#1 - APUSH 1.1 Contextualizing Period 1 [UPDATED]
Summary
TLDRThe lecture covers key themes in early American history, focusing on the period from 1491 to 1607. It discusses Native American migration via the Bering Land Bridge, the development of diverse societies across North and South America, and agricultural innovations like the Three Sisters farming method. The Columbian Exchange, which introduced crops, diseases, and livestock between the Old and New Worlds, is also explored. Additionally, the lecture highlights European expansion, the fall of the Aztec and Incan empires, and the political, social, and economic changes that resulted from European colonization.
Takeaways
- 📜 Period 1 of AP US History covers 1491 to 1607, focusing on Native populations and early European contact, ending with the settlement of Jamestown.
- 🌍 Native populations migrated to North and South America via the Bering Land Bridge and developed complex, diverse societies over thousands of years.
- 🌽 Many Native groups developed agricultural practices like Three Sisters farming (corn, squash, and beans), which was key to sustaining their populations.
- 🏞 Native societies adapted to their environments, such as the Aztecs with irrigation systems and the Incas with terrace farming in the mountains.
- 🤝 The Columbian Exchange brought significant changes, including the introduction of new crops, livestock, and deadly diseases, which decimated Native populations.
- 💀 Diseases like smallpox, influenza, and measles brought from Europe severely reduced the Native population, sometimes wiping out entire communities.
- 🍬 Sugarcane became a valuable export from the Caribbean to Europe, leading to the establishment of sugar plantations and later influencing European economies.
- ⚔️ The Spanish, led by conquistadors like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, toppled the Aztec and Incan empires, fundamentally altering the political landscape.
- 💒 European-Native interactions were marked by stark differences in religion, land use, and gender roles, with Europeans seeking to convert Natives to Christianity.
- 💰 The influx of gold and silver from the Americas to Europe played a key role in the shift from feudalism to capitalism and laid the groundwork for modern banking systems.
Q & A
What is the time frame for Period 1 in AP US History?
-Period 1 in AP US History runs from 1491 to 1607, covering the events from European contact up to the first English settlements in Jamestown.
How did Native populations first migrate to the Americas?
-Native populations migrated to the Americas through the Bering Land Bridge, which opened up about 35,000 years ago due to an ice age that lowered sea levels, revealing a land connection between Asia and North America.
What are the 'Three Sisters' in Native American agriculture?
-The 'Three Sisters' refer to the three main crops cultivated by Native Americans: corn, squash, and beans. These crops were often grown together in a sustainable farming method.
How did Native Americans adapt their environment to practice agriculture?
-Native Americans adapted their environment by using techniques like three sisters farming, irrigation channels, and terraced farming to sustain their agricultural practices, depending on the geography of their settlements.
What was the Columbian Exchange, and how did it affect both sides of the Atlantic?
-The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of crops, livestock, diseases, and people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. It had significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides, including population declines in the Americas due to disease and increased agricultural diversity in Europe.
How did the introduction of Old World diseases impact Native American populations?
-Old World diseases such as smallpox, influenza, and measles had a devastating impact on Native American populations, who had no immunity, leading to a drastic reduction in their numbers.
What were the motivations for European exploration and expansion in the Americas?
-The primary motivations for European exploration were the pursuit of gold, the spread of Christianity (specifically Catholicism), and the desire for glory, which included territorial expansion and upward social mobility for conquistadors.
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas, and what did it establish?
-The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement brokered by the Pope in 1494 to prevent conflict between Spain and Portugal. It divided the world into two zones for exploration, with Spain receiving the western hemisphere and Portugal receiving the eastern hemisphere, including a portion of Brazil.
How did the introduction of New World crops impact European society?
-The introduction of New World crops, such as potatoes and corn, had a significant impact on European society by improving nutrition, increasing food availability, and supporting population growth, which eventually fueled further exploration.
In what ways did Native American societies differ from European societies in terms of land use and social structure?
-Native American societies typically used land communally and believed in its spiritual properties, whereas Europeans sought to modify and exploit the land for economic gain. Socially, many Native groups, like the Iroquois, were matrilineal, contrasting with the patriarchal structure of European society.
