Comparative Anatomy (Urinary System)
Summary
TLDRThis presentation delves into the comparative anatomy of the urinary system, focusing on the kidneys and the renal portal system. It highlights variations in kidney morphology across species, including the absence of a urinary bladder in birds. The renal portal system in birds is discussed, along with the nephron as the kidney's functional unit. The module aims to enable students to differentiate between mammalian and reptilian types of nephrons and understand the unique characteristics of each domestic animal's urinary system.
Takeaways
- 🧬 The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, with variation among species in the kidneys' structure.
- 🐶 In dogs, the kidneys have a smooth surface with a single renal papilla, and the renal pyramids fuse into a renal crest.
- 🐱 Cats have a unique capsular vein in their kidneys, which is not found in other species.
- 🐑 Sheep and goats share similar kidney anatomy with dogs, featuring a renal crest.
- 🐷 Pigs have multilobar kidneys with smooth surfaces and lack a renal crest, featuring minor and major renal calyces instead.
- 🐴 Horses have heart-shaped right kidneys and a distinct internal structure with terminal recesses for urine collection.
- 🕊 Birds have a unique renal portal system in addition to the renal arterial supply and venous return, influencing medication injection sites.
- 🐦 Birds' kidneys are divided into cranial, middle, and caudal lobes, lacking a renal pelvis and calyces, and have both mammalian and reptilian type nephrons.
- 🔍 The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney, and the renal medulla is the inner layer, with the renal pelvis collecting urine for the ureters.
- 🌐 The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for urine production, with segments including the glomerulus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and the collecting duct.
- 🦎 Reptilian type nephrons in birds lack a loop of Henle and are found in the outer zones of the renal lobules, connecting directly to collecting ducts.
Q & A
What are the main components of the urinary system?
-The main components of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
How do kidneys vary among different species?
-Kidneys can vary among species in terms of their classification as unilobar or multilobar and the presence of a smooth or elevated surface.
Which animal lacks a urinary bladder and how is this reflected in their kidney structure?
-Birds lack a urinary bladder, and their kidneys are divided into cranial, middle, and caudal lobes with distinct features compared to mammals.
What is the significance of the renal portal system in birds?
-The renal portal system in birds is significant as it provides an additional blood supply to the kidneys, which can affect the excretion rate of medications and the potential for nephrotoxicity.
Why is the caudal body often avoided as an injection site for medications in birds?
-The caudal body is avoided as an injection site in birds because the renal portal system can rapidly transport and remove drugs from the kidneys, potentially leading to faster excretion or increased nephrotoxicity.
What are the basic parts of a kidney as described in the script?
-The basic parts of a kidney include the renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, and the renal hilus where important structures like the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter pass through.
What is unique about the renal pelvis in horses?
-In horses, the renal pelvis has mucus glands, which give the urine a turbid appearance.
How does the structure of the kidneys in dogs differ from that in cats?
-While both dogs and cats have similar kidney structures, cats have a unique feature called the capsular vein.
What is the function of the nephron in the urinary system?
-The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine production, with its various segments filtering blood and forming urine that is then conveyed to the renal pelvis.
What are the two types of nephrons found in birds and how do they differ structurally?
-Birds have both mammalian and reptilian type nephrons. The reptilian type lacks a segment corresponding to the loop of Henle and is found in the outer zones of the lobules, while the mammalian type includes the loop of Henle and extends into the medullary cones.
How does the presence of a renal crest in some animals affect the urine collection process?
-The renal crest, present in animals like dogs and horses, is a fusion of the renal pyramids that projects into the renal pelvis, facilitating the collection of urine from the nephrons.
Outlines
🧘 Comparative Anatomy of Kidneys
This module delves into the comparative anatomy of the urinary system, focusing on the kidneys as the central organ. It aims to educate students on the differences in kidney morphology across various domestic animals, the renal portal system in birds, and the distinct types of nephrons found in mammals and reptiles. The urinary system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, with kidneys showing significant variation among species. The kidneys can be classified into unilobar and multilobar types with different surface textures. The module also covers the basic anatomy of the kidney, including the renal cortex, medulla, pelvis, and other structures. The kidneys' position relative to each other and their relationship with the liver in various animals are also discussed.
