted for its military reforms that made it more mobile and effective in battle, contributing to Rome's success in wars against various adversaries.

💡Latin Alphabet

The Latin Alphabet is the writing system used by the Romans, which was adapted from the Etruscan alphabet, itself derived from the Greek alphabet. It became the basis for many modern European writing systems. The script mentions that the Latins invented the Latin alphabet by adapting Greek letters, which played a crucial role in the spread of the Latin language and, by extension, the Roman civilization.

💡Republic

In the context of ancient Rome, a Republic refers to the period from 509 BC to 27 BC when the city was not under the rule of a single monarch but was governed by elected officials such as consuls and the Senate. The script describes the struggle for rights between the patricians and plebeians, which led to the formation of the Republic and the establishment of a more inclusive political system.

💡Plebeians

Plebeians were the commoners of ancient Rome who were not part of the patrician class. They played a significant role in the political development of Rome, often demanding and achieving greater rights and representation. The video script discusses the plebeians' struggle for rights, which led to the creation of the Republic and the establishment of tribunes to represent their interests.

💡Punic Wars

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. These conflicts were pivotal in shaping the Mediterranean world, with Rome emerging as the dominant power. The script mentions the Punic Wars as a significant part of Roman history, showcasing Rome's military prowess and its determination to control the Mediterranean trade routes.

💡Citizenship

In ancient Rome, citizenship denoted the legal status of being a member of the Roman community with rights and responsibilities. The script discusses the extension of citizenship rights as a key aspect of Roman policy, which helped to integrate conquered peoples into the empire and contributed to the stability and cohesion of the Roman state.

💡Emperor

An Emperor in the Roman context refers to the ruler of the Roman Empire, particularly after the transition from the Republic to the Empire in 27 BC. The script traces the rise of emperors like Augustus and the subsequent changes in governance, highlighting how the role of the emperor evolved and the impact on the political structure of the empire.

💡Globalization

Globalization, as mentioned in the script, refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of different regions and peoples across the world. The Roman Empire is cited as an early example of globalization due to its vast reach and the spread of its culture, language, and systems of governance, which had a lasting impact on the regions it controlled.

💡Senate

The Roman Senate was a political institution in ancient Rome composed of patricians, the aristocratic class. It served as an advisory body to the magistrates and played a significant role in the governance of the Republic and later the Empire. The script describes the Senate's role in the early Roman Republic and its transformation over time, reflecting the changing political dynamics of Rome.

💡Gladiatorial Games

Gladiatorial games were public spectacles in ancient Rome where pairs of fighters, usually slaves, prisoners of war, or condemned criminals, engaged in combat to the death. The script mentions gladiatorial games as part of Roman culture, reflecting the society's values and the entertainment preferences of the time, which also served to demonstrate the power and wealth of the Roman elite.

Highlights

The Roman Empire's influence on modern languages and globalization.

Rome's origin as a small tribal settlement by the river Tyber.

Rome's unique policy of offering citizenship to migrants, contributing to its growth as a metropolis.

The Roman alphabet's derivation from the Greek, showcasing cultural exchange.

The shift from monarchy to a republic following the expulsion of the last king, Tarquin the Proud.

The struggle between patricians and plebeians leading to the formation of the Republic.

The significance of the Roman formula 'Senatus Populusque Romanus' symbolizing unity.

The military reform after the Gallic invasion that made the Roman army more mobile.

The strategic alliances with conquered peoples,不同于其他帝国的征服方式。

The Punic Wars and the rise of Rome as the dominant power in the Mediterranean.

The cultural impact of Greek on Rome, including the adoption of Greek as a second state language.

The social and political changes that led to the demand for citizenship rights by non-Romans.

The rise of Julius Caesar and the transformation of the Roman political structure.

The assassination of Caesar and the subsequent power struggle leading to Octavian's rise.

Augustus's reign and the establishment of the Pax Romana, a period of relative peace and stability.

The architectural and infrastructural developments during the Empire's golden age.

The decline of the Western Roman Empire due to internal strife and external pressures.

The division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern halves, leading to the rise of Byzantium.

The final fall of the Western Roman Empire and the end of the ancient world's concept of free citizens.