Outlines
📜 The Migration and Peopling of the Americas
This paragraph introduces the start of AP US History by contextualizing Period 1 (1491-1607). It covers the migration of native populations across the Bering Land Bridge around 35,000 years ago, leading to the settlement of various cultures throughout the Americas. These migrations resulted in diverse linguistic and cultural groups, with an estimated 54 million people living in the Americas by 1492. The key concept focuses on how these societies adapted to their environments and developed complex agricultural systems, including the ‘three sisters’ farming technique of corn, beans, and squash.
🌍 Agricultural Innovations and Environmental Adaptations
This paragraph highlights the adaptation of different native societies to their environments, particularly through agricultural innovations. It discusses how agriculture, including the ‘three sisters’ farming system, supported Native American diets. It also describes how certain civilizations, like the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas, modified their environments to support large populations through methods such as terracing and irrigation. These practices helped sustain sedentary civilizations capable of building complex infrastructure and religious monuments.
🔄 The Columbian Exchange and its Consequences
The focus shifts to the Columbian Exchange, which connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas, resulting in significant social, cultural, and political changes. Diseases brought from the Old World, such as smallpox and influenza, decimated Native American populations, while crops like sugarcane became important economic drivers. The paragraph also touches on the role of European explorers like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro in the conquests of the Aztec and Incan empires, which were made possible through a combination of military force and strategic alliances.
🌱 Economic and Demographic Impacts of the Columbian Exchange
This paragraph delves into the demographic and economic impacts of the Columbian Exchange. It explains how Old World crops like potatoes and corn contributed to population growth in Europe, while gold and silver from the Americas fueled the development of capitalism and banking systems. It also discusses coerced labor practices, such as the use of Native Americans in mining operations, which played a key role in European economic expansion and the decline of feudalism in favor of capitalism.
⚖️ Divergent Worldviews and Cultural Differences
This section addresses the divergent worldviews between Native Americans and Europeans, particularly regarding land use, gender roles, and religion. Native Americans often practiced communal land use and believed in the spiritual significance of nature, while Europeans aggressively altered landscapes for agriculture and development. Matrilineal societies, such as the Iroquois, also contrasted with European patriarchy. Religion was another area of conflict, with Europeans seeking to spread Christianity while native peoples practiced diverse indigenous religions.
🎓 Recap: Native Migrations, Columbian Exchange, and European Expansion
The final paragraph summarizes the key points of the lecture: Native American migration across the Bering Land Bridge led to the development of diverse societies in the Americas. The Columbian Exchange brought about massive changes for both the Old and New Worlds, including population decimation due to disease and economic transformations through agriculture and mining. European expansion brought significant social, political, and religious changes, setting the stage for future lectures on AP US History.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Period One (1491-1607)
💡Bering Land Bridge
💡Three Sisters Farming
💡Mesoamerican Civilizations
💡Columbian Exchange
💡Smallpox
💡Hernán Cortés
💡Treaty of Tordesillas
💡Feudalism to Capitalism
💡Matrilineal Societies
Highlights
Introduction to AP U.S. History covering Period 1 from 1491 to 1607, focusing on European encounters and early English settlements.
Native populations migrated to the Americas via the Bering Land Bridge 35,000 years ago, leading to the development of diverse and complex societies.
By 1492, an estimated 54 million people inhabited the Americas, forming distinct cultural and linguistic groups despite common ancestry.
Different native societies adapted to their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structures.
Three Sisters farming (corn, squash, and beans) was an essential agricultural innovation that sustained many Native American societies.
Advanced civilizations like the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas modified their environments to support large sedentary populations through infrastructure projects like terraced farming and irrigation.
The Columbian Exchange connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas, resulting in the transfer of crops, livestock, diseases, and populations across continents.
European diseases like smallpox and influenza decimated Native American populations due to a lack of immunity.
The introduction of New World crops like potatoes and corn increased European populations and fueled further exploration and expansion.
Spanish conquistadors, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, toppled powerful empires like the Aztecs and Incas, often with the help of native allies.
The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the New World between Spain and Portugal, assigning Brazil to the Portuguese.
