TEORÍAS DE LA PERSONALIDAD: psicoanalíticas (Freud), conductistas, humanistas, de rasgos🧠
Summary
TLDREl estudio de la personalidad es un campo crucial en psicología, con diversas teorías que intentan explicar las diferencias individuales en pensamiento, emociones y comportamiento. Las teorías psicoanalíticas, como las de Freud, se centran en componentes del psique, mientras que las teorías conductistas, como la de Skinner, enfatizan el rol del aprendizaje y el entorno. Las teorías humanísticas, lideradas por Maslow y Rogers, promueven la búsqueda de la auto-realización. Las teorías de rasgos, como el 'Big Five', clasifican las diferencias en cinco rasgos fundamentales, manteniéndose estables a lo largo de la vida.
Takeaways
- 🧠 Las teorías de la personalidad son explicaciones que intentan entender las diferencias individuales en características personales, pensamiento, emociones, motivación y comportamiento.
- 🌟 Las teorías psicoanalíticas, como la de Freud, se centran en la relación entre componentes del psique y cómo influyen en la personalidad.
- 🤔 La teoría de Freud divide la personalidad en el Yo, el Superyó y el Ego, cada uno con un principio fundamental que busca cumplir.
- 👶 La teoría de Adler enfatiza la importancia de la infancia y el orden de nacimiento en la formación de la personalidad.
- 🚺 Horney desacuerda con Freud sobre la 'envía del pene' y considera que la personalidad se basa en cómo abordamos emociones y situaciones desagradables.
- 🌈 Jung creía que las personas nacen con rasgos fijos que se combinan para formar tipos de personalidad, lo que más tarde se expandió en el Indicador Myers-Briggs.
- 🔄 Erikson propuso que la personalidad se forma a través de conflictos en etapas de desarrollo, y cómo estos conflictos son resueltos influye en la personalidad.
- 🏫 Las teorías del comportamiento, como la de Skinner, sostienen que la personalidad se condiciona por el aprendizaje y los estímulos del entorno.
- 👀 Bandura introdujo la idea del aprendizaje social, diciendo que parte de nuestra conducta se determina observando a otros.
- 🤝 Dollard y Miller combinaron aspectos de la psicoanálisis y el comportamiento, sugiriendo que la personalidad se ve influenciada por refuerzos y motivaciones internas.
- 🌈 Las teorías humanísticas, como las de Maslow y Rogers, enfatizan la búsqueda de la auto-realización y la relación entre el 'yo real' y el 'yo ideal'.
- 🔑 Las teorías de rasgos, como el 'Big Five', sostienen que las diferencias individuales se deben a variaciones en cinco rasgos: extraversión, neuroticismo, apertura a la experiencia, amabilidad y conciencia.
Q & A
¿Qué son las teorías de la personalidad y por qué son importantes?
-Las teorías de la personalidad son explicaciones que intentan entender las diferencias individuales en términos de características personales, formas de pensar, emociones, motivación y comportamientos. Son importantes porque buscan construir una visión coherente y unificada del individuo, explicar estas diferencias y comprender la naturaleza humana en profundidad.
¿Cuáles son los componentes de la personalidad según la teoría de Freud?
-Según Freud, la personalidad y la mente humana se dividen en tres componentes diferenciados: el ego, el superego y el yo. Cada uno se basa en un principio fundamental que intenta cumplir a toda costa: el ego sigue el principio del placer, el superego se basa en las normas sociales y el yo actúa como mediador entre los otros dos componentes.
¿En qué se diferencia la teoría de la personalidad de Adler de la de Freud?
-Adler, aunque discípulo de Freud, desacuerdo con él en que las experiencias de la infancia y factores genéticos, como el orden de nacimiento en una familia, tienen un gran impacto en la formación de la personalidad.
¿Qué贡献 aportó Karen Horney a la psicología y cómo difiere su teoría de la de Freud?
-Karen Horney fundó la 'psicología feminista' y desacuerdo con Freud sobre el fenómeno llamado 'envidia de pene'. Para Horney, la personalidad se basa en la forma en que abordamos las emociones y situaciones desagradables, y distingue a personas que buscan apoyo, otras que se retiran de sus pares y un grupo que se muestra hostil hacia los demás.