Transcripts

here are the letters the Romans gave

us and here are the countries whose

languages derive from Latin today they

cover half the

World As for the ancient Romans the

boundaries of their state encompassed

their entire civilization the Roman

peace or Pax Romana serves as the first

example of globalization let's take a

walk across 12 centuries of the Roman

history and yes those numerals are also

a Roman Legacy

[Music]

what is Rome a city on Seven Hills

capital of Italy but that is today and

2,000 years ago there it is another

thousand years ago there a tiny tribal

settlement of the Latins by the river

Tyber how did this manage to conquer the

world first it was lucky with its

neighbors to the north the atrans of

modern Tuscan a mysterious people whose

language has never been fully deciphered

to the South Greek colonies these

peoples all traded with each other it

was at the crossroads of their trade

routes that Rome appeared from the very

start Rome has been an open City a safe

haven for outcasts murderers runaway

slaves Rome offered migrants a unique

opportunity to become fully fledged

citizens this will make Rome the largest

metropolitan city of the ancient world

the Romans themselves believed they were

descendants of refugees from the Middle

East who had survived the Trojan War

Romulus and Remis were the great

grandchildren of the Trojan hero anas

nursed by an Italian She Wolf the

brothers quarreled where to sight the

future world Capital Romulus killed

Remis gave his name to the city and

became its first ruler as Legend has it

there were seven Kings Each of which

enjoyed a lengthy Reign and left some

beneficial Legacy a calendar a SE system

or the capitolium a temple to the senior

God Jupiter much of what the Romans

later became famous for aqueducts

Bridges perhaps even the gladiatorial

games were borrowed from the atrans this

people had invented the Latin alphabet

by adapting the Greek letters for their

own needs it's not surprising that their

last kings were at truscan Rome borrowed

her military and government organization

from them while maintaining her Stern

patriarchal Simplicity in 509 Rome was

shaken by a sex candle the son of King

tan the proud raped the chased lucrecia

ton was expelled making him the last

king of

Rome the Romans decided to prevent any

such concentration of power ever again

from 509 onwards they elected two

consuls to serve a year of Peace instead

of a monarch the consuls were controlled

by the Senate this consisted of 300

fathers patrus in Latin hence the term

patricians those not so lucky to be born

into the right families joined the plebs

even if they were as rich as patricians

they were not entitled to take up

positions in the state it is in the 200e

struggle for these rights that the

Republic literally meaning public thing

will be formed the pans would make up

the backbone of the army and to have

their own way they would threaten the

fledgling state with immigration to a

neighboring Hill each time the scared

patricians caved in introducing for

instance the special position of a

representative or Tribune of the

plebians these had the right to veto any

decisions of the consols one of the main

achievements of the plug was the

publication of the first written

laws by 287 BC the pans had achieved

complete equality rights with the

patricians the unity of Rome found its

best expression in the formula Sonata

papus Romanus the Senate and the Roman

people which still adorns the manhole

covers in

[Applause]

Rome in 390 BC the history of Rome could

have come to an end the city was

unexpectedly taken by the GS the guard

dogs had sensed no danger for which they

would be crucified every year since

geese awoke the last Protectors of the

capitaline Hill Fortress instead saving

Rome from complete destruction the

shaken Romans conducted a military

reform the Roman legion was divided into

manipula making it more Mobile in battle

the Roman army spent the next 100 years

in constant Wars instead of Simply

imposing a tribute on the conquered the

Romans would enter into a treaty of

alliance with them and the loyal allies

Supply Rome with a NeverEnding stream of

recruits thanks to this the Roman

Legions were able to stand their ground

in b battle with the most efficient

fighting force of the time the all

conquering Macedonian phallic led by pus

a relative of Alexander the Great the

last stronghold of resistance in ital

the Greek city of taranum then hired the

most costly and celebrated contemporary

warlord of the time to defend against

Roman expansion having conquered

Tarentum and reach Sicily Rome now had

to take on a much more dangerous

adversary Carthage lord of the

Mediterranean the Romans called the

Phoenicians of Carthage Punic hence the

Punic Wars they were fought over the

next 100 years in 149 BC Rome had taken

the greater part of Punic territory and

that of their allies but after each

defeat the trading power of Carthage

would rapidly recover Senator Kato the

Elder began to finish every speech with

the same refrain Carthage must be

destroyed and so it was done the city

was wiped out all of its population was

enslaved allegedly plowing salt into the

Earth as an eternal curse also in 146 BC

the Romans wiped out another city

Corinth making Greece and Macedonia

Roman provinces Rome appropriated the

Colossal Riches of the disintegrating

Empire of Alexander but the patriarchal

Simplicity of Rome succumbed to the

sophisticated Greek culture Greek became

in effect a second state language the

Roman ability busied itself learning new

words hexam history rhetoric Cicero the

most famed orator of Rome would come to

model his speeches on those of the Greek

demosthenes however across this immense

territory four rights were only afforded

to the Romans themselves even other

Italians the majority of the military

had no citizenship rights these would

demand equality declare war and win the

right to take part in managing the state

this was a total GameChanger while

ancient Greece remained a collection of

squabbling city states Rome gradually

extended citizenship rights to the

conquered laying down the bases for an

[Music]

