How language shapes the way we think | Lera Boroditsky | TED

TED
2 May 201814:13

Summary

TLDRこのスクリプトは、人間の言語能力とそれが私たちの思考方法にどのように影響を与えるかについて興味深く語っています。7,000種類以上の言語があり、それぞれが異なる音、語彙、そして特に構造を持っています。例えば、オーストラリアのクーク・タイヨルレ語の人々は、「左」と「右」という言葉を使わず、常に基本的方向(北、南、東、西)を使用します。その言語と文化は、人々を常に方向感覚を保ちます。また、言語の違いは、時間の考え方、数え方の仕方、色彩の区別、文法的な性別、そして出来事の記述方法など、さまざまな認知能力にまで及ぶことが示されています。言語は、私たちが数学を学ぶ能力を開き、色を区別する方法を変え、橋のような物体をどのように説明するかに影響を与えます。さらに、目撃者の証言や罰則の考え方も言語によって異なることが示されています。言語の多様性は、人間の心の柔軟性と創造性を示し、我々が考え方を広げる契機を提供します。しかし、言語の多様性が失われつつある現実と、人間の心と脳に関する知識がアメリカ英語話者中心であるという偏りがあることも警告しています。

Takeaways

  • 🗣️ 言語は人間の魔法のような能力であり、複雑な思想を伝えることができます。
  • 🌐 世界には約7,000の言語があり、それぞれが異なる音、語彙、そして重要な構造を持っています。
  • 🤔 言語は私たちの思考方法を形作るでしょうか?これは昔から争われている問題です。
  • 🔍 近年の研究により、科学的データが得られ、言語が思考に与える影響について理解が深まっています。
  • 🧭 Kuuk Thaayorre人の言語は、基本的方向詞(北、南、東、西)を使用して空間を表현します。
  • ⏰ Kuuk Thaayorre人は、自分たちの周囲の風景に時間の流れを関連付けています。
  • 🐧 言語によっては、正確な数詞がなく、人々は正確な数量を追跡するのが難しくなります。
  • 🌈 色の認識や区別においても、言語の違いによって人々が色を認識する速度や脳の反応に差があります。
  • 📚 言語の文法的な性別は、人々が物体や概念を認識するときに性別に基づく特徴を連想させる可能性があります。
  • 📉 言語は出来事の記述方法にも影響し、目撃者の記憶や責務・罰の考え方に関与します。
  • 🌟 言語の多様性は、人間の心の柔軟性と創造性を示し、様々な認知の世界を形成しています。
  • ⏳ 言語の多様性の減少は悲しい現象であり、我々の科学はより包括的で多様性を持つ研究を求めています。

Q & A

  • 言語は私たちの思考方法をどのように形成するのでしょうか?

    -言語は私たちが複雑な思想を伝える手段であり、異なる言語を持つ人々は異なる方法で空間、時間を考え、色彩を区別し、事象を記述することができます。言語は認知能力、数学の理解、基本的な知覚判断、そして罪悪感や罰、目撃者の記憶など、私たちの日常生活に重い意味を持つ概念までも形塑うことができます。

  • Kuuk Thaayorre言語を持つ人々はどのように方向を伝えるのですか?

    -Kuuk Thaayorre言語を持つ人々は、「左」と「右」という言葉を使わずに、常に基本的方向(北、南、東、西)を使って方向を伝えます。彼らは日常の会話を通じて常に方向性を維持しており、非常に良好な方向感覚を持っています。

  • 言語が色をどのように区別するのかによって、人々が色を認識する方法に違いはありますか?

    -はい、言語は色を区別する方法に大きな影響を与えます。例えば、ロシア語話者のように色に異なる名前を付ける言語を持つ人々は、色を知覚的に区別する能力が速く、正確です。一方で、英語話者のように色に一般的な名前しか持たない言語を持つ人々は、色を区別する際にカテゴリー的な変化を感じにくくなります。

  • 数字の言葉がない言語を持つ人々はどのように数量を扱うのですか?