¿Cuáles son las cuatro funciones psicológicas que Carl Jung consideraba fundamentales para diferenciar a las personas?
-Jung consideraba que las personas difieren principalmente en cuatro funciones psicológicas: extraversión versus introversión, sensación versus intuición, pensamiento versus sentimiento, y juicio versus percepción.
¿Qué es el Indicador de Myers-Briggs y cómo se relaciona con la teoría de Jung?
-El Indicador de Myers-Briggs es un instrumento de medición de la personalidad ampliamente utilizado que surgió de la expansión de la teoría de Jung por Isabel Briggs Myers y su madre Katharine Briggs, quienes construyeron una lista de posibles tipos de personalidad basada en combinaciones de las cuatro funciones psicológicas mencionadas por Jung.
¿Cómo describe Erik Erikson la formación de la personalidad a lo largo de la vida?
-Según Erikson, la personalidad no permanece estática a lo largo de la vida, sino que se forma en base a ciertos conflictos que aparecen en las diferentes etapas del desarrollo de una persona. La personalidad se ve afectada por la capacidad de resolver o no estos conflictos en cada etapa.
¿Qué papel juegan los procesos de aprendizaje según la teoría de la personalidad de BF Skinner?
-Skinner defendía que los patrones de comportamiento se condicionan por el aprendizaje directo (a través de refuerzo y castigo) o indirecto (a través del aprendizaje observacional y modelado), y que la mayoría de las personas tienden a comportarse de manera que obtenga refuerzo externo.
¿Qué es el 'determinismo recíproco' según la teoría de Albert Bandura?
-El 'determinismo recíproco' de Bandura sostiene que cada individuo también puede influir fuertemente en su entorno, lo que añade una dimensión a la formación de la personalidad basada en la observación y aprendizaje de los comportamientos de otros.
¿Cómo se relaciona la teoría de la personalidad de Dollard y Miller con las teorías psicoanalíticas y conductistas?
-Dollard y Miller combinaron aspectos de las teorías psicoanalíticas con hallazgos del conductismo, argumentando que la personalidad se condiciona por refuerzos y castigos, pero que el comportamiento también puede estar motivado por impulsos internos, como la satisfacción de instintos o aspectos psicológicos más complejos.
¿Qué teorías humanísticas surgieron después del conductismo y cómo se diferencian?
-Las teorías humanísticas rechazan las suposiciones del conductismo y ponen énfasis en la unicidad del individuo, la influencia de las experiencias y el entorno, y las emociones y las interpretaciones personales de dichas experiencias. Autores como Maslow y Rogers enfatizan la búsqueda de la auto-realización y la relación entre el 'yo real' y el 'yo ideal'.
¿Cuáles son las 'Cinco Grandes' de la teoría de los rasgos y qué representan?
-La teoría de los 'Cinco Grandes', desarrollada por McCrae y Costa, sostiene que las diferencias individuales se deben a las variaciones en cinco rasgos: extraversión, neuroticismo, apertura a la experiencia, agreeabilidad y conciencia. Estos rasgos son completamente innatos y permanecen estables a lo largo de la vida.
¿Qué son los rasgos de personalidad según la teoría de Eysenck y cómo se diferencian de los de la 'Cinco Grandes'?
-Eysenck argumentaba que las diferencias individuales se deben a una combinación de tres rasgos: extraversión, neuroticismo y psicoanalisís. Estos tres rasgos se basan en fenómenos biológicos medibles y, al igual que en la teoría de los 'Cinco Grandes', las puntuaciones de cada persona en estos rasgos tienden a permanecer estables a lo largo de su vida.
¿Cómo clasificó Cattell las diferencias de personalidad y cuántos rasgos identificó?
-Cattell realizó un análisis estadístico de datos de una gran muestra de personas y dividió las diferencias entre ellas en 16 rasgos, lo que区别于其他 teorías de rasgos que se enfocan en un número menor de rasgos fundamentales.
¿Qué tipo de rasgos de personalidad distingue Allport y cómo los clasifica?
