TEAS Science Review: Urinary system [Higher volume]

Summary

This lesson delves into the urinary system, also known as the genital system, highlighting its key role in excretion and maintaining homeostasis. It covers the system's anatomy, including kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, and explains how kidneys filter blood to remove metabolic waste. The video also touches on the connection between the urinary and cardiovascular systems, the production of hormones like renin and erythropoietin, and the importance of fluid balance in blood pressure regulation. The summary is designed to provide a concise yet comprehensive understanding of the urinary system's functions and its interplay with other bodily systems.

Takeaways

• 🧠 The urinary system, also known as the genital system, is responsible for excretion and maintaining homeostasis by filtering metabolic waste and regulating water, electrolytes, and pH balance.
• 💧 The kidneys are the primary organs in the urinary system that perform the functions of waste filtration and balance maintenance, including water and electrolyte balance.
• 🚰 Metabolic waste products such as urea and uric acid are removed from the body through the urinary system, with urea being a key waste product from protein metabolism.
• 🌀 The kidneys produce hormones that are crucial for blood pressure regulation and red blood cell production, such as renin and erythropoietin (EPO).
• 🌡 The balance of water and electrolytes by the kidneys is directly related to maintaining blood pressure, which is a critical aspect of cardiovascular health.
• 👥 The urinary system shares structures with the reproductive system, notably the urethra, which in males transports both urine and sperm.
• 🔬 The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which includes the glomerulus for blood filtration and a series of tubules for reabsorption and urine concentration.
• 🌊 The glomerulus, under the influence of blood pressure, filters out water, electrolytes, and small molecules, which become the initial filtrate or urine.
• 🚰 The urinary bladder stores urine until it's appropriate for excretion, controlled by two sphincters, one voluntary and one involuntary.
• 🚻 The urethra in males is longer and passes through the penis, making it a shared pathway for both urine and sperm, whereas in females, it only transports urine.
• 🔍 The renal cortex and renal medulla are the two main regions of the kidney, with the cortex being the site of blood filtration and the medulla where reabsorption and urine concentration occur.

Q & A

What is the general function of the urinary system?

The general function of the urinary system is excretion, which involves the removal of metabolic wastes generated from metabolism, such as urea and uric acid.

How does the liver contribute to the urinary system's function?

The liver contributes by converting toxic ammonia to urea through deamination, a step in metabolizing proteins. This urea is then filtered by the urinary system and excreted in urine.

What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?

Kidneys maintain homeostasis by regulating the balance of water, electrolytes, and maintaining acid-base balance (pH levels) in the body.

Why is the urinary system sometimes referred to as the genital urinary system?

The urinary system is sometimes called the genital urinary system because some structures, like the urethra, are shared between the urinary and reproductive systems.

How does the structure of the urethra differ between males and females?

In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, transporting both urine and sperm. In females, the urethra is shorter and only transports urine.

What are the two main regions of the kidney, and what are their functions?

The two main regions of the kidney are the renal cortex, which is the outer layer where blood is primarily filtered, and the renal medulla, the inner layer where reabsorption and urine concentration occur.

What is the role of the glomerulus in the kidney?

The glomerulus is a network of capillaries where blood is filtered due to blood pressure, pushing water, electrolytes, and small molecules like metabolic waste into the Bowman's capsule to form the initial filtrate.

How does the urinary system maintain fluid balance in the body?

The urinary system maintains fluid balance by filtering blood in the kidneys, where water and electrolytes are reabsorbed, and the remaining waste and excess water form urine to be excreted.

What hormone does the kidney produce that is involved in blood pressure regulation?

The kidney produces a hormone called renin, which is involved in blood pressure regulation.

Why is the presence of glucose in urine a cause for concern?

The presence of glucose in urine is a cause for concern as it indicates a potential condition such as diabetes or kidney disease, as normally glucose is reabsorbed and not present in urine.

What is the role of the erythropoietin (EPO) produced by the kidneys?

Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates the production of red blood cells. It is particularly important in situations where the body needs more oxygen, such as living at high altitudes.