🐦 Avian Renal System and Nephron Types
The second paragraph shifts focus to the unique features of the avian renal system, including the absence of a urinary bladder and the presence of a renal portal system. This system receives blood from the caudal body and distributes it through a secondary capillary network, influencing medication injection practices in birds to avoid rapid excretion or potential nephrotoxicity. The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is explored in detail, highlighting its role in urine production. The paragraph distinguishes between the mammalian and reptilian types of nephrons, with the latter being unique to birds and lacking a segment corresponding to the loop of Henle. The reptilian type nephrons are situated in the outer zones of the kidney lobules, while the mammalian type nephrons extend into the medullary cones. The summary concludes the comparative anatomy discussion of the urinary system.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Urinary System
💡Kidneys
💡Renal Portal System
💡Nephron
💡Glomerulus
💡Renal Cortex
💡Renal Medulla
💡Renal Papillae
💡Renal Pelvis
💡Mammalian Type Nephron
💡Reptilian Type Nephron
Highlights
The presentation compares the urinary system's kidneys across different domestic animals.
A brief discussion on the renal portal system in birds is included.
The nephron, as the functional unit of the kidney, is identified and compared between mammals and reptiles.
The urinary system is composed of kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra, with variations among species.
Birds lack a urinary bladder, unlike mammals.
Kidneys can be classified as unilobar or multilobar with variations in surface texture.
Dogs, cats, goats, sheep, and horses have unilobar kidneys with a single renal papilla.
Pigs have multilobar kidneys with a smooth surface and multiple papillae.
Large ruminants have multilobar kidneys with a lobated surface and multiple papillae.
Birds' kidneys are divided into cranial, middle, and caudal lobes.
The right kidney is generally higher than the left in domestic mammals except in pigs.
The basic parts of the kidney include the renal cortex, medulla, pelvis, and helus.
Dogs have renal pyramids fused into a renal crest.
Cats have a unique capsular vein in their kidney anatomy.
Sheep and goats share similar kidney anatomy with dogs.
Pigs' kidneys have minor and major calluses but lack a renal crest.
Horses have a heart-shaped right kidney and a unique terminal recess structure.
Birds possess a renal portal system with unique blood supply and return mechanisms.
The renal portal system in birds may affect medication injection sites and drug excretion rates.
The nephron structure includes the glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and collecting duct.
Birds' kidneys contain both mammalian and reptilian type nephrons with distinct structures.
Reptilian type nephrons in birds lack a segment corresponding to the loop of Henle.
Transcripts
hi welcome to our fifth module
in this presentation we will compare one
of the most important parts of the
urinary system
the kidneys we will also have a short
discussion on the renal portal system
and the nephron being the functional
unit of the kidney
at the end of this presentation each
student should be able to compare the
morphology of the kidneys of the
different domestic animals
discuss the renal portal system of birds
and identify and compare the mammalian
and reptilian type of nephrons
the urinary system is composed of the
kidneys the ureters
the urinary bladder and the urethra
among the organs
the kidneys show variation among species
it is also good to point that birds lack
the urinary bladder
compared to mammals with a very distinct
urinary bladder
kidneys can be classified as unilobar
or multilobar with either smooth or
elevated surface
unilobar kidneys are described to have a
smooth surface
and a single renal papilla as found in
dogs
cats small ruminants like goats and
sheep
and horse multilobar kidneys with smooth
surface and multiple papillae is present
in pigs
while multilobar kidneys with a lubated
surface
and multiple papillae is present in
large ruminants
birds on the other hand have kidneys
divided into cranial
middle and codal lobes as variation is
present only in the kidneys
this module will focus only on the gross
comparative notes of the kidneys
the renal portal system and comparison
of mammalian and reptilian type of
nephron
in general the right kidney is always
higher than the left in all domestic
mammals
except in pigs because of this if you
recall the anatomy of the liver
a renal impression is present on the
caudate process and the right hepatic
lobe of those animals
before we compare the kidneys of each
animal let us first review the basic
parts of the organ
shown here is a gross and a section
kidney of a dog
the renal cortex is the outer layer of
the kidney parenchyma beneath the
capsule
while the renal medulla is the inner
layer of the parentima
here is the renal helus where various