    -数字の言葉がない言語を持つ人々は、正確な数量を追跡するのが難しくなります。彼らは物体を数える代わりに、物体のグループ化を通じて数量を把握しようとしますが、具体的な数値を覚えておくことはできません。

  • 文法的な性別がある言語は、人々が物体をどのように見ているのですか?

    -文法的な性別がある言語は、人々が物体を感知し、記述する方法に影響を与えます。例えば、ドイツ語話者のように太陽を女性的な名詞と見なす人々は、橋を「美しい」や「エレガント」といった女性的な言葉で記述する傾向があります。一方で、スペイン語話者のように太陽を男性的な名詞と見なす人々は、橋を「強壮」や「長い」といった男性的な言葉で記述する傾向があります。

  • 目撃者が同じ出来事を見た場合、言語の違いによって彼らが覚えていることが変わる理由は何ですか?

    -言語は目撃者が情報を処理し、記憶する方法に影響を与えます。英語話者のように誰が行動を起こしたかを強調する言語を持つ人々は、行動者を覚えることが多く、それが事故であったとしても同様です。一方で、スペイン語話者のように事故を強調する言語を持つ人々は、行動者を覚えることが少ないかもしれませんが、それが事故であったという点を覚えることが多くなります。

  • 言語の多様性は人間の心の何を示すことができますか?

    -言語の多様性は、人間の心がどれだけ創造的で柔軟性があるかを示します。異なる言語を持つ人々は異なる認知的な宇宙を形成しており、それらは私たちの科学がより広範な人間の経験をカバーする必要性を示しています。

  • 世界で話されている言語の数は約いくつですか?

    -世界で話されている言語の数は約7,000あります。しかし、言語の消失が進んでおり、100年以内にその半分以上が失われる可能性があります。

  • 現在の人間の心と脳に関する知識のほとんどはどのような人々に基づいていますか?

    -現在の人間の心と脳に関する知識のほとんどは、一般的にアメリカ人の大学在学生の英語話者に基づいています。これは世界のほとんどの人々を除外しており、私たちの科学はより包括的でバイアスのない研究を行う必要があります。

  • 言語が数学の理解にどのように影響を与える可能性がありますか?

    -言語が数字の言葉を提供している場合、それが数学の理解への足がかりとなります。数えられる言葉を持っている言語を持つ人々は、代数やこのような部屋を建てる、またはこのような放送を作るために必要な他の数学的な活動を行うことができます。

  • 言語は私たちの思考方法をどの程度まで形塑することができますか?

    -言語は私たちの思考方法を非常に深く形塑することができます。空間と時間の考え方、数量の把握、色彩の区別、文法的な性別、事象の記述など、言語は私たちが日常の小さな知覚的決定から、罪悪感や罰、目撃者の記憶など、個人的な重みを持つ概念までも影響を与えます。

  • 言語の違いが目撃者証言や罰や責任に関する判断にどのように影響を与える可能性がありますか?

    -言語の違いは目撃者が事件をどのように記憶するか、そして誰が責任を持つべきか、そしてどの程度の罰が適切かという判断に影響を与える可能性があります。英語話者のように行動者を強調する言語を持つ人々は、行動者を覚えることが多く、より厳しい罰を科すことが考えられます。一方で、スペイン語話者のように事故を強調する言語を持つ人々は、それが事故であったという点を覚えることが多く、罰を猶予する可能性があります。

Outlines

00:00

🗣️ 言語の力:思考の形を決定する

第一段落では、人類が持つ魔法のような能力である言語の力について話されています。言語を通じて複雑な思考を伝えられるという能力は、私たちが空間や時間を越えて考えを共有できる理由です。また、言語が異なる文化や人々の思考方式に与える影響についても触れられており、言語によって現実を形作られるかどうかという昔からの問いへの科学的データが得られるようになったと述べています。オーストラリアのアボリジニのコミュニティであるクーク・タイヨルレ人を例に、彼らの言語が東西南北などの方位角を使用していることが紹介されています。これにより、彼らは常に方向性を認識し、他の文化よりも優れた空間的な認識を持っているとされています。