Outlines

00:00

🌟 Introduction to the Genitourinary System

This paragraph introduces the topic of the genitourinary system, also known as the urinary system. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the system's components, their functions, and the relationship between the urinary and cardiovascular systems. The primary function discussed is excretion, particularly the removal of urea, a waste product from protein metabolism. The kidneys' role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating water, electrolytes, and pH balance is highlighted. The paragraph also touches on the shared structures between the urinary and reproductive systems, such as the urethra, and provides an overview of the urinary system's anatomy, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

05:02

🔍 Detailed Anatomy and Function of the Urinary System

This paragraph delves deeper into the anatomy of the urinary system, focusing on the kidneys and their function in filtering blood and maintaining fluid balance. It explains the structure of the kidneys, including the renal cortex and medulla, and the process of urine formation. The paragraph also discusses the role of the ureters in transporting urine to the bladder and the importance of the urinary bladder's two sphincters in controlling urination. Additionally, it touches on the significance of the urethra in both males and females and how it serves as a common pathway for urine and semen in males.

10:04

🧬 The Kidney's Role in Waste Management and Homeostasis

The paragraph explains the kidney's central role in waste management and homeostasis. It details how kidneys filter out metabolic wastes, such as urea and uric acid, and maintain the balance of water, electrolytes, and pH levels in the body. The production of active vitamin D by the kidneys is also mentioned as an additional function. The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is introduced, highlighting its components like the glomerulus and the tubules, which are responsible for filtration and reabsorption processes.

15:05

💧 The Nephron's Tubular Function and Urine Composition

This paragraph focuses on the tubular part of the nephron and the process of reabsorption and secretion that occurs within the tubules. It describes how the initial filtrate, containing water, salts, and organic molecules, is processed to form the final urine. The importance of reabsorbing water and glucose is emphasized, and the typical composition of urine is outlined, which should not contain glucose or proteins under normal conditions. The paragraph also discusses the absence of blood cells in healthy urine and the simplicity of other urinary system structures, such as the ureters and bladder, which primarily serve to transport and store urine.

20:07

🌡️ Kidneys and Blood Pressure Regulation

The paragraph discusses the kidneys' role in regulating blood pressure through the secretion of hormones like renin and the maintenance of fluid balance. It explains how the kidneys' ability to retain or excrete water influences blood volume and pressure. Additionally, the production of erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels, such as at high altitudes, is described. EPO stimulates the production of red blood cells to improve oxygen transport. The paragraph also draws a parallel between the kidney's filtration process and dialysis, a medical procedure used to cleanse the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly.

25:07

❓ Practice Problems on Urinary System Functions

This final paragraph presents a series of practice questions to reinforce the understanding of the urinary system's functions. It covers topics such as the organ responsible for maintaining fluid balance, the structure that transports sperm in males, the organ that filters blood and produces urine, the structure that stores urine before excretion, and the location of the glomerulus within the kidney. The correct answers to these questions are provided, highlighting the kidneys' central role in the urinary system.

Keywords

💡Genital System

The genital system, also known as the urinary system, is the focus of the video. It is responsible for the excretion of metabolic waste and maintaining homeostasis within the body. The term 'genital system' is used throughout the script to emphasize the shared structures between the urinary and reproductive systems, particularly in males where the urethra transports both urine and sperm.

💡Excretion

Excretion is the process of eliminating metabolic waste products from the body. In the context of the video, the urinary system plays a crucial role in excretion by filtering out waste such as urea and uric acid from the blood and excreting them in urine. The script mentions that the general function of the urinary system is excretion, highlighting its importance in maintaining the body's metabolic balance.

💡Homeostasis

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment. The kidneys, as part of the urinary system, are key in maintaining homeostasis by regulating water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. The script explains that kidneys keep the balance of these elements, which is essential for the body's proper functioning.

💡Kidney

The kidneys are vital organs in the urinary system that filter blood, remove waste, and maintain fluid balance. The script describes the kidney's structure and function, including its bean shape and division into the renal cortex and renal medulla. The kidneys' role in blood filtration and urine production is central to the video's theme.

💡Ureter

Ureters are the tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The script mentions that each kidney has an associated ureter, emphasizing their role in the urinary system's function of moving urine along the system.

💡Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is the organ that stores urine until it is ready to be excreted. The script explains that the bladder is under the control of two sphincters, which regulate the release of urine. The bladder's function in temporarily storing urine is a key part of the urinary system's process.

💡Urethra

The urethra is the tube through which urine is expelled from the body. In males, the urethra also transports sperm, as it passes through the penis. The script discusses the dual role of the urethra in both the urinary and reproductive systems, particularly noting its longer length in males, which can contribute to a higher risk of urinary tract infections in females.

💡Nephron

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. The script describes the structure of nephrons, including the glomerulus and the tubules, and their role in reabsorption and waste excretion. Understanding nephrons is essential for grasping how the kidneys perform their functions.