Empire having conquered half the world

Rome fell victim to globalization cheap

grain and an inflow of unpaid slave

labor bankrupted the small farmers these

rushed into the cities and joined the

ranks of the proletarian it those who

have nothing to lose except their own

offspring at the same time the rich grew

a 100 times richer having bought Land

from the ruined peasants for a song

previously United the Senate and the

Roman people split into two hostile

camps the tribunes of the people the

grai brothers would try to reconcile

them they proposed granting excessed

public lands to the impoverished

peasants and suggested free

distributions of bread to the poor the

disgruntled Senators decided decided to

suppress the gratti movement by force

killing the brothers and several

thousand of their allies Rome was

gripped by Civil Wars social Mobility

for the proletariat was offered by gas

Marius a popular General he began

enrolling the proletariat into the army

with a promise of a grant of land at the

end of service this would make the

legions personally devoted to their

Generals in 49 BC two outstanding

generals fought over Rome gas pompus had

won the Eastern provinces for Rome

including Restless

Judea cleared the Mediterranean of

piracy defeated Sparta's slave revolt

and justifiably added the title great to

his name gas Julius Caesar had conquered

Gaul nowadays they would call it

genocide he butchered a million Gs and

enslaved as many more he went on to

defeat the Germans and then invad

invaded Britain according to the law a

general had to dismiss his Legions

before returning to Rome and in return

have his moment of Glory a triumphal

entry into the capital to the Applause

of the citizens Caesar performed a

hitherto unseen maneuver he refused to

submit to the Senate and having crossed

the Italian border the river Rubicon

marched his Legions to

Rome it would take him several years to

defeat pompy the great and his other

Rivals pitching Roman legance against

each other

in the process Caesar annexed new

territories and gave Cleopatra the

Egyptian Throne after a romantic Cruise

along the Nile she would give birth to

cerion or Little

Caesar on his return Caesar would add

imperator or Emperor to his name titled

originally meaning Victorious commander

and gain control of all political

positions Consul tribun of the people

and dictator

rumors spread that Caesar wanted to

declare himself King conspiracy was

brewing in the Senate and Caesar was

assassinated Caesar left his wealth

quite unexpectedly for all concerned to

his Grand nephew 19-year-old gas

Octavius this Octavian immediately

joined in the power struggle in 31 BC he

defeated his last rival the warlord Mark

Anthony who likewise had an affair with

Cleopatra the lovers would take their

own lives Octavian was left so ruler of

a vast

[Music]

territory Julius Caesar ruled for 4

years Octavian assuming the title

Augustus meaning the venerable or the

great ruled for an endless 43

years he didn't formally abolish the

Republic he simply took control of all

possible positions making his power

almost absolute but he modestly called

himself prps the first Senator and even

though skirmishes with barbarians

continued along the borders inside them

the period of pxr set in a period of

peace and stability that was to last 200

years the Empire experienced an economic

upswing bread was distributed for free

to 200,000 people on Augustus orders a

500 M Basin was dug at the very center

of the capital where 3,000 Gladiators

mimic sea battles on real sea vessels in

Rome construction was brooming concrete

multi-story districts were growing

Augustus had to introduce height

regulations limiting skyscrapers to six

floors and still the citizens were

unhappy they complained about traffic

jams pollution of the Waters of the

Tyber and high

rents the golden Century of poetry

dawned myus a quasi minister of culture

allocated special grants to praise the

value of the state temples would be

built in the honor of Augustus and even

a month was named after him thus the

cult of the Roman emperors was emerging

they would come to be venerated

alongside Mars and

[Music]