05:02

🕰️ 時間と空間の捉え方:言語による差

第二段落では、言語が異なる文化において時間や空間をどのように捉えるかについて説明されています。クーク・タイヨルレ人は、身体の代わりに風景に時間と空間を固定するという独特の考え方を持っています。また、言語が数字の概念を持たない場合、人々は正確な数量を追跡するのが難しくなるとされています。さらに、色の認識や文法的な性別、そして出来事の記述方法の違いがどのように人々が世界を認識するかに影響を与えるかについても触れられています。これにより、同じ出来事を異なる言語を持つ人々が異なる情報を記憶することが示唆されています。

10:04

🌐 言語多様性:人間の柔軟性と発想

第三段落では、言語の多様性とそれが人間の思考に与える影響について語られています。言語は空間や時間の捉え方、数学の理解、基本的な感知決定、文法的な性別、そして罪责感や目撃者の記憶など、私たちの日常生活に重い意味を持つ概念にまで影響を及ぼすとされています。また、言語の多様性の減少と、人間の心と脳に関する知識の偏りを指摘し、科学的研究がより包括的で多様性を持つ必要性を強調しています。最後に、言語が私たちの思考に与える影響と、それが私たちが異なる思考方法を持つ可能性を提供するという考えを紹介し、聴衆に独自の思考方法と発想を探求するよう促しています。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡言語

言語は、人類が複雑な思考を伝えるための魔法のような能力です。このビデオでは、言語が私たちが他人に情報を伝える手段として、また思考の形を決定する要素として重要な役割を果たしていると示されています。

💡思考の形成

ビデオの中心テーマの一つとして、言語が私たちの思考方法をどのように形成するかが議論されています。言語は、私たちが空間、時間をどのように認識し、数字をどのように理解し、また色彩をどのように区別するかなど、認知能力に深く関わっています。

💡言語の多様性

世界中で話されている約7,000言語の多様性は、人間の心の柔軟性と創造性を示す宝です。言語の違いは、色覚、数え方、性別の文法的な指定など、さまざまな認知的機能に影響を与えます。

💡空間認識

ビデオでは、Kuuk Thaayorre言語を使用するオーストラリアの原住民が、基本的方向(北、南、東、西)を使って空間を認識している例が紹介されています。これは、言語が空間認識能力に与える影響を示す強力な例です。

💡時間の認識

言語は、時間の認識にも影響を与えます。ビデオでは、Kuuk Thaayorre言語の話者たちが、自分たちの周囲の風景に応じて時間を認識していると説明されています。これは、言語が時間という概念をどのように捉えるかを決定する能力を持っていることを示しています。

💡数字

ビデオでは、言語が数字の概念を提供することが、数学の理解を促進するという点で重要な役割を果たしていると述べています。数字を数え、カウントする能力は、言語によって提供される「小さなトリック」であり、それが認知的な領域への足がかりとなります。

💡色彩の認識

言語は、色彩をどのように区別するかという基本的な感知的決定にも関与します。ビデオでは、ロシア語話者と英語話者とで青色の異なるニュアンスを区別する能力に差があることが示されています。これは、言語が感知的な判断に影響を与える方法を示す例です。

💡文法的な性別

言語の文法的な性別は、話者が万物をどのように認識するかに影響を与える可能性があるとビデオで述べています。例えば、太陽と月を表す言葉がドイツ語とスペイン語で性別が逆になっているという事実が、言語が物体をどのように認識するかに影響を与える例として挙げられています。

💡事件の記述

言語は、事故などのイベントをどのように記述するかにも関わります。英語話者とスペイン語話者が同じ事故をどのように記憶するかの違いを示す例がビデオにあります。これは、言語が目撃者の証言や責務と罰に与える影響をもたらす可能性を示しています。

💡認知的ユニバース

ビデオでは、人間の心が1つの認知的宇宙を発明するのではなく、世界中で話されている7,000言語ほどの多様な認知的宇宙を発明していると語られています。これは、言語が私たちの思考方法を多様な方法で形成する能力を示すものです。

💡言語の消失

言語の多様性の失われが、人間の心と脳に関する現在の知識の偏りと狭さに関与しているとビデオで警告されています。言語の消失は、人類の認知的多様性と創造性の失傚を意味する深刻な問題です。

Highlights

Language is a magical ability that allows humans to transmit complex thoughts to one another.