-Allport distingue miles de diferentes rasgos de personalidad, que se determinan al nacer, y los clasifica en tres tipos: rasgos cardinales (que dominan la personalidad del individuo), rasgos centrales (los más comunes) y rasgos secundarios.
Outlines
🧠 Teorías de la Personalidad Psicológicas
Este párrafo aborda las diversas explicaciones que la psicología ofrece para entender las diferencias individuales en cuanto a características personales, pensamiento, emociones, motivación y comportamientos. Se menciona que, históricamente, el estudio de la personalidad es uno de los campos más importantes dentro de la psicología. Las teorías de la personalidad, como las psicoanalíticas de Freud, las de Adler que enfatizan el orden de nacimiento, las de Horney que cuestionan el concepto de 'envidia de pene', y la teoría de Jung sobre los tipos de personalidad, buscan construir una visión coherente del individuo y explicar estas diferencias.
👶 Teorías de la Personalidad en el Desarrollo
El párrafo 2 se enfoca en las teorías que ven la personalidad como un proceso en desarrollo a lo largo de la vida, influenciado por los conflictos que enfrentamos en diferentes etapas. Erikson, por ejemplo, propuso ocho etapas de desarrollo en las que la personalidad se ve afectada por la resolución o no de dichos conflictos. Las teorías conductistas, en cambio, enfatizan el papel del ambiente y los estímulos en la formación de la personalidad, como lo demuestra la teoría de Skinner basada en el aprendizaje por refuerzo y castigo, y la teoría de Bandura que incluye el aprendizaje social y el concepto de 'determinismo recíproco'.
🌟 Teorías Humanísticas y de Rasgos
Este párrafo cubre las teorías humanísticas que rechazan las premisas conductistas y ponen el acento en la singularidad del individuo y en la importancia de las emociones y las interpretaciones personales de las experiencias. Se destacan las teorías de Maslow y Rogers, quienes ven la auto-realización como un factor determinante del comportamiento humano. También se discuten las teorías de rasgos, como la del 'Grande Cinco' de McCrae y Costa, que identifican cinco rasgos clave en la personalidad, y las teorías de Eysenck, Cattell y Allport, que se centran en la medición y clasificación de diferentes rasgos de personalidad.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Teorías de la personalidad
💡Psicoanálisis
💡Ego
💡Superyo
💡Teoría de Alfred Adler
💡Teoría de Karen Horney
💡Teoría de Carl Jung
💡Teoría de Erik Erikson
💡Teorías conductistas
💡Aprendizaje social
💡Teorías humanistas
💡Teoría de los Cinco Grandes
Highlights
Personality theories offer various explanations for individual differences in personal characteristics, thinking, emotions, motivation, and behaviors.
Psychoanalytic theories focus on the relationship between components of the psyche to explain human behavior.
Sigmund Freud's theory divides the human mind into the id, ego, and superego, each with a fundamental principle guiding behavior.
Alfred Adler's theory emphasizes the influence of childhood experiences and birth order on personality formation.
Karen Horney disagreed with Freud on 'penis envy', proposing personality is shaped by our approach to unpleasant emotions and situations.
Carl Jung's theory suggests people are born with fixed traits that form specific personality types, differing in four psychological functions.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was developed from Jung's theory, classifying personality types based on combinations of psychological functions.
Erik Erikson's theory posits that personality develops through stages influenced by the resolution of life conflicts.
Behaviorist theories, such as Skinner's, attribute personality differences to learning processes and environmental stimuli.
Albert Bandura introduced the concept of 'reciprocal determinism', where individuals influence their environment as well as being influenced by it.
Dollard and Miller combined psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories, suggesting personality is conditioned by reinforcements and internal drives.
Humanistic theories reject behaviorist assumptions, emphasizing individual uniqueness and the impact of personal experiences and emotions.
Abraham Maslow's theory of personality focuses on the pursuit of self-realization and the fulfillment of one's abilities.
Carl Rogers' theory emphasizes the relationship between one's 'real self' and 'ideal self' in shaping personality.
Trait theories categorize individual differences into a series of traits, with the 'Big Five' being a prominent example.