💡Glomerulus

The glomerulus is a network of capillaries located within the nephron where blood filtration begins. The script explains that the blood pressure in the glomerulus pushes substances like water, electrolytes, and waste products out of the blood and into the renal capsule, forming the initial filtrate.

💡Dialysis

Dialysis is a medical procedure that replicates the function of the kidneys, particularly in patients with kidney disease. The script briefly compares the natural process of kidney filtration to the artificial process of dialysis, where a machine filters blood to remove waste products when the kidneys are no longer able to do so effectively.

💡Erythropoietin (EPO)

Erythropoietin, or EPO, is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells. The script mentions EPO in the context of how the body adapts to lower oxygen levels at high altitudes by increasing red blood cell production to transport more oxygen.

Highlights

The genital urinary system's general function is excretion, responsible for removing metabolic waste such as urea and uric acid.

The liver converts ammonia to urea, which is then filtered by the urinary system.

The kidneys maintain homeostasis by balancing water, electrolytes, and acid-base levels.

The urinary system is also known as the genital urinary system due to shared structures with the reproductive system, such as the urethra.

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and the urethra.

The kidneys lie against the back, and their removal is often necessary for anatomical study.

The urinary bladder stores urine and is controlled by two sphincters, one voluntary and one involuntary.

The kidneys are the site of active Vitamin D production, an important function mentioned in the study manual.

The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney, responsible for urine production.

The glomerulus is a ball of blood vessels where blood filtration begins, creating the initial filtrate.

Tubules within the nephron reabsorb water and essential molecules, refining the filtrate into urine.

Urine should ideally not contain glucose or proteins unless there is a medical condition present.

The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

The urethra in males is unique as it transports both urine and sperm, linking the urinary and reproductive systems.

The kidneys help maintain blood pressure through the secretion of the hormone renin.

Erythropoietin, produced by the kidneys, stimulates red blood cell production, especially in low oxygen environments.

The relationship between blood pressure and the kidneys is crucial for filtering blood and maintaining overall health.