The Kuuk Thaayorre people in Australia use cardinal directions instead of 'left' and 'right'.

Speakers of languages with cardinal directions maintain better spatial orientation.

Different languages have different ways of representing time, such as left-to-right or right-to-left.

The Kuuk Thaayorre link time to the landscape rather than the body.

Languages without exact number words make it harder for speakers to keep track of quantities.

The way languages divide up the color spectrum affects color perception and categorization.

Russian speakers are faster at distinguishing between light and dark blue.

Grammatical gender in languages influences how speakers think about objects.

Spanish and English speakers remember and attribute blame differently for the same event.

Language profoundly shapes how we think about space, time, quantities, colors, objects, and events.

Having count words in a language provides a foundation for mathematical understanding.

Language can influence even basic perceptual decisions like color perception.

Languages can shape thinking about almost anything that can be named by a noun.

Language impacts personal concepts like blame, punishment, and eyewitness memory.

Linguistic diversity reveals the ingenious and flexible nature of the human mind.

We are losing linguistic diversity at an alarming rate, with one language disappearing every week.

Most research on the human mind is biased towards American English-speaking college students.

Language shapes the way each of us thinks, offering opportunities to think differently.

Transcripts

play00:12

So, I'll be speaking to you using language ...

play00:16

because I can.

play00:17

This is one these magical abilities that we humans have.

play00:21

We can transmit really complicated thoughts to one another.

play00:25

So what I'm doing right now is, I'm making sounds with my mouth

play00:29

as I'm exhaling.

play00:30

I'm making tones and hisses and puffs,

play00:32

and those are creating air vibrations in the air.

play00:35

Those air vibrations are traveling to you,

play00:38

they're hitting your eardrums,

play00:40

and then your brain takes those vibrations from your eardrums

play00:44

and transforms them into thoughts.

play00:48

I hope.

play00:49

(Laughter)

play00:50

I hope that's happening.

play00:51

So because of this ability, we humans are able to transmit our ideas

play00:56

across vast reaches of space and time.

play00:58

We're able to transmit knowledge across minds.

play01:03

I can put a bizarre new idea in your mind right now.

play01:06

I could say,

play01:08

"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library

play01:11

while thinking about quantum mechanics."

play01:13

(Laughter)

play01:15

Now, if everything has gone relatively well in your life so far,

play01:18

you probably haven't had that thought before.

play01:20

(Laughter)

play01:21

But now I've just made you think it,

play01:23

through language.

play01:24

Now of course, there isn't just one language in the world,

play01:27

there are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world.

play01:30

And all the languages differ from one another in all kinds of ways.

play01:33

Some languages have different sounds,

play01:36

they have different vocabularies,

play01:38

and they also have different structures --

play01:40

very importantly, different structures.

play01:42

That begs the question:

play01:44

Does the language we speak shape the way we think?

play01:46

Now, this is an ancient question.

play01:48

People have been speculating about this question forever.

play01:51

Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, said,

play01:53

"To have a second language is to have a second soul" --

play01:56

strong statement that language crafts reality.

play01:59

But on the other hand, Shakespeare has Juliet say,

play02:03

"What's in a name?

play02:04

A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."

play02:07

Well, that suggests that maybe language doesn't craft reality.

play02:10

These arguments have gone back and forth for thousands of years.

play02:15

But until recently, there hasn't been any data

play02:18

to help us decide either way.

play02:20

Recently, in my lab and other labs around the world,

play02:22

we've started doing research,

play02:24

and now we have actual scientific data to weigh in on this question.