The 'Big Five' theory identifies five key traits—extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness—that shape personality.
Eysenck's theory proposes three traits—extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism—as the basis for personality differences.
Cattell's theory identifies 16 personality traits derived from statistical analysis of a large sample of people.
Allport's theory distinguishes thousands of personality traits, categorizing them into cardinal, central, and secondary traits.
Transcripts
Personality theories are different explanations that have been tried from the
field of psychology to individual differences in terms of
personal characteristics, ways of thinking, emotions, motivation and behaviors. The study
of personality is one of the most important fields of all
branches of psychology at a historical level. The different theories of personality
that have been developed throughout the history of this discipline vary in their approach
and the way in which they explain the existence of individual differences. However,
all of them try to build a coherent and unified vision of the individual, explain these individual differences, and try to understand
human nature in the deepest possible way .
Psychoanalytic
theories The theories of personality based on psychoanalysis try to explain
human behavior by focusing primarily on the relationship between the various components of the
psyche. All these theories are based on the work of Sigmund Freud, the father of this branch;
but there are important differences between them. Freud's personality theory
Freud divided the personality and the human mind into three clearly differentiated components:
the ego, the ego and the superego. Each of the three would be based on a fundamental principle
that they would try to comply with at all costs. Thus, the ego would act according to the pleasure principle
, and would lead us to seek instant gratification and satisfy
all our needs regardless of the consequences. The superego, on the other hand,
would act based on morals and norms acquired through socialization; and the self
would be based on the reality principle, and would act as a mediator between the other two components.
The personality of each individual would then be formed based on the relationships between these
three components. People with a very strong ego, for example, would tend to get carried away
by their emotions without thinking about the consequences. The opposite would happen with individuals
with a very active superego, who would act in a rigid and controlled manner at all times.
Adler's personality theory Alfred Adler was one of the main
disciples of Freud as well as one of the first psychoanalysts to
disagree with the founder of this current. For this psychologist, experiences during
childhood also played a very important role in the formation of personality, but some
genetic factors had a great influence. For example, Adler believed that
birth order within a family could completely change a person's personality. Thus,
firstborns would tend to set very high goals to get the attention they lost
when their siblings were born; and young children would normally be more dependent and sociable.
Horney's Theory of Personality Karen Horney was a psychoanalyst
who went down in history for founding "feminist psychology" and for being one of the first people
to be interested in the formation of the personality of women. His main disagreement with
Freud was that he did not believe in the phenomenon called "penis envy", with which the father of
psychoanalysis explained the female personality. For Horney, personality is based on the
approach we take towards unpleasant emotions and situations. While some
people would tend to reach out to others for support, others would withdraw from their peers, and a
final group would become hostile towards others. Jung's theory of personality
Despite also being a great exponent of psychoanalysis,
Carl Jung's theory of personality is very different from what we have seen previously. This psychologist
believed that people are born with a series of fixed traits that combine to form
a specific personality type, and there may be several common combinations.
Jung believed that people differ mainly in
four different psychological functions: - Extraversion versus introversion.
- Sensation versus intuition. - Thought versus feeling.
- Judgment versus perception. Although Jung did not develop
his theory very much, after World War II Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother Katharine
Briggs expanded on it and constructed a list of possible personality types based on
combinations of these four functions. From his studies, the
Myers - Briggs indicator was created, one of the most widely used personality measurement instruments in the world.
Erikson's Personality Theory Erik Erikson was another leading
exponent of psychoanalysis. For this author, personality does not remain static throughout
life, but is formed based on certain conflicts that appear in the different stages
that people go through in their development. In each of these 8 stages, the personality
will be affected depending on whether the individual is capable of resolving the conflict or if, on the
contrary, they cannot. Each of these results will have an effect
on the person's way of being, which will accumulate over the years.
Behaviorist Theories After the rise of psychoanalysis,
the next branch to appear within the study of human behavior was behaviorism. Its
defenders believed that the most important thing to understand the way of being of a person was
to know their environment and the stimuli that it provides. Some of them even
defended that the mind was nothing more than a "blank sheet" on which experiences
record new characteristics. Skinner's Theory of Personality
BF Skinner was one of the leading exponents of behaviorism. In his theories
, he defended that the only cause behind the individual differences and
the different personalities that exist are the learning processes
that we go through throughout our lives. Thus, our behavior patterns
would be conditioned by direct learning (which would occur through reinforcement
and punishment of our behavior) or indirect learning (by observational learning and modeling).
