Reactions of monosaccharides
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the chemical reactions of monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. It covers oxidation to form acids, reduction to alcohols, reaction with phenol hydrazine, and the formation of aldehydes and ketones. It also discusses dehydration to create furans, and the process of tautomerization in an alkaline environment.
Takeaways
- 🍬 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates found in nature.
- 🧪 They have a general formula of CnH2n.
- 🔍 The chemical reactions of monosaccharides depend on their functional groups, typically an aldehyde or ketone.
- 🔥 Oxidation of monosaccharides can lead to the formation of acids.
- 🍺 Reduction of monosaccharides results in the formation of alcohols.
- 🌐 Reaction with phenol hydrazine can lead to the formation of osazones.
- 🌟 Different monosaccharides can form different crystal structures, such as needle-shaped for glucose and fructose, fluffy ball-shaped for lactose and galactose, and sunflower-shaped for maltose.
- 🌱 Glucose can be phosphorylated to form glucose 1-phosphate or glucose 6-phosphate.
- 🌡️ Dehydration of monosaccharides in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid results in furanose and pyranose forms.
- 🌈 The tautomerization process involves the shifting of hydrogen atoms between carbons to form enols, typically facilitated in an alkaline environment.
Q & A
What are monosaccharides?
-Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates found in nature, with a general formula of CnH2nO, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
What functional groups do most monosaccharides possess?
-Most monosaccharides have either an aldehyde or ketone group as their functional group.
What type of chemical reactions can monosaccharides undergo based on their functional groups?
-Based on their functional groups, monosaccharides can undergo oxidation to form acids, reduction to form alcohols, reaction with phenol hydrazine to form osazones, phosphorylation to add phosphate groups, and dehydration to remove hydroxyl groups.
What happens during the oxidation of an aldehyde or ketone group in monosaccharides?
-During oxidation, the aldehyde group can be oxidized to form carboxylic acids, while the ketone group can be oxidized to form ketonic acids.
What is the product of the reduction of an aldehyde or ketone group in monosaccharides?
-The reduction of an aldehyde or ketone group in monosaccharides results in the formation of alcohols, such as sorbitol from glucose and mannitol from fructose.
What are osazones and how are they formed?
-Osazones are compounds formed when monosaccharides react with phenol hydrazine under acidic conditions. Different monosaccharides form different crystal structures of osazones.
How can glucose be phosphorylated to form glucose 1-phosphate or glucose 6-phosphate?
-Glucose can be phosphorylated by the addition of a phosphate group, forming glucose 1-phosphate or glucose 6-phosphate, which are important in metabolic pathways.
What is the result of treating monosaccharides with concentrated sulfuric acid?
-When monosaccharides are treated with concentrated sulfuric acid, they undergo dehydration, releasing water molecules and forming furanose or pyranose structures, which are more chemically active.
What is the significance of the tautomerization process in monosaccharides?
-Tautomerization is the process where hydrogen atoms shift between carbon atoms in monosaccharides, forming different isomers. This process is facilitated in an alkaline environment and is important for the conversion of glucose to fructose, for example.
How can monosaccharides react with phenolic compounds like alpha naphthol?
-Monosaccharides, especially after undergoing dehydration, can react with phenolic compounds like alpha naphthol to give color products, which can be used for identification purposes.
What is the general formula for monosaccharides and what does it represent?
-The general formula for monosaccharides is CnH2nOz, where n represents the number of carbon atoms, and z indicates the number of oxygen atoms, which is typically 2n - 2 for monosaccharides.
Outlines
🍬 Monosaccharides: The Basics and Their Reactions
This paragraph introduces monosaccharides as the simplest form of carbohydrates in nature, characterized by a general formula of CnH2nO. The focus is on understanding the chemical reactions these sugars undergo based on their functional groups, which are typically aldehydes or ketones. Key reactions include oxidation leading to the formation of acids, reduction resulting in alcohols, reactions with phenol and hydrazine to form osazones, phosphorylation to form phosphate groups, and dehydration to create furans. The paragraph also touches on isomerization, where glucose can be converted to fructose in an alkaline environment, facilitated by the formation of an enediol intermediate.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Monosaccharides
💡Aldehyde
💡Ketone
💡Oxidation
💡Reduction
💡Phenol Hydrazine
💡Osazones
💡Phosphate Group
💡Dehydration
💡Furans
💡Tautomerization
Highlights
Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates found in nature with a general formula CnH2n.