Transcripts

welcome back to another lesson today we

are going to talk about the genital url

nervous system also known as your

genital system some people simply call

it your nervous system which i probably

use throughout the lesson

just like other body systems you need to

know the different parts of the system

the general function and also the

function of each part each structure and

the organ of the system and lastly t is

expects you to know the relationship

between the cardiovascular system and

the urinary system why is that we're

going to talk about

in a few minutes

okay so the general function for the

your nervous system is excretion right

because we

perform uh metabolism every second right

24 7. so that generates a lot of

metabolic waste for example

urea

you may remember from the previous

lesson on

the digestive system where we talk about

the liver right that the liver

carries out deamination to remove the

um

amino group

from the

amino acid as a

normal step in metabolizing proteins

right remove this from

amino acid

amino acid and this generates

ammonia

but ammonia is toxic right so the liver

will further convert

ammonia to urea and eventually urea will

be

um

filtered by the urinary system it gets

into the urine and this is how you can

get rid of urea

now there are there are also some other

metabolic wastes for example uric acid

which is a waste from

our body metabolizing nucleic acid

all right now besides excretion the

urinary system and really it's the

kidneys

that will also maintain homeostasis

and

the kidneys keep balance of a few things

for example water right or body fluid

electrolytes so those are kind of

commonly known as salts right

and also acid and base which is

basically

a balance about ph

now you don't need to memorize all those

things but there are a couple things

that the adi mentions in the study

manual so we'll talk about those things

in detail now they did not mention the

acid the base which is the ph balance

and also i haven't seen any questions on

that so i think that might be a little

bit less important and i would kind of

focus on

maybe water and electrolytes because

those are also related to the

maintenance of blood pressure

like we talked about earlier it's also

called the genital urinary system that's

because some of the structures are kind

of shared between the urinary system and

the reproductive system for example

urethra

now in males

eureka urethra goes through penis and

urethra

does transports both urine

and sperm

okay so that's in nails

so it kind of makes sense that we call

it you know genital urinary system

all right now let's look at some of the

basic anatomy of the urinary system to

kind of know where the different

structures are located

so this system

consists of two kidneys so you can see

the two kidneys are over here

usually the kidneys kind of lie against

the back

so when we do that section we

almost always have to you know remove

some of the structures that are more on

the anterior like remove the intestines

remove the liver and then you can see

the kidneys

uraters so your raters are these tubes

that come out of the kidneys and

transport urine down to the urinary

bladder right so you have

one your ureter

for each kidney

so there you go so these are the ureters

your nerve bladder you just have one

urinary bladder that stores urine until

you think it's okay to

get rid of it right so in

humans usually we have two sphincters

that can control the opening of bladder

which we'll talk about later so there is

one sphincter that's under voluntary

control

voluntary control so you can consciously

control that so you're not like

uh you know some animals that can just

pee anywhere right you have to kind of

evaluate the environment and see if you

can

urinate

and the urethra so the urethra

once the the urinary bladder is open

urine is going to come out and enter

urethra and eventually

reaches the exterior of your body okay

all right oh yeah the information is

right here so urinary bladder

contains two sphincters

the internal sphincter is smooth muscle

it's under in

[Music]

