Ossos dos Membros Inferiores: Sistema Esquelético 4/5 | Anatomia etc

Summary

In this lesson, the instructor provides an in-depth explanation of the bones that make up the lower limbs, including the pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot. Key bones covered include the iliac bones (forming the pelvis), the femur (the longest bone in the body), the tibia and fibula in the leg, and the 26 bones of the foot. The foot is detailed with its tarsal, metatarsal, and phalangeal bones, including key bones like the talus, calcaneus, and patella. The lecture also explains bone relationships, anatomical positioning, and mnemonics to aid understanding, making it a comprehensive guide to lower limb anatomy.

Takeaways

• 😀 The lower limb skeleton consists of bones from the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, and foot.
• 😀 The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones (iliac bones), each made up of three individual bones: the ilium, pubis, and ischium.
• 😀 The femur is the largest bone in the body and is located in the thigh, articulating with the pelvic girdle at the hip joint.
• 😀 The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body and is embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
• 😀 The leg consists of two bones: the tibia (larger, medial) and the fibula (smaller, lateral).
• 😀 The foot consists of 26 bones, divided into the tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges.
• 😀 The tarsus includes the talus, calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiforms, and cuboid bones.
• 😀 The metatarsus contains five metatarsal bones, numbered from the big toe (halls) to the little toe.
• 😀 Phalanges in the toes typically have three parts: proximal, middle, and distal, except for the big toe, which only has two.
• 😀 The foot is divided into regions: hindfoot (tarsus), midfoot (navicular and cuneiforms), and forefoot (metatarsals and phalanges).
• 😀 The foot also contains small sesamoid bones near the first metatarsal, which help with movement and support.

Q & A

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

The pelvic girdle is made up of two bones, called the ilium or hip bones, one on the right and one on the left. Each ilium is formed by three individual bones: the ilium (superior part), the pubis (anterior part), and the ischium (posterior part).

What is the largest bone in the human body, and where is it located?

The largest bone in the human body is the femur, which is located in the thigh. It articulates with the ilium of the pelvic girdle at the hip joint.

What type of bone is the patella, and what is its function?

The patella is a sesamoid bone, which is the largest of its kind in the body. It is located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoral muscles and helps to protect the knee joint by improving the efficiency of the quadriceps.

What bones make up the lower leg, and how are they positioned relative to each other?

The lower leg is formed by two bones: the tibia and the fibula. The tibia is the larger and thicker bone, located medially (on the inside), while the fibula is smaller, thinner, and located laterally (on the outside).

How can one remember the anatomical positions of the tibia and fibula?

A helpful mnemonic is 'Fibula is fine and goes outside,' meaning the fibula is thinner and located on the lateral side, while the tibia is thicker and located medially.

What are the key bones that form the foot?

The foot is made up of 26 bones: seven tarsal bones, five metatarsal bones, and 14 phalanges. The tarsals include the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral).

What is the function of the talus in the foot?

The talus is a tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint. It plays a crucial role in transferring weight from the leg to the foot.

How are the cuneiform bones in the foot positioned?

The three cuneiform bones in the foot are positioned as follows: the medial cuneiform is closest to the midline of the body, the intermediate cuneiform is in the middle, and the lateral cuneiform is furthest from the midline.

What is the anatomical term for the big toe, and how are its phalanges different from the others?

The big toe is called the 'hálux.' Unlike the other toes, which have three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal), the hálux only has two phalanges: the proximal and distal.

What are the sesamoid bones in the foot, and where are they located?

The sesamoid bones in the foot are small, round bones located beneath the head of the first metatarsal. There are two sesamoids: one medial and one lateral, which help to reduce pressure and enhance the function of the foot.