The Spanish extracted vast amounts of gold and silver from the New World, laying the foundation for the rise of capitalism in Europe.
Native American and European worldviews clashed over issues like land use, gender roles, religion, and power structures.
Europeans aggressively altered landscapes for agriculture and settlement, while Native Americans practiced more sustainable land-use methods like managed fires.
The native practice of matrilineal inheritance, particularly among the Iroquois, contrasted with European patriarchal structures, highlighting major social differences.
Transcripts
welcome to the first lecture of ap us
history we are going to start with the
very first topic in the course and exam
description which is contextualizing
period one period one runs from 1491 to
1607 and we're going to talk about
everything that happened up until
european contact all the way through the
very first english settlements to
jamestown in 1607.
now what the college board wants us to
know by the end of this topic is to be
able to explain the context for european
encounters in the americas from 1491 to
1607. so let's get to it the very first
key concept 1.1 says as native
populations migrated and settled across
the vast x-mans of north america over
time they developed distinct and
increasingly complex societies by
adapting to and transforming their
diverse environments the very first part
of this is the migration and the
peopling of the americas the way they
got to the american continent was
through the bering land bridge which
opened up about 35 000 years ago this
ice age lowered the sea level which
revealed some land connecting the asian
and north american continent
people were able to continue that
migration for the next 25 000 years and
as you can see on this map there was
also a possible sea route that aided
that migration all of this would have
continued to the very southern tip of
south america at tierra del fuego
as the population continued to come from
asia into north america they splintered
off and they created different cultures
and so by the end of the migration you
had thousands of different cultural and
linguistic groups across north and south
america
anthropologists estimate that about 54
million people inhabited north and south
america before columbus stumbled upon
the bahamas in 1492. though they all
came from the very same ancestry these
migrants across the bering land bridge
created a diverse amount of groups as
they splintered off
now the next key concept is 1.1 roman
numeral 1 and it says different native
societies adapted to and transformed
their environments through innovations
and agriculture resource use and social
structure the way in which they adapted
to their environments and the
geographies in which they settled really
helped form the differences in all of
the different groups so here you see
just north america all the different
large language and cultural groups
across what is now the united states and
even within these groups you would have
many differences so within a tribe there
are bands in those bands there are
different kinship groups and even
linguistic differences amongst some of
the larger tribes
one of the innovations that they came up
with was agriculture now most of the
native societies in north america had
some form of agriculture sometimes they
would supplement the agriculture with
hunting some might be migratory so they
would plant food in some areas and then
migrate let the soil regain its
nutrients and then come back in a
different season or in a different year
three sisters farming was the three
crops that were the most important they
were corn squash and beans as you can
see from the picture here they all kind
of grew together in the same area
the squash would grow closer to the
ground the corn would grow and stalk and
then you would also have vines of beans
dangling from the corn stalks three
sisters farming is not just important
because it's how people fed themselves
but the food that the three sisters
farming grew the corn the squash and the
beans were also very nutritious foods
another american crop that was new to
europeans was the potato found in south
america potatoes are very nutritious and
they are high in calories so you don't
need to eat that many of them in order
to get full and have energy that you
need to go about your day's support to
work
and whenever these crops get shared with
the europeans it's going to have a huge
effect on european populations but this
is how native societies were able to
sustain themselves those that practice
agriculture would plant some combination
of corn squash beans and even potatoes
now we're going to see that some native
populations went even further in their
use of agriculture to the point that
they were changing their environment in
order to be able to continue to feed
more and more people
here are three different civilizations
that were in mesoamerica south america
and central america at the very top is a
city or model of the city of
denoteziplan this was the capital city
of the aztecs which was located in
central mexico in modern day mexico city
they changed the environment by leveling
out a marshy land in the middle of a
lake and that's where they built their
capital
because they were in the middle of a
lake they were able to build irrigation
channels that would continue to provide
water for their crops on the bottom left
you see the city of machu picchu it was
up in the mountains so living in the
mountain is going to require a lot of
environmental modification in order to
adapt for example they had to implement
terrorist farming as a way to adopt to
the mountainous terrain