voluntary control

which means you cannot consciously

control this muscle once the urinary

bladder is full it's going to send

signals to the brain and the the brain

will open

the smooth muscle the internal sphincter

however however

we do have an external sphincter which

is

made of a skeletal muscle and if you

remember from the

neuromuscular system that the skeletal

muscle is under voluntary control

so that you can consciously control

whether you want to open this sphincter

or not right if you get into a bathroom

yes open it but if you are in the public

place that's not appropriate to urinate

then you are going to control this

external sphincter you're going to keep

it closed and you can see that both will

have to be relaxed right for maturation

so basically maturation means urination

all right now let's look at the kidney

structure and the function so like i

said

the all these important functions that

we talk about maintain the balance get

rid of the waste

all those important functions are

actually performed by the kidneys and

again most people have two kidneys

very very rarely some people may be born

with one kidney but that's very rare

so when you look at the kidney

it has this kind of bean shape right so

the kidney can be divided to two main

regions now of course there are some

other minor regions but since the t

study menu doesn't mention those

structures i don't think those

structures will be on the test so

i think you only need to know the two

main regions the first region is the

outer layer

which is called the renal cortex now you

do need to know what renal means renal

means

things related to the kidneys right so

the

renal cortex is this outer layer and in

this layer you have all those kind of

blood vessels

when we do that section

they use dyes to kind of dye the

the arteries and the veins so that when

we open the kidneys

we can actually see those blood vessels

in the cortex the renal cortex region

this is also

where you know the the blood is

primarily filtered right

because there are

a lot of glomeruli you know from the

nephrons in this region

the second major region

is this inner layer it's

a bit wider so that's the inner layer

right here so that's the renal medulla

so in renal medulla there are a lot of

ducts

a lot of tubules that can

you know perform reabsorption and

concentrate urine so that's renal

medulla

all right now for the urine

that's for urine for the kidney uh you

can see that there's this renal artery

the red one that will come into the

kidney and then it's gonna further

branch right into smaller

arteries and arterials so the renal

artery is gonna bring in

the fresh oxygenated blood into the

tissues of the kidney

and

once the cells utilize the nutrients

utilize the oxygen now the blood becomes

deoxygenated right and the deoxygenated

blood is going to be drained by the

renal

vein

of course the smaller veins first and

then everything merges into this major

renal vein so the blood is going to

deoxygenate the blood is going to come

out right

out of the uh the kidney and enter the

renal vein all right so that's the

blood situation for the kidney

now another uh very good reason to talk

about the the blood in and out of the

kidney is that

this is the source the blood

is the source for

for example metabolic wastes

that the kidney is going to filter and

take out right because when you

metabolize all the cells metabolize

right and the cells will get rid of the

metabolic waste and those waste

molecules will diffuse into the blood so

the blood is actually carry all the

metabolic wastes into the kidney and

then the kidney is going to filter blood

and it's going to take out all the

wastes from the blood and then put the

waste in urine

so that's kind of the general picture

for the kidney to perform to kind of

remove metabolic wastes so that's all

about excretion

all right now the equation is tied to

urine production because those metabolic

waste still will end up in urine

now for excretion the kidney is going to

get rid of a lot of wastes the major

wastes are

nitrogenous wastes

so when you look at this term probably

notice oh nitrogen that's

the element nitrogen right so

nitrogenous just refers to things that

contain nitrogen

so the main waste is going to be urea

because

again remember

urea really comes from

metabolizing proteins right proteins are

made of amino acids and the

amino group is removed from amino acids

you can see there's a nitrogen right

there

all right now about homeostasis so the

kidney maintains the balance of fluid

right because it takes out uh the water

from the blood so uh when you look at

urine urine is mostly blood right so

where does sorry urine is mostly water

so where does the water come from the

water comes from the blood so when the

kidney filters the blood

uh metabolic waste come out but

inevitably some water will also come out

and becomes a part of the urine

electrolytes

again the blood carries all those

electrolytes those assaults right so

some of the salts especially if you have

excessive amount then they will come out

and they will you know be part of the

urine

okay now kidney is also the site where

the active form of a vitamin d is

produced so that's another function for

the kidney now i haven't seen any

questions on vitamin d and kidney but

since it's mentioned in the study manual

i thought we should

mention that real quick

okay now let's look at

the structural and the functional unit

of the kidney because this will help you

understand how kidney works how this

kidney filter the blood

so the

functional units are called a nephrons

and nephrons so the t study menu does

talk about nephrons so i think

this will be kind of important to go

over

so the kidney will have you know

millions of nephrons

now each nephron is a little factory

that produces urine

so each nephron is kind of a little

factory where urine is produced now

nephron can be divided into a few parts

a few parts now for simplicity since t's

study menu does not go into detail so

i'm just going to kind of divide it into

two main sections the first section is

called the glue mirrorless

and it's a right here so this is kind of

like a ball structure

so that's glomerulus in glue mirrorless

and it's really kind of a ball of blood

vessels so you can see the blood vessels

kind of

are all

formed here right so this ball of blood

vessel brings in blood to be filtered

okay and how does this filtration works

it's really kind of due to the pressure

in the blood vessel right you have a

fluid going through

the vessel and

this generates pressure right you can

think of as you know your blood pressure

so this blood pressure is pushing

some of the substances out of the

vessels right again

remember we're talking about smaller

blood vessels especially capillaries

there are walls are very thin so things

can definitely come out can leak out so

with that blood pressure

things like

water

small molecules like electrolytes and

also you know amino acids glucose

metabolic waste those are all you know

very small molecules organic inorganic

they can come out

and then there's a collecting duct

right here it's called a glomerular

capsule so all the

things will enter this capsule and this

will be the initial urine

this is also called

filtrate so filtrate is the substance

that

comes out of the the the filtration

process

all right now the filtrate you know

including all that water salts small

organic molecules including metabolic

waste all that filtrate will go through

the second part of each nephron which is

a bunch of tubules a bunch of tubules so

that includes a proximal convoluted

tubule

distal convoluted tubule and in between

them in between them there is this loop

of a heli

or some people call it a group of

nephron or nephron loop it's the same

thing so this is proximal because it's

closer to the glomerulus and then this

is going to be the distal okay so all

these tubules they will reabsorb some of

the important things in the initial