play02:28

So let me tell you about some of my favorite examples.

play02:31

I'll start with an example from an Aboriginal community in Australia

play02:35

that I had the chance to work with.

play02:37

These are the Kuuk Thaayorre people.

play02:38

They live in Pormpuraaw at the very west edge of Cape York.

play02:43

What's cool about Kuuk Thaayorre is,

play02:45

in Kuuk Thaayorre, they don't use words like "left" and "right,"

play02:48

and instead, everything is in cardinal directions:

play02:51

north, south, east and west.

play02:53

And when I say everything, I really mean everything.

play02:55

You would say something like,

play02:57

"Oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg."

play03:01

Or, "Move your cup to the north-northeast a little bit."

play03:04

In fact, the way that you say "hello" in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,

play03:07

"Which way are you going?"

play03:09

And the answer should be,

play03:11

"North-northeast in the far distance.

play03:12

How about you?"

play03:14

So imagine as you're walking around your day,

play03:17

every person you greet,

play03:18

you have to report your heading direction.

play03:20

(Laughter)

play03:22

But that would actually get you oriented pretty fast, right?

play03:25

Because you literally couldn't get past "hello,"

play03:28

if you didn't know which way you were going.

play03:31

In fact, people who speak languages like this stay oriented really well.

play03:35

They stay oriented better than we used to think humans could.

play03:38

We used to think that humans were worse than other creatures

play03:41

because of some biological excuse:

play03:43

"Oh, we don't have magnets in our beaks or in our scales."

play03:46

No; if your language and your culture trains you to do it,

play03:49

actually, you can do it.

play03:51

There are humans around the world who stay oriented really well.

play03:54

And just to get us in agreement

play03:56

about how different this is from the way we do it,

play03:58

I want you all to close your eyes for a second

play04:02

and point southeast.

play04:04

(Laughter)

play04:05

Keep your eyes closed. Point.

play04:10

OK, so you can open your eyes.

play04:12

I see you guys pointing there, there, there, there, there ...

play04:16

I don't know which way it is myself --

play04:18

(Laughter)

play04:20

You have not been a lot of help.

play04:21

(Laughter)

play04:23

So let's just say the accuracy in this room was not very high.

play04:26

This is a big difference in cognitive ability across languages, right?

play04:29

Where one group -- very distinguished group like you guys --

play04:32

doesn't know which way is which,

play04:34

but in another group,

play04:35

I could ask a five-year-old and they would know.

play04:38

(Laughter)

play04:39

There are also really big differences in how people think about time.

play04:42

So here I have pictures of my grandfather at different ages.

play04:46

And if I ask an English speaker to organize time,

play04:49

they might lay it out this way,

play04:51

from left to right.

play04:52

This has to do with writing direction.

play04:54

If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic,

play04:56

you might do it going in the opposite direction,

play04:58

from right to left.

play05:01

But how would the Kuuk Thaayorre,

play05:03

this Aboriginal group I just told you about, do it?

play05:05

They don't use words like "left" and "right."

play05:07

Let me give you hint.

play05:09

When we sat people facing south,

play05:11

they organized time from left to right.

play05:14

When we sat them facing north,

play05:16

they organized time from right to left.

play05:19

When we sat them facing east,

play05:21

time came towards the body.

play05:23

What's the pattern?

play05:26

East to west, right?

play05:27

So for them, time doesn't actually get locked on the body at all,

play05:31

it gets locked on the landscape.

play05:32

So for me, if I'm facing this way,

play05:34

then time goes this way,

play05:35

and if I'm facing this way, then time goes this way.

play05:38

I'm facing this way, time goes this way --

play05:40

very egocentric of me to have the direction of time chase me around

play05:44

every time I turn my body.

play05:46

For the Kuuk Thaayorre, time is locked on the landscape.

play05:49

It's a dramatically different way of thinking about time.

play05:52

Here's another really smart human trick.

play05:54

Suppose I ask you how many penguins are there.

play05:56

Well, I bet I know how you'd solve that problem if you solved it.