on the bottom right is the mayan capital
city of tikal anytime in which
civilizations are building these very
heavy temples and stone structures that
means that they're going to be sedentary
and be there for a long time no one
builds a huge temple and then walks away
and migrates to another area that's very
uncommon because you're putting a lot of
effort into it in order to feed these
sedentary populations there has to be a
lot of food so the building was always
coupled with some form of infrastructure
project that allowed these civilizations
to feed their people the next key
concept says contact among european
natives and africans resulted in the
colombian exchange and significant
social cultural and political changes on
both sides of the atlantic ocean
so the colombian exchange connected
europe africa and north and south
america the things that were being
traded or exchanged through this
colombian exchange included crops
diseases livestocks and coerce one of
the most important things that was being
brought from the old world that's europe
and africa to north america
new world where diseases so you see the
list here smallpox influenza typhus
measles malaria diphtheria whooping
cough these were all diseases that the
people that were living in the new world
had no immunities for which meant that
once they came into contact with that
disease and they got sick it was a high
chance that not only were they going to
die but the disease was going to spread
further which would lead to a decimation
of the new world population
so those estimated 54 million people
that were living before 1492 in that
territory are going to go down to a very
small fraction
there were some crops that are coming
from the old world going into the new
world one of the most important ones
that's going from the old world to the
new world is sugarcane because sugarcane
is a luxury item in europe at this time
it costs a lot of money because it's
it's hard to acquire it only grows in
certain areas and then once you're able
to grow it it takes a lot of money a lot
of effort a lot of labor to extract the
actual sugar morsels from the sugar cane
because the caribbean had the very warm
tropical climate that was conducive to
growing a lot of sugarcane that was
something that was established all
through the caribbean and then later
through south america
the political changes that were brought
about by the colombian exchange were
some regime changes in the americas the
first one was the aztec empire being
toppled by the spanish conquistadors in
this picture and on the top left you see
hernan cortez the leader of the
conquistadors that had been given
permission by the spanish crown to go
out and conquer bring back goods bring
back gold and claim any new territory or
land for the king and queen of spain at
first irvan cortes had a difficult time
in trying to conquer the aztec empire
because they had their capital city at
the center of a lake it was difficult to
access and even if the spanish tried to
siege the city the city was
self-sufficient they had food that they
could continue to grow within the city
walls cortes had to acquire the help of
rival native groups and rivals of the
aztecs a translator named malinche
helped cortes navigate through these
alliances and initially introduced
cortes de moctezuma moktasuma the leader
of the aztecs mistakenly thought that
cortes arrival had been the fulfillment
of an aztec prophecy he believed that
the spanish marked the coming of the
serpent god getsaid
the other large empire that fell during
this time was the incan empire that
attack was led by francisco pisarro the
last incan leader is here on the top
right his name is
he's eventually killed by conquistadors
but before he is killed he converts to
catholicism because when he was going to
be executed they were going to burn his
body he obviously didn't want that so he
agreed to switch over to catholicism
that his body would remain intact after
his death
the next key concept here is european
expansion into the western hemisphere
generated intense social religious
political and economic competition and
changes within european society now up
to this point we really just talked
about the spanish going out into the new
world and exploring and conquering and
getting gold and spreading christianity
the success of the spanish and the new
world is going to be seen by its
european rivals as something that they
wants to replicate the portuguese
especially had been very successful in
exploring in asia and going around the
tip of africa but now that the proof of
concept of going out to the new world
had been proven by the spanish the
portuguese also wanted to go out and
explore the new world the problem was
that both the spanish and the portuguese
were patrons of the catholic church and
the catholic church did not want them
fighting over land and territory because
then the catholic church would probably
get a lot less money and support these
two countries therefore the pope
brokered a deal between the two called
the treaty of tortosius in 1494. he set
a line of longitude that split up the
world into two sides one side was for
the spanish exploration and conquest and
then the other side was to the
portuguese to explore and conquer that
relegated the portuguese mostly to the
eastern hemisphere but as you can see on
the map there you have a tiny little
sliver of south america which is where
we have modern day brazil king john ii
of portugal and king ferdinand of spain
signed the treaty and stated before
brazil becomes the only way the only new
world piece of territory that the
portuguese are able to acquire in the
