The Tibia
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script explores the anatomy of the tibia and fibula, focusing on their roles in the human leg. It details the tibia's function as the weight-bearing bone, connecting the foot to the knee, and the fibula's role as a muscle attachment site. The script delves into specific bony landmarks, such as the tibial tuberosity and Gerdy's tubercle, and explains how muscles and ligaments interact with these bones, particularly around the knee and ankle joints. It also touches on the potential for injury and the importance of these bones in movement and stability.
Takeaways
- 🦿 The tibia and fibula are the two primary bones of the lower leg, with the tibia being the larger and more weight-bearing bone.
- 📐 The tibia has a triangular cross-section and is palpable as the 'shin bone', which is a key landmark for muscle attachment sites.
- 🔗 The fibula is considered more of an attachment point for muscles and is a smaller bone located laterally to the tibia.
- 🦴 The tibia articulates with the femur at the knee and with the ankle joint, playing a crucial role in weight distribution and movement.
- 🏞 The tibial plateau is a flat surface that articulates with the femur, forming part of the knee joint.
- 💪 The tibial tuberosity is a prominent bony landmark where the patellar ligament attaches, indicating a significant muscle attachment site.
- 🏃♂️ Gerdy's tubercle, located on the lateral side of the tibia, is where the iliotibial band attaches, important for knee joint stabilization.
- 🦵 The posterior tibia features the soleal line, indicating attachment sites for muscles such as tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus.
- 🤸♂️ The distal tibia includes the medial malleolus, a palpable bony prominence that forms part of the ankle joint.
- 🔗 The distal tibiofibular joint is a syndesmosis, a fibrous joint designed for stability and minimal movement, essential for ankle function.
- 🦿 The interosseous membrane connects the tibia and fibula, separating the leg into anterior and posterior compartments with distinct muscle groups and functions.
Q & A
What are the two primary bones in the lower leg?
-The two primary bones in the lower leg are the tibia and the fibula.
What is the tibia commonly known as?
-The tibia is commonly known as the shin bone.
How does the shape of the tibia's cross-section contribute to muscle attachment?
-The tibia's cross-section is triangular, providing a ridge and flat surfaces for muscle attachment on either side.
What is the function of the fibula in the lower leg?
-The fibula serves as an attachment point for muscles and is considered a remnant of an earlier stage in bone evolution, playing a supportive role to the tibia.
What is the tibial plateau?
-The tibial plateau is the flat surface on the tibia where the femur sits and rolls against, covered in articular cartilage.
What is the tibial tuberosity and its significance?
-The tibial tuberosity is a prominent bony lump on the anterior side of the tibia, where the patellar tendon attaches, serving as a major muscle attachment site.
What is the significance of Gerdy's tubercle in runners?
-Gerdy's tubercle is where the iliotibial tract attaches to the tibia, playing a role in stabilizing the knee joint and potentially causing knee pain if the ITB becomes tight.
What is the role of the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula?
-The interosseous membrane is a thick fibrous membrane that links the tibia and fibula along their length, providing stability and separating the leg into anterior and posterior compartments.
What is the distal tibiofibular joint and its function?
-The distal tibiofibular joint is a syndesmosis, a fibrous joint with little to no movement, that helps form the socket shape for the talus bone at the ankle.
What is the medial malleolus and its importance in the ankle?
-The medial malleolus is the bony protrusion on the medial side of the ankle, part of the tibia, which forms the hinge joint with the talus and is palpable on physical examination.
What does the term 'condyle' refer to in bone anatomy?
-Condyle refers to a knuckle-like rounded projection on bones, often found at joints, such as the tibial condyles on the tibia.
Outlines
🦿 Anatomy of the Tibia and Fibula
This paragraph introduces the bones of the lower leg, focusing on the fibula, and explains how to identify its location and articulations. It describes the palpable features of the tibia, including its triangular cross-section and the muscles that attach to it. The script also discusses the roles of the tibia and fibula in supporting body weight and muscle attachment, respectively, and touches on the etymology of their names.
🏃♂️ The Tibia's Role in Movement and Muscle Attachments
The second paragraph delves into the anatomy of the tibia, highlighting its importance as the second largest bone in the body for weight transfer. It describes the tibial plateau, tibial tuberosity, and Gerdy's tubercle, explaining their roles in muscle attachment and potential impact on knee stability. The paragraph also discusses the iliotibial band and its connection to the tibia, which is crucial for runners and can cause knee pain if tight.