On the other hand, Skinner believed that most people would tend to behave in ways that
provide us with external reinforcement. In this way we would normally develop
outgoing and positive personalities. For this author, the only way to modify our
negative traits would be to change our environment to modify the reinforcements we receive.
Bandura's Personality Theory Albert Bandura was one of the first
behavioral psychologists to study phenomena such as social learning. This author believed that part of
our behaviors are determined by our observation of the behavior of others, in
such a way that we can learn vicariously which behaviors entail rewards and which punishments.
For Bandura, personality would be formed based on our direct and
indirect experiences, in a similar way to that proposed by Skinner. However, this author added the
concept of "reciprocal determinism", with which he stated that each individual is also capable of
influencing his environment in a very strong way. Dollard and Miller's Theory of Personality
Dollard and Miller tried to combine some of the aspects of psychoanalytic theories
with the new discoveries that behaviorism was making. For these
authors, personality would be conditioned by the reinforcements and punishments we receive;
but the behavior could also be motivated by certain internal drives.
His "drive theory" argues that before any behavior occurs
, an internal motivation must first appear. This may have to do with the satisfaction
of instincts (such as hunger or thirst), or with more complex psychological aspects.
Humanistic Theories Humanistic
theories of personality appeared after the rise of
behaviorism, and rejected virtually all the assumptions on which they were based. For
humanistic psychologists, each individual is unique, and the experiences they live and the environment in which they
move affect them in a completely different way. Humanistic psychologists also put much more
emphasis on emotions and the interpretations that each person makes of their experiences.
Next we will see some of the most important theories of this branch.
Maslow's theory of personality Abraham Maslow was one of the main
exponents of humanistic psychology, and one of those who studied personality the most. For him,
the aspect that most determines human behavior is the search for self-realization,
a state of well-being in which the person is making the most of their abilities.
For Maslow, the main differences in personality would be due to the point at which
each individual is on his way to self-realization. Thus, while some
people would be worrying only about their most basic needs, others could have
advanced to the search for creativity or social connection. This would influence both their
behaviors and their way of seeing the world. Rogers' personality theory
Along with Maslow, Carl Rogers was one of the most important authors of
humanistic psychology. As in the previous case, Rogers believed that the main cause
of individual differences was the point of the path in which each person is in
terms of his search for self-actualization. However, for Rogers the meaning of
self-actualization would be different for each individual. Thus, our way of being would be
conditioned by the relationship between our "real self" and our "ideal self", which would be
formed based on both innate and learned components based on our experiences.
Trait Theories Trait theories try
to divide all individual differences into a series of traits that can be presented
in different ways and combined to form the characteristics of each person.
The "Big Five" Theory Possibly the
best-known theory of personality today is that of the "Big Five." Developed by McCrae and Costa,
it argues that individual differences are due to each individual's variation in five
different traits: extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
For the defenders of this theory, the personality characteristics would be
completely innate and would remain stable throughout life. Thus,
if a person shows high neuroticism and low agreeableness during their childhood,
they would tend to remain the same throughout their lives. Eysenck's personality
theory Much like the "Big Five" theory, Eysenck argued that
individual differences are due to a combination of three different traits: extraversion,
neuroticism, and psychoticism. For this author, the three traits would be based on
biological phenomena that would be possible to measure. As in the previous case,
the scores of each person in each of these three traits would tend to remain
stable throughout their lives. Cattell's Theory of Personality Cattell
's theory of personality was very similar to the other trait theories. The
main difference is that this author carried out a statistical analysis on the data collected from
a large sample of people, and divided the differences between them into 16 traits.
Allport's theory of personality Allport believed that we could distinguish
thousands of different personality traits, which would be determined at
birth. In order to study them better, he divided them into three types: cardinal traits (which
would dominate the individual's personality), central traits (the most common), and secondary traits.
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