next key concept the colombian exchange
and the development of the spanish
empire in the western hemisphere
resulted in extensive demographic
economic and social changes we've
already touched upon the demographic
change that's anything that has to do
with people so the new world crops
increase in the old world populations
a lot of people were now able to eat
potatoes corn and they were able to
plant them in their small plots of land
so people lived longer and as they lived
longer they were
to have more kids and as their kids had
more kids
now there's a surplus of population in
europe that means that there are more
people than land that they can live on
and it's going to fuel further new world
exploration because as people want to
improve their situation and want upward
mobility they're going to find new ways
to do it
some of the economic effects of the
colombian exchange is that the gold that
came from the new world also helped lay
the foundations of the banking system in
europe the spanish conquistador saw that
some of the native birbs that they came
into contact wore some jewelry that
contained gold eventually they found
gold mines in south america silver mines
in mexico and they started to extract
this gold using
usually coerced labor of native
americans and then sending it back to
spain
using coins and depositing it into banks
is going to start the momentum to
establish a capitalist system in europe
it's not going to happen immediately and
it's not going to be overnight but we're
going to see a shift from feudalism to
capitalism the end of feudalism begins
with the mineral wealth that the spanish
were able to find in the new world now
in the next key concept in their
interactions europeans and native
americans asserted divergent world views
regarding issues such as religion gender
roles family
land use and power
this means that the europeans and native
groups in north and south america were
vastly different which is a logical
claim but we want to make sure that we
hit on some of the specific things that
they really had indifference
the first one was their use of land
native groups in north america really
didn't have a desire to aggressively
change their landscapes some believed
that nature held spiritual properties
they did use the land as we said they
planted foods they practiced
agricultures but in some areas they
would forage they would get food from
the forest this was especially true in
areas like the pacific coast in northern
california in the northeast the iroquois
along the appalachian ranges would go
into the forest and hunt gather and
supplement with agriculture the ways in
which they would interact with their
environment there is that sometimes they
would encourage forest growth through
managed fires that's what the picture is
here on the top left in the forest in
california fire encouraged growth of
larger trees it also cleared the forest
floor which makes it more accessible for
people to walk through and to hunt
on the top right you see cave dwellings
by the anasazi people on the mesa
verdict in mesa vertical lorado
there were also cave dwellings in new
mexico a good example of the groups that
really did change their environment
would be the aztecs this is the capital
city of tenochtitlan in the middle of
lake texaco
even this adaptation of environment by
the aztecs is not quite as extreme as
what we're going to be seeing with
europeans as soon as the spanish begin
to expand their new world empire they're
going to start building churches and
cathedrals made of stone
usually the same stone that had made up
the temples of the natives these are the
ways in which they differed in the ways
in which they were using their
environment in terms of gender roles
we'll see that some native groups
especially the iroquois in the northeast
are going to organize themselves along
matrilineal lines that means that they
are going to follow the lineage of the
females of the mothers in the family
this will seem quite different to
europeans coming from a patriarchal
system
early spanish explorers were really
motivated by gold
they wanted to extract as much as they
could from the land and take it back to
spain one of their other motivations was
to spread christianity specifically
catholicism and of course
glory meant that they wanted to conquer
the people who were in the new world the
conquistadors that would go out there to
be the main fighting force they were
looking to gain mobility titles or even
just new land in the new world so that
they could have upward mobility
in terms of religion europeans and
natives differed in that the native
americans were not christian there was a
diverse amount of religion in the new
world almost as diverse as the language
groups that developed but in the eyes of
the spanish it didn't matter
because they weren't christian and
that's all that mattered to europeans
as a quick recap the natives migrated
across the land bridge to create a
diverse continent of people each was
unique in their use of the environment
and its social structures the colombian
exchange brought about massive change
for all involved and european expansion
brought about social economic and
political changes in europe these are
all the things that we're going to keep
in mind as we go into the next set of
lectures for all of period one
thank you for watching this lecture i
hope you enjoyed it if you want to watch
the next lecture click on the video link
on the screen and if you want to find
more lectures and practice for the ap
exam you can visit
apushslides.com i wish you the best of
luck in all of your studies
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