🦴 Detailed Examination of the Proximal and Distal Tibia
This section provides an in-depth look at the proximal and distal ends of the tibia, discussing the condyles, intercondylar eminence, and the attachments of various muscles and ligaments. It explains the synovial joint between the tibia and fibula and the interosseous membrane that connects them. The paragraph also covers the distal tibia's role in forming the ankle joint and the importance of the medial and lateral malleoli.
👣 The Medial and Lateral Malleoli of the Ankle
The final paragraph concludes the discussion on the tibia by focusing on its distal end, particularly the medial malleolus, which is palpable and forms the medial side of the ankle joint. It describes the medial malleolus's large flat articular surface and its role in weight-bearing. The paragraph also contrasts the medial malleolus with the lateral malleolus of the fibula, which forms the lateral side of the ankle joint, and briefly mentions the groove for the tendon of tibialis posterior.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Tibia
💡Fibula
💡Articulation
💡Muscle Attachment
💡Tibial Tuberosity
💡Gerdy's Tubercle
💡Interosseous Membrane
💡Medial Malleolus
💡Ligament
💡Syndesmosis
💡Anterior and Posterior Compartments
Highlights
The tibia and fibula are two bones in the lower leg that articulate with each other and with other bones.
The tibia is the shin bone and is palpable due to its superficial and subcutaneous nature.
The fibula's role is primarily as an attachment for muscles and is considered a remnant of early human anatomy.
The tibia is the second largest bone in the body, responsible for transferring body weight from the foot to the knee.
The tibia has a triangular cross-section with a ridge that can be felt on the shin.
The fibula head articulates with the tibia, contributing to the stability of the knee joint.
The tibial tuberosity is a prominent bony lump where the patellar ligament attaches.
Gerdy's tubercle is a point of interest for runners as it is where the iliotibial tract attaches to the tibia.
The posterior tibia features the soleal line, indicating the attachment of muscles such as tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus.
The distal tibia forms the medial malleolus, a palpable bony prominence on the inner ankle.
The fibula and tibia are connected by the interosseous membrane, dividing the leg into anterior and posterior compartments.
The distal tibiofibular joint is a syndesmosis, a fibrous joint with minimal movement, essential for ankle stability.
The medial malleolus of the tibia has a large flat articular surface for the ankle's hinge joint.
The tibia's shape and structure are crucial for weight-bearing and muscle attachment.
Anatomical knowledge of the tibia and fibula is essential for understanding leg function and potential injuries.
The tibia's proximal and distal ends articulate with the femur and ankle bones, respectively, forming critical joints.
The tibia's intercondylar eminence locks into the femur, contributing to knee joint stability.
The tibia's distal end features the fibula notch and medial malleolus, integral to ankle joint formation.
Transcripts
[Music]
you talk about the tibia fine well we
can talk about the tibia I've got a
fibula because these two articulate what
we'll do is we'll look at the fibula
work out where it is I reckon you know
where it is what it articulates with and
we'll look at the lumpy bumpy bits on it
and there might be a very good nod to
some muscles that attach the lumpy bumpy
bits right it's a left one all right one
[Music]
the left one
okay must stand you on the table so you
see your legs I'll try and do in under
four hours should we where is it well of
course it's here all right that's it
this is a just keep the size the same to
keep the confusion down to a minimum
right you're very expensive to pull off
I can see them all right so hey this
works so here's the tibia here's the
knee here's the ankle the tibia is here
and the fibula bone is there so you can
you can palpate your your tibia it's
it's your shin bone which shows you how
superficial is how subcutaneous is you
can feel their own you've got this this
Ridge here if you look at the
cross-section of the bone here it's
actually triangular and what you're
feeling is this is the point of the
triangle as your shin and there is
muscle to either side but you can feel
see I'm doing it this is a well this is
a left you can feel muscle on either
side of that shin bone so the other
thing to feel you can feel the tibia
this is lateral for me the other thing
you feel
so there's the knee there's the patella
he's not actually here you've got the
head of the fibula now this is my right
leg here's the left leg here look so
this is the this is what we were
palpating the anterior part of the tibia
here so you can imagine that we've got
these nice flat surfaces for muscles to
attach to which is why we've got this
triangular shape and then here's the
fibula laterally and there's the head of
the fibula there so we've got an
articulate articulation between the
tibia and the fibula here and at the
distal end we've got an articulation
with the femur here at the NIEM we've
talked about the bones and ligaments of
the knee joint and then we've got
another articulation down here with the
ankle so we need to consider each of
those in the shapes of the bone and how
they how they work to do those things
right but the big thing here is the big
thing here is that the tibia is the big
thing so you can see that the tibia it's