play06:00

You went, "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight."

play06:02

You counted them.

play06:04

You named each one with a number,

play06:05

and the last number you said was the number of penguins.

play06:08

This is a little trick that you're taught to use as kids.

play06:11

You learn the number list and you learn how to apply it.

play06:14

A little linguistic trick.

play06:16

Well, some languages don't do this,

play06:18

because some languages don't have exact number words.

play06:22

They're languages that don't have a word like "seven"

play06:24

or a word like "eight."

play06:27

In fact, people who speak these languages don't count,

play06:29

and they have trouble keeping track of exact quantities.

play06:32

So, for example, if I ask you to match this number of penguins

play06:36

to the same number of ducks,

play06:38

you would be able to do that by counting.

play06:41

But folks who don't have that linguistic trick can't do that.

play06:47

Languages also differ in how they divide up the color spectrum --

play06:50

the visual world.

play06:52

Some languages have lots of words for colors,

play06:54

some have only a couple words, "light" and "dark."

play06:56

And languages differ in where they put boundaries between colors.

play07:00

So, for example, in English, there's a word for blue

play07:03

that covers all of the colors that you can see on the screen,

play07:06

but in Russian, there isn't a single word.

play07:08

Instead, Russian speakers have to differentiate

play07:11

between light blue, "goluboy,"

play07:12

and dark blue, "siniy."

play07:15

So Russians have this lifetime of experience of, in language,

play07:19

distinguishing these two colors.

play07:21

When we test people's ability to perceptually discriminate these colors,

play07:25

what we find is that Russian speakers are faster

play07:27

across this linguistic boundary.

play07:29

They're faster to be able to tell the difference

play07:31

between a light and dark blue.

play07:33

And when you look at people's brains as they're looking at colors --

play07:36

say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue --

play07:40

the brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue

play07:45

will give a surprised reaction as the colors shift from light to dark,

play07:48

as if, "Ooh, something has categorically changed,"

play07:52

whereas the brains of English speakers, for example,

play07:54

that don't make this categorical distinction,

play07:56

don't give that surprise,

play07:57

because nothing is categorically changing.

play08:02

Languages have all kinds of structural quirks.

play08:04

This is one of my favorites.

play08:05

Lots of languages have grammatical gender;

play08:08

every noun gets assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine.

play08:13

And these genders differ across languages.

play08:15

So, for example, the sun is feminine in German but masculine in Spanish,

play08:19

and the moon, the reverse.

play08:21

Could this actually have any consequence for how people think?

play08:25

Do German speakers think of the sun as somehow more female-like,

play08:29

and the moon somehow more male-like?

play08:31

Actually, it turns out that's the case.

play08:33

So if you ask German and Spanish speakers to, say, describe a bridge,

play08:39

like the one here --

play08:40

"bridge" happens to be grammatically feminine in German,

play08:43

grammatically masculine in Spanish --

play08:46

German speakers are more likely to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"

play08:50

and stereotypically feminine words.

play08:52

Whereas Spanish speakers will be more likely to say

play08:55

they're "strong" or "long,"

play08:56

these masculine words.

play09:00

(Laughter)

play09:03

Languages also differ in how they describe events, right?

play09:08

You take an event like this, an accident.

play09:10

In English, it's fine to say, "He broke the vase."

play09:13

In a language like Spanish,

play09:16

you might be more likely to say, "The vase broke,"

play09:19

or, "The vase broke itself."

play09:21

If it's an accident, you wouldn't say that someone did it.

play09:24

In English, quite weirdly, we can even say things like,

play09:28

"I broke my arm."

play09:29

Now, in lots of languages,

play09:31

you couldn't use that construction unless you are a lunatic

play09:35

and you went out looking to break your arm --

play09:37

(Laughter)

play09:38

and you succeeded.

play09:39

If it was an accident, you would use a different construction.

play09:42

Now, this has consequences.

play09:44

So, people who speak different languages will pay attention to different things,

play09:48

depending on what their language usually requires them to do.