Chemical reactions of monosaccharides depend on their functional groups, typically an aldehyde or ketone.
Oxidation of monosaccharides can lead to the formation of acids.
Reduction of monosaccharides results in the formation of alcohols, such as sorbitol from glucose.
Monosaccharides can react with phenol hydrazine under acidic conditions to form osazones.
Different monosaccharides produce different crystal structures, such as needle-shaped for glucose and fructose.
Glucose can be esterified to form glucose 1-phosphate or glucose 6-phosphate.
Dehydration of monosaccharides with concentrated sulfuric acid releases water molecules, forming furans.
Furans are chemically active and can react with phenolic compounds like alpha-naphthol to produce color.
Tautomerization is a process involving the shifting of hydrogen atoms between carbons to form enols.
Tautomerization of glucose to fructose is facilitated in an alkaline environment.
The functional groups of monosaccharides determine the types of chemical reactions they can undergo.
Oxidation of the aldehyde group in monosaccharides leads to the formation of glucuronic acid.
The oxidation of the ketone group in monosaccharides results in the formation of keto acids.
Galactose and fructose reduction yield different alcohols like galactitol and mannitol.
Osazones are specific compounds formed during the reaction of monosaccharides with phenol hydrazine.
Lactose and galactose form fluffy ball-shaped crystals, distinct from other monosaccharides.
Maltose forms sunflower-shaped crystals, indicating the unique structure of its osazone.
Transcripts
hey everyone quick back a mystery basics
here let's talk about reactions of
monosaccharides monosaccharides are the
simplest carbohydrates found in nature
and they have a general formula cnh2n
understand what kind of chemical
reactions that am on saturate undergo we
must first figure out what is the
functional group that the more saturated
possess well most of them on satellites
have an aldehyde or ketone as a
functional group hence the chemical
reactions that the monosaccharides
undergo will depend on these functional
groups these reactions are oxidation to
give acids reduction to give alcohol
reaction with phenol hydrazine formation
of Easterns phosphate group and
dehydration that is removal of the
hydroxyl group let's see each of them
oxidation the aldehyde group or the keto
group or the terminal hydroxyl group can
be oxidized to form acids and guess
Bluecoats
the oxidation of aldehyde group leads to
formation of gluconeogenic whole group
leads to formation of glue creo mnek
acid reduction reduction of aldehyde or
ketone group results in formation of
alcohol production of glucose gives
sorbitol galactose kills Talcott all
menos kills mannitol and fructose kills
many Tom and sorbitol reactions with
phenol hydrazine are acidic condition
monosaccharides can react with phenol
hydrazine to give us a zone
the otha zones for my different
monosaccharides have different crystal
structure example glucose and fructose
gives needle shaped crystals lactose and
galactose gives fluffy ball shaped
crystals and maltose gives sunflower
shaped crystals in stratification
glucose can be Easter fight to give
glucose 1-phosphate
or glucose 6-phosphate
dehydration monosaccharides been treated
with concentrated sulfuric acid
undergoes dehydration by releasing three
molecules of water the product form
during the hydration are called for
fuels the farfel also form our
chemically active and can react with
phenolic compounds like alpha naphthol
to give color products totalization this
is a process in which there is a
shifting of hydrogen's from one carbon
to the other to form any dials
[Music]
any vowel formation is usually
facilitated in the alkaline environment
for example glucose can be converted to
fructose by its intermediate any dial-in
in alkaline environment
[Music]
関連動画をさらに表示
Reaction of Aldehydes and ketones
Organic Chemistry - Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones
Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis
3.Chemical Reactions and Equations | 10th Class Science I | Question and Answers | Lesson No. 3
Bab 1 KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 KSSM :Tindakbalas Redoks [Part 1]
Carbohydrates Part V: Reactions of Monosaccharides
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)