actually the second largest bone in the
body it's a really really big bone and
the reason is because it's transferring
all of your weight along its length
so the tibia is the big bone the tibia
is carrying the load between the foot
and the knee and the rest of the body
whereas the fibula is a little we defer
a little we debone sitting on the side
the term is more of an attachment for
muscles and that sort of thing in kind
of a remnant of the way in which were
organized anyway tibia there was a Greek
instrument called a tip something that
was it called a tibia or something like
it's hit like I flew you know like a
pipe like a recorder if you were of my
agent
remember primary school but you know
it's like a wind instrument or a reed
instrument that's what a tibia is that's
what the tibia is named after the fibula
is named after a word for pin a Greek
word for pin laughing with a pin
they are fibula and peroneal you know
said so anyone with tibia right stay on
stay on topic let's start the proximal
end and we'll work our way distally
so remember this is a left this is a
left tibia right so this is lateral this
is medial we've got two condyles we have
a lateral condyle and a medial condyle
and in between the two we've got a
couple of intercondylar cubicles lateral
and medial intercondylar cubicles and
together they form the intercondylar
eminence
so the intercondylar eminence then is a
is like a ridge between the two condyles
the purpose of which is to lock into the
we've done let's say we've done the knee
joint even worse than the proximal femur
which want to look at those but the the
ephemera and the femur the femur has
also got two condyles and it's got a
groove and intercondylar fossa within it
so so these intercondylar tubercles this
intercondylar eminence is going to you
know fit with the the femur and what we
see what about these two tibial condyles
is there it's forming a pretty flat
surface I mean this is just a bone
imagine it covered in articular
cartilage as well and that's why this
gets called the tibial plateau it's like
you know it's a plateau it's a flat
thing that the the femur can then sit on
and roll against most obvious features
here are this lumpy bit here which yes
you can palpate on yourself there this
is the tibial tuberosity
so the tibial tuberosity is where the
patella the patellar tendon or patellar
ligament runs to so a quadriceps femoris
crosses the knee runs through the
patella and inserts at the tibial
tuberosity this is a very prominent bony
lump anteriorly just distal to the
condyles because because that's a really
really big muscles was a big attachment
so look it said that it's at the top of
that just at the top of that triangle
top of that Ridge there
by the way condyles condyle means
knuckle because it is it's like a
knuckle isn't it but it looks like a
knuckle so that's literally what contour
the condyle is now on the an interesting
thing for me as a runner is Gudi cubicle
or gerdes tubercle which is on the this
is on the lateral side and it's on my
the anterolateral part of the lateral
condyle so it also gets called very
unimaginative ly the anterolateral
tibial tubercle her also known as
Goody's tubercle the reason that's
interesting to me the Run is because
that's where the iliotibial tract
attaches all can we see that on here so
the the leg is covered with a stocking
of fashion a fattier later it has a
thickening here laterally which is
remained on this model the rest of the
fash has been taken away and this is the
iliotibial band all the iliotibial tract
or your ITB it does a number of things
one of the things it does is it helps
stabilize the knee joints and look
everyone's laterally to the knee and you
can see that okay so there's the patella
there's the tibial tuberosity here's the
the bare subcutaneous tibia here and
here's actual at hand it's the left 4 as
well so the the head of the fibula is
there and look these fibers are just
running to this point here just a little
bit anterior to where we would find the
head of the fibula on the actor
anterolateral part of the of the tibial
condyle there so everyone is it everyone
is you make everything like tight and
short every now and then everything gets
painful list if this gets tight it pulls
on the knee too much gives you a bit of
knee pain so you get your phone's long
run and try and sort it out anyway
so that's something I like
so tibial tuberosity goodies tubercle
then if we if we roll around posterior
Lee we can see can you see the salal
line here there's a ridge here and it's
kind of twisting around and that cell
line indicates where so Laius is given
attached and bits of tibialis posterior
and flexor digitorum longus which are in
the posterior these are all muscles in
here right so if we take off what I got
to take everything off you know I've
done the muscle somewhere else don't
look at that one gastrocnemius take that
off underneath there is so Laius
so you Caecilius and then tibialis
posterior the other guys do you see how
my videos end up being really really
long because there's just so much to
talk about so if I stick the fibula back
on so you can see lateral versus medial
if we spin this around you can see that
that's a lay-oh line starts laterally
close to the fibula head and then runs
medially around here so that's that
curvy bit we're talking about and while
we're on the posterior proximal tibia I
can see so this is the medial side hit
natural medium I can see there's a
little little depression there we've got
the two hamstrings on the medial side
semimembranosus and semitendinosus are