important structures like renal artery
renal vein and the ureter is passing
through
the renal pelvis is the expanded
proximal end of the urethra
this is the one collecting the formed
urine from the kidneys to the ureter
here is a schematic illustration of the
kidney to show the other distinct parts
the kidneys are basically lobulated
meaning they are composed of
lobules each renal lobule
has a renal papilla
this is the apex of a renal lobule that
drips urine into the proximal end of the
ureter
the renal calluses are cup-shaped
structures receiving urine from the
renal papillae
the kidneys of dogs are being shaped as
shown here
the renal pyramids fused into renal
crest and
projects into a distinct renal pelvis
in cats it is smaller than in dogs
however
the distinguishing characteristic of
their kidneys is the presence of
capsular vein
this is unique in cats
in sheep and goats the anatomy of the
kidney is the same as in dogs
they also have the renal crest instead
of the individual renal papillae
however this is in contrast with the
large ruminants
their kidneys are lobated and locks the
renal pelvis
they have minor calluses embracing the
renal papillae that lead into the major
calluses
and into the urethra please note that
each lobe has its own cortex and medulla
in pigs the kidneys are also being
shaped
externally the kidneys are the same with
others with smooth kidney
due to the fused cortex as shown here
however
the medulla is infused it has minor
and major calluses thus it lacks the
renal crest
present in dog
the right kidney of a horse is heart
shape while the left kidney is being
shaped
internally it has a structure called
terminal recess
which are long tube like extensions that
collect
and carry urine from the kidney pose to
the small renal pelvis
same with the dog it has a renal crest
instead of the renal papillae
interestingly the wall of the renal
pelvis has mucus glands
which give the horse urine a turbid
appearance
in birds the kidneys lie on the ventral
surface of the sin sacrum
it is divided into cranial middle and
caudal lobes
both renal pelvis and renal calluses are
missing
uniquely birds possess a renal portal
system
in addition to the expected renal
arterial blood supply
and the renal venus return the system is
consists of the cranial
renal portal vein and the caudal renal
portal vein
the system receives venous blood from
the caudal body and distributes it
into a second capillary system in the
interlobular spaces
the renal portal system has been used as
a justification
for avoiding the caudal body as a site
for injection of medications in birds
one reason for this avoidance is that
the drugs may be more rapidly excreted
when injected here than is desirable due
to their being immediately transported
to
and removed by the kidney another
concern is that drugs that are
potentially nephrotoxic
or those that are damaging to the
kidneys may be more so when they
are first distributed and diluted to the
kidneys
via the portal system
now we proceed to the nephron the
nephron is the functional unit of the
kidney
here is a schematic illustration of the
mammalian nephron
the nephrons are responsible for urine
production while the subsequent
collecting tubules convey the urine to
the renal pelvis
each nephron is composed of several
segments
this can be more appreciated in
histology and physiology classes
but let us take a quick view of its
parts
the glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries
where the blood is filtered to form the
glomerular filtrate
this is enclosed by the glomerular
capsule or the bowman's capsule
the next segment is the proximal
convoluted tubule
then the loop of henle which is composed
of a descending
and the ascending limb then it will
become the distal convoluted tubule
and finally to the collecting dock where
the formed urine will be released via
the individual renal papillae
or renal crest the renal pelvis or renal
calluses depending on the species
bird's kidney contain two different
types of nephron
and one type is markedly different in
structure compared to the nephrons of
mammalian kidneys
this unique type of nephron is termed a
reptilian type nephron and is similar to
those found in the kidneys of reptiles
here is the reptilian type nephron the
glomerulus of the reptilian type
nephrons are found in the lobules of
bird kidneys and a renal tubule connects
each glomerulus to a collecting duck
also found in the same lobule however
the tubules of the reptilian type
nephrons do not
include a segment that corresponds to
the loop of henle
and the tubules of the reptilian type
nephrons are contained in the outer
zones of the lobules
where they are connected to the
collecting ducts
in contrast the mammalian type nephrons
have the loop of henle
as shown here and extend downward into
the medullary cones that support the
lobules
again birds have both mammalian and
reptilian type of nephrons
and that ends our discussion on the
comparative anatomy of the urinary
system
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