urine in the filtrate for example they

will reabsorb most of the water because

water is precious you do not want to

lose

too much water

through the filtration process

and in fact the filtration process the

glomerulus does take out a lot of water

from blood

but don't worry most of the water will

be absorbed and you know some of the

other precious molecules such as glucose

will also be reabsorbed usually you do

not see glucose

in the urine now the final urine is

usually made up of mostly water around

if i remember correctly around 95

percent of water and it does have

salt which electrolytes urea remember

that's the main metabolic waste from

proteins

i did have i did see a couple questions

on this so make sure you know the urea

comes from

metabolizing proteins and some other

metabolites

but

but remember urine should not contain

any glucose unless you have diabetes or

if you have some kind of kidney disease

urine should not have proteins

again unless you have some certain

conditions

there should not be any blood cells in

the urine

including erythrocytes which is the

right blood cells right or leukocyte

which is the white blood cells

so those things should not be present in

the urine

i haven't seen any questions on what

should not be in the urine but you might

want to be prepared just in case they

ask that question

the other

structures in the urinary system are

very very simple

they don't do too much they either just

transport or

you know stores things so euraters we

talked about uranus

previously so they kind of connected the

kidneys with the urinary bladder right

so they really just kind of transport

the urine down to the bladder

we talked about this previously

previously in the digestive system the

wall of the gi tract has layers of

smooth muscle right and then the

contraction of smooth muscle which is

known as peristalsis can push things

down the tract

this is also present in ureaters urinary

bladder stores urine

now we'll talk about that the bladder is

under the control of two sphincters

right external is involuntary you can

consciously control the internal which

is made up of smooth muscle is under

involuntary control you cannot

consciously control that but both

sphincters will have to be open for the

urine to come out of the bladder

okay now the last structure in the

urinary system is urethra

now urethra

in males is a little bit special because

urethra in males goes through the penis

so you can see the picture right here so

for males the urethra is a lot longer

than

female urethra so that's why you know

females tend to get uti

your nerve tracking infection then the

nails because the urethra is much

shorter and so it's easier for our

bacteria to kind of

get

deeper into the urinary system and in

fact to the bladder or the kidneys

now urethra in males it transports both

urine and sperm right so this is kind of

where

there is a conjunction between the

urinary system and the reproductive

system urethra in females however only

transports urine

all right now how do you the urinary

system and the cardiovascular system

work together

the teeth study manuals mentioned a

couple of things so i'm kind of

summarizing things here now kidneys

do help maintain the blood pressure so

that's very important that's a very big

thing right blood pressure is super

critical

so there are two kind of aspects about

this

um the t study menus kind of put a lot

of weight on this aspect where you know

kidneys secretes a hormone called a

running and running can regulate blood

pressure so i would definitely recommend

that you remember

this particular hormone

made by kidneys

and

it's involved in blood pressure

regulation

a second thing that i think is kind of

important is kidneys also regulate the

balance of fluid right it maintains the

balance of a water or fluid they're

really the same thing and depending how

much water is in your blood it can

influence the blood pressure right if

you have a more fluid in your blood

vessel then you have a higher

blood pressure

because you have a more fluid pressing

on the blood vessels

so

more fluid more blood volume and more

blood pressure if kidneys get rid of a

lot of body fluid then

it's going to decrease the blood volume

it's going to decrease blood pressure

all right um kidneys also produce

another hormone which is called

erythropointing

or epo erythropoietin

erythro means a red right protein

poisonous insulin production so this

hormone can stimulate the production of

the red blood cells

so i'll give you one scenario if you go

to

live in a much higher altitude area

charlotte's really has a really low

altitude right um i can't remember the

exact number maybe 400 feet maybe if you

go to colorado let's say you go

somewhere that

um

has an elevation of 12 000 feet right so

the air is thinner less oxygen available

so now it puts a little bit pressure on

your body to your body you know in order

to meet the demand of oxygen by all your

cells your body needs to make more red

blood cells to transport oxygen

so in response your body

will have kidneys you know make uh

erythropoietin which will stimulate or

promote the regular cell production so

that you have more red blood cells to

work to transport oxygen

kidneys basically filter blood right

because from metabolism your blood is

kind of

full of metabolic waste that need to be

removed right so kidneys basically

filter blood remove all the waste so

when the blood leaves the kidney

the blood has a much much lower amount

of metabolic waste

it's much cleaner

and if you think about this process i

don't know if you're familiar with the

dialysis

you know we have a dialysis machine to

filter to cleanse a patient's blood

right so the dialysis machine is really

kind of like an artificial kidney it

filters blood they take out the

metabolic waste and usually because the

patient's kidneys are not working right

so that's why they have to go to

dialysis

now on the other hand the blood pressure

contributes to the filtering of blood in

glomerulus

we kind of touch on this just a little

bit remember in glomerulus it's kind of

like a ball of blood vessels right

and there is some space the capsule

right there there's some space so the

filtrate is going to come out into the

capsule right and that's what we call

the the filtrate

so what pushes things out of the blood

and that's the pressure right that's the

blood pressure

so think of

a balloon

if you fill the balloon with some water

uh it's okay right it might not leak out

but if you put more and more water in

the balloon eventually you may see you

know a little amount of water coming out

and that's because the internal pressure

in the balloon is getting higher right

it's increasing and eventually that

pressure

can kind of overcome the

the material right and then push things

through the material

so it's a kind of similar

uh mechanism as what's going on in gold

mirrorless the blood pressure

helps filter blood right it helps to

push things out

to become

the filtrate which is really kind of the

initial urine

oops

all right now let's look at some

practice problems

number one which of the following organs

functions to maintain fluid balance

the answer is the kidney fluid balance

water balance is performed by the

urinary system and it's really done by

the kidneys

the other structures like i said they

just transport urine or stores urine

they don't do much else

number two which of the following parts

transports sperm in males

the correct answer is urethra urethra

since males in urethra goes through the

penis so it transports both urine and

sperm

number three which of the following

organs filters blood and produces urine

correct answer is

kidneys

number four which of the following

structures stores urine before excretion

that's going to be the urinary bladder

number five glomerulus is located in

this region of the kidney

glomerulus is located in the outer layer

which is the renal cortex

that's it good job guys