going to come in to the tibia here
semimembranosus is the deeper one
there's this little shape here is formed
by the attachment of semimembranosus to
the tibia there that's exciting
insertion way more detail than anybody
knows needs to know or cares about
alright and what is useful well here's
the lateral condyle
here's the fibula attaching to it so can
you see that on the on the on the
lateral condyle of the tibia on the
posterior part we've got this facet here
for the fibula to attach to
now the fibula and the tibia are
attached at a number of points as this
this would be the proximal tibia fibula
joint and there's also the distal one
down there and then they're joined by um
an interosseous membrane like a thick
fibrous membrane linking the two bones
along their entire length with a hole at
the top and I'll hold the bottom for a
couple of structures to pass through now
these two bones are not supposed to
articulate around each other they're
supposed to be fixed in place bear in
mind that this proximal joint is a
synovial joint is a synovial plane joint
so the two bones could potentially slide
over one another so it's an articular
joint with articular cartilage a
synovial couch it was proper synovial
joint right it is reinforced anteriorly
and posteriorly by ligaments so the
ligaments I guess hold it in place and
prevent movement but because that joint
exists because it's an articular
cartilage you can imagine the disease is
affecting articular cartilages could
affect this joint here and of course so
with enough trauma you could separate
that Julianne as well so be mindful of
that so I think you just you know gets
called like it's a facet for the fibular
head here on the lateral condyle of the
tibia approximately that's about it for
the proximal tibia and as I said it's
been work our way down is thickest
approximately and gets thinner distally
or inferiorly it's a smaller bone down
here it has a triangular cross-section
with this sharpish leading edge giving
nice flat surfaces for muscle
attachments so then it's been run down
distally most of all again is this
is this distal shape here the distal
tibiofibular ligament and this end is as
syndesmosis it's a fibrous joints not as
soon over your joint an articular joint
it's it's very much a fixture here I see
these sutures between the bones of the
skull are also fibrous joints these you
know these are joints that are designed
or intended not to move and when we get
down to the ankle that's really
important because we see that the fibula
and the tibia are working together to
form this this socket shape for the
tailor's bone to form the hinge joint of
the ankle so this is a syndesmosis of
fibrous joint a tough joint and this
should have pretty much no movement at
all that's the distal tibiofibular joint
the thing that's most is then since in
Nesbit's the interosseous membrane
running between the tibia and the fibula
down here is actually going to separate
the leg into an anterior and a posterior
compartment that's what we see here so
we've got all these muscles in the you
know anterior so that - the tibia and
all of these muscles posteriors the
tibia they're in two separate
compartments with essentially separate
blood supplies and separate nervous
innovation very helpful the medical
students who are trying to remember
where things are and where things go and
what they do right you know all the
muscles of the anterior compartment to
do all the offers the posterior
department did you know they're similar
functionally and anyway going off topic
again all right so what we got at the
distal tibia then well we've got the
fibula notch on one side so that is the
shape here this receiving the distal
fibula there are of course tibiofibular
ligament tying all that together as well
that's the fibula notch and then the big
thing is we've got the medial malleolus
and medial malleolus again
you can palpate on your own ankle right
this is what your ankle feels like the
big lumpy bits on your ankle the bony
bits of your ankle the medial malleolus
is your tibia and the lateral malleolus
is your fibula so those are the bony
bits that you can feel of your ankle if
we look posterior Lee
there's the medial malleolus it tends to
have it's got a bit of one has a groove
in it and that's the groove for the
tendon of tibialis posterior we can
around their tibia medial malleolus
hikin tibialis posterior can around here
so there's often a little bit of a
groove in the bone posterior to the
nujol malleolus which is nice and that
got loads of cool stuff going around
there all right so the medial malleolus
then is you can see you've got this
large flat articular surface this is
articulating with the tailor's alright
so this is again a synovial joint a
proper to know if you'll join with
articular cartilage covering a mall have
you this is the the hinge joint of your
ankle the medial malleolus is then
binding the medial side and the lateral
malleolus of the fibula is bound in the
lateral side and forming the shape of
that joined together but it's the tibia
that has the large flat articular
surface because it's the tibia that's
taking the weight through the ankle
passing it up to the knee up the thigh
of the hip and it's taking the weight of
your body onto your foot right and
that's it right that thighs stays the
tibia those are the bits of the tibia
hey go I was that the the anatomy of the
shin bone if you are a shin bone in the
exam you are not going to get mark tibia
all right see you guys next time
[Music]
you
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