Jupiter after Augustus power became

hereditary the senatorial opposition has

left us Vivid portraits of the first

Emperors suspicious Tiberius Unleashed

Terror under the pretext of the law on

treason under this law any action could

be deemed offensive

it was enough not to sufficiently praise

the Emperor or pay it a brothel with

coins bearing his

portrait in distant Judea a preacher

refusing to worship the Emperor as God

was

crucified Caligula wanted to make his

horse a console a scholar and gour

Claudius was too occupied with feasting

and the reforming of the alphabet to

keep an eye on court intrigues one of

his wives Melina was giving women of

easy virtue a run for the money in the

brothel and the other agripina poisoned

Claudius with mushrooms to enthrone her

son from another marriage Nero Nero

believing that he was a born actor not

an emperor would later kill his own

mother and then allegedly the apostles

Peter and Paul then he again allegedly

Set Fire To Rome so as to read the

verses on the fall of Troy during the

blaze he would accused the first

Christians of Arsen and initiated their

persecution and finally finally he took

his own

life most details of this era are known

from tacitus a historian and senator who

observed the degradation of Republican

institutions fate of the empire was now

decided not so much by the Senate as by

the petorian guards the emperor's

personal security Force created back in

the times of Augustus these suffocated

tiberias with a cushion slayed kiga By

The Sword and hailed Claudius emperor in

all fairness at the same time the empire

grew expanding into new territories

Roman Legions conquered part of Britain

where they founded a town called

londinium provinces were given a

transparent taxation system and the

non-roman nobility began to enter the

Senate on mass a grandchild of an

Italian Peasant Vespasian flavius would

become the founder of the next

Dynasty Vespasian and Titus suppressing

the uprising in Juda committed genocide

again according to modern day not Roman

standards and reduced the Temple of

Jerusalem to nothing but the Wailing

Wall on a lighter note Vespasian had a

jolly good Roman predisposition he taxed

the collectors of uran at the public

toilets and Titus the destroyer of

Jerusalem would nevertheless obtain the

title of merciful after a splendid

Triumph he opened the Coliseum for the

people Titus would be called the love

and consolation of human kind and after

such festivities had depleted the public

treasury vvus destroyed Pompei plague

devastated half Italy and Titus became a

God the second century would go down in

history as the era of the good Emperors

trasan was considered by his

contemporaries the best Emperor ever

Rome became a million Strong City and

the Empire reached its largest extent

Rome connected on new territories via

network of paved roads this system still

determines the transport map of Europe

after Tran's Conquest Adrien buied

himself with defense erecting massive

fortifications in Britain and between

the Ry and the danu pantheon was built

in Rome the first temple to be topped by

a massive Dome a real architectural

sensation of the day dedicated to all

the gods hadrien would also include his

lover among them the young antinas more

of his images have survived than of any

Roman the last good Emperor the throned

philosopher Marcus aurelus would spend

most of his Reign on Military

Expeditions in between battles he wrote

his Manifesto for stoic philosophy

[Music]

meditations it was under Marcus

aurelius's son Commodus that the Pax

Romana the Roman peace came to an end he

preferred a gladiator's glory to the

Affairs of

State conspirators had the emperor

strangled by a fellow Fighter the slave

narcissus Rome sank into chaos the next

100 years brought a sequence of random

Emperors proclaimed by the Army taking

their turn on the throne were a

liberated slave of a fortune Seeker who

bought the throne at an auction General

Punic descent who would Place statues of

the former enemy Hannibal all over the

Empire a Syrian priest of the sun and a

former Shepherd who owed his popularity

ity to his powerful

Physique in 20112 Emperor caraka half

North African half Syrian granted Roman

citizenship to nearly all free subjects

of the

Empire the idea that you could be a

Roman in Judea in Africa or any other

corner of the Empire at all might well

be the main Legacy of Rome still in use

today by mid-century Rome was already in

the midst of such a crisis that the

whole provinces were starting to split

off the GS for instance proclaimed an

Empire of their own order would be

restored by the son of a liberated slave

Dian having started his career as a

soldier he would end up an absolute

monarch an astonishing example of social

Mobility Dian split the empire into four

with four co-rulers at four capitals

situated closer to the frontier Rome

lost its significance the Senate became

a town Council the country was now ruled

by an army of officials personally

reporting to the emperor thus the

ancient world centered around the

concept of a free community and free

citizens came to an end from the

princeps the first Senator the emperor

had become the Dominus a title by which

slaves addressed their masters the

citizen became a subject the warrior

turned into a soldier and the farmer a

semi surf Dian himself resigned from the

post of Emperor 20 years later and went

off to his estate to grow

cabbages after Di's departure the

co-rulers were fighting for power

Constantine the future St Constantine

the Great emerging Victorious before the

crucial battle for Rome he allegedly had

a vision of a cross after this he made

all religions equal after 300 years of

persecutions the Christians came out of

the Catacombs and were now on entitled

to build churches alongside the temples

of Augustus and Mars Constantine would

take the cross from Jerusalem to the new

capital of the Roman Empire

Constantinople theodosius I first would

make Christianity the official religion

and begin to destroy the ancient temples

he would also be the last emperor of a

United Roman Empire his sons split the

empire into West and East the eastern

half would live another thousand years

and is known to us as Byzantium

the western part would fall victim to

the great migration of peoples Rome

founded by migrants would fall to the

onslaught of a new wave of refugees

ironically the last ruler of Rome would

be called

Romulus in modern Rome not far from the

Coliseum and the ruins of the for there

is a

tomb its occupant was neither Emperor

nor Senator but a simple B Aker called

Uris likely born a slave into a family

of Greek migrants he later entered into

a bread Supply contract with the capital

and became so rich that he could build

such a monument for himself and his

wife before Rome in ancient Egypt and

elsewhere or after Rome during the

Middle Ages a man would die in the same

station and life as he had been born the

life and career of jusus is an answer to

the question of how Rome was able to

create a global state that lasted over a

thousand

[Music]

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