Fenomena Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Makhluk Hidup

Summary

This transcript explores the concepts of growth and development in both plants and animals, with examples such as tomatoes, animals like cows and chickens, and even human growth. It delves into the stages of development, from seed germination in plants to embryonic and post-embryonic phases in animals. The script also touches on how hormones like auxins influence plant growth and how secondary growth in plants can be observed through annual rings in trees. It concludes by discussing the issue of stunting in children, emphasizing the progress made in combating it in Indonesia.

Takeaways

• 😀 Livestock growth involves both growth and development, with changes in body size, reproductive organs, and endocrine systems. For example, chickens become capable of laying eggs, and cows are ready for mating.
• 🌱 Plant growth follows a similar pattern; tomatoes grow from seeds, bloom, and produce fruit when matured, illustrating growth and development in plants.
• 🔬 Growth refers to physical size changes, while development is related to functional changes in organisms. Both processes are interconnected and often happen simultaneously.
• 🌰 Germination is an example of development in plants, where a seed grows into a seedling and eventually forms roots and shoots.
• 🌿 There are two types of germination: epigeal and hypogeal, which are distinguished based on the positioning of the cotyledons during the seedling's emergence.
• 🌳 Meristem tissue in plants is crucial for growth, as it generates new cells for growth and development, both in primary (apical) and secondary (lateral) growth.
• 🌱 Auxin is a hormone in plants that stimulates primary growth. In tea plants, the growth is controlled by pruning the top leaves to prevent tall growth.
• 🌍 The secondary growth in plants results from the activity of cambium cells, which form concentric growth rings, known as tree rings, visible in cross-sections of trees.
• 🐣 In animals, growth and development begin at fertilization with the formation of a zygote, which undergoes cell division and differentiation, leading to the embryonic stage.
• 👶 In humans, growth is marked by an increase in body size, while development refers to more complex physiological functions such as motor skills, speech, and emotional maturity.

Q & A

What is the difference between growth and development in living organisms?

Growth refers to the increase in size or mass of an organism, whereas development refers to the progression of an organism's physical and functional traits, such as the maturation of organs or the ability to reproduce.

Why is seed germination considered a developmental phenomenon?

Seed germination is considered a developmental phenomenon because it involves the transformation of a seed into a seedling, which includes the formation of new structures such as roots and shoots.

What is the role of meristem in plant growth?

Meristem tissue in plants is responsible for growth. It consists of undifferentiated cells that divide and differentiate to form new tissues, contributing to the growth of plants in length and width.

What is the difference between epigeal and hypogeal germination?

In epigeal germination, the cotyledons emerge above the soil surface, while in hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain below the soil surface.

How does auxin affect the growth of tea plants?

Auxin is a plant hormone that stimulates primary growth in tea plants by promoting cell elongation at the apical meristem. When the apical meristem is removed, auxin production is inhibited, leading to lateral growth instead.

How can the age of a tree be determined using its growth rings?

The age of a tree can be determined by counting its growth rings, which are formed by the activity of the cambium layer in the tree trunk. Each ring corresponds to one year of growth.

What causes the stunted growth in children, and how is it measured?

Stunting in children is caused by malnutrition, chronic illness, or other factors that hinder normal physical growth. It is measured by comparing a child's height or length to standardized growth charts, looking for height-for-age discrepancies.

What is the significance of the embryonic phase in animal development?

The embryonic phase in animals is significant because it marks the early stages of development, including the formation of basic body structures and organs as the zygote divides and develops into a blastula and gastrula.

How does growth and development in humans differ from that in other animals?

Human growth and development involves both physical changes (such as height and weight gain) and the development of complex abilities, such as language and motor skills, which occur in stages from infancy to adulthood.

What is the current status of stunting in Indonesia, and how has it changed over time?

Stunting in Indonesia has shown improvement, with a national decrease from 27.7% in 2019 to 24.4% in 2021. This decline reflects the success of government policies aimed at reducing stunting, although challenges remain in some regions.