play09:52

So we show the same accident to English speakers and Spanish speakers,

play09:56

English speakers will remember who did it,

play10:00

because English requires you to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."

play10:03

Whereas Spanish speakers might be less likely to remember who did it

play10:07

if it's an accident,

play10:08

but they're more likely to remember that it was an accident.

play10:11

They're more likely to remember the intention.

play10:13

So, two people watch the same event,

play10:16

witness the same crime,

play10:18

but end up remembering different things about that event.

play10:22

This has implications, of course, for eyewitness testimony.

play10:26

It also has implications for blame and punishment.

play10:28

So if you take English speakers

play10:30

and I just show you someone breaking a vase,

play10:32

and I say, "He broke the vase," as opposed to "The vase broke,"

play10:37

even though you can witness it yourself,

play10:39

you can watch the video,

play10:40

you can watch the crime against the vase,

play10:44

you will punish someone more,

play10:45

you will blame someone more if I just said, "He broke it,"

play10:48

as opposed to, "It broke."

play10:50

The language guides our reasoning about events.

play10:55

Now, I've given you a few examples

play10:58

of how language can profoundly shape the way we think,

play11:02

and it does so in a variety of ways.

play11:04

So language can have big effects,

play11:06

like we saw with space and time,

play11:08

where people can lay out space and time

play11:10

in completely different coordinate frames from each other.

play11:14

Language can also have really deep effects --

play11:17

that's what we saw with the case of number.

play11:19

Having count words in your language,

play11:21

having number words,

play11:22

opens up the whole world of mathematics.

play11:25

Of course, if you don't count, you can't do algebra,

play11:27

you can't do any of the things

play11:29

that would be required to build a room like this

play11:32

or make this broadcast, right?

play11:34

This little trick of number words gives you a stepping stone

play11:37

into a whole cognitive realm.

play11:40

Language can also have really early effects,

play11:42

what we saw in the case of color.

play11:46

These are really simple, basic, perceptual decisions.

play11:48

We make thousands of them all the time,

play11:51

and yet, language is getting in there

play11:52

and fussing even with these tiny little perceptual decisions that we make.

play11:58

Language can have really broad effects.

play12:00

So the case of grammatical gender may be a little silly,

play12:03

but at the same time, grammatical gender applies to all nouns.

play12:08

That means language can shape how you're thinking

play12:10

about anything that can be named by a noun.

play12:14

That's a lot of stuff.

play12:16

And finally, I gave you an example of how language can shape things

play12:19

that have personal weight to us --

play12:21

ideas like blame and punishment or eyewitness memory.

play12:23

These are important things in our daily lives.

play12:28

Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals to us

play12:33

just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is.

play12:37

Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --

play12:42

there are 7,000 languages spoken around the world.

play12:46

And we can create many more --

play12:47

languages, of course, are living things,

play12:50

things that we can hone and change to suit our needs.

play12:55

The tragic thing is that we're losing so much of this linguistic diversity

play12:59

all the time.

play13:00

We're losing about one language a week,

play13:02

and by some estimates,

play13:03

half of the world's languages will be gone in the next hundred years.

play13:07

And the even worse news is that right now,

play13:10

almost everything we know about the human mind and human brain

play13:14

is based on studies of usually American English-speaking undergraduates

play13:19

at universities.

play13:22

That excludes almost all humans. Right?

play13:26

So what we know about the human mind is actually incredibly narrow and biased,

play13:31

and our science has to do better.

play13:37

I want to leave you with this final thought.

play13:40

I've told you about how speakers of different languages think differently,

play13:43

but of course, that's not about how people elsewhere think.

play13:47

It's about how you think.

play13:48

It's how the language that you speak shapes the way that you think.

play13:53

And that gives you the opportunity to ask,

play13:55

"Why do I think the way that I do?"

play13:57

"How could I think differently?"

play13:59

And also,

play14:01

"What thoughts do I wish to create?"

play14:03

Thank you very much.

play14:05

(Applause)

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