Sejarah Indonesia Kelas 12 Kehidupan Politik Ekonomi masa Demokrasi Liberal , Demokrasi Terpimpin

Summary

The video covers Indonesia's political and economic landscape from its early independence period through the eras of Liberal Democracy and Guided Democracy. It begins by explaining democracy, its historical origins, and its implementation in Indonesia, highlighting key figures and political systems during each era. The speaker discusses the challenges faced by various cabinets, such as the Natsir and Sukiman cabinets, and the role of military and communism in shaping the nation's political trajectory. The Guided Democracy period under Sukarno is emphasized, focusing on his dominance and the rise of the PKI, concluding with the transition to the New Order.

Takeaways

• 📜 The video begins with a greeting and reminder to like, share, and subscribe to help the channel grow.
• 📅 The focus is on Indonesia's political and economic life during three periods: early independence, liberal democracy, and guided democracy.
• 📖 Democracy is defined as a system where the people hold the highest sovereignty, originating in ancient Greece (Athens).
• ⚖️ Indonesia experienced three main forms of government: presidential (1945-1947), liberal democracy (parliamentary system), and guided democracy (1959-1965).
• 🛑 During liberal democracy, several cabinets were formed, but most failed due to issues like separatism and unresolved conflicts.
• 🕊️ The Guided Democracy era under President Sukarno saw the dominance of the executive branch and the concept of 'Nasakom' (Nationalism, Religion, Communism).
• 📊 The economy during the liberal democracy era was marked by programs like the 'Benteng Program,' which aimed to empower local businesses but largely failed.
• 🚀 The Guided Democracy period also emphasized large-scale projects and geopolitical movements like the non-aligned movement, but faced inflation and economic instability.
• 👑 Sukarno's Dekrit of July 5, 1959, reestablished the 1945 Constitution and marked the start of the Guided Democracy era.
• 🗳️ A key distinction between liberal and guided democracy is the shift from legislative power (liberal) to executive dominance (guided), with significant implications for decision-making and governance.

Q & A

What are the key periods discussed regarding Indonesia's political and economic developments?

The key periods discussed are the early years of independence (1945-1950), the liberal democracy period (1950-1959), and the guided democracy period (1959-1965). Each period experienced different political and economic challenges and developments.

What is democracy, as defined in the video?

Democracy is defined as a system of government where the highest sovereignty rests with the people. This concept has its roots in ancient Greek democracy, particularly in the polis of Athens, which implemented the principle of 'trias politica' with three branches of power: executive, legislative, and judiciary.

What are the differences between a presidential and a parliamentary system?

In a presidential system, the president and vice president are directly elected by the people and hold executive power. In contrast, a parliamentary system, such as the one used during Indonesia’s liberal democracy period, places executive power in the hands of a prime minister and the cabinet, who are responsible to the parliament.

What is 'Nasakom' and how did it influence the guided democracy period?

'Nasakom' stands for 'Nationalism, Religion, and Communism,' which was a political concept promoted during the guided democracy period (1959-1965) under President Sukarno. It aimed to unify these three ideologies in governing the country, with the president holding dominant executive power.

What was the 'Gerakan Benteng' policy, and why did it fail?

The 'Gerakan Benteng' was an economic policy in the early post-independence period aimed at supporting native Indonesian entrepreneurs by providing them with financial support. However, it failed because many recipients were unable to manage the funds effectively, leading to economic mismanagement.

What were the main political events during the early years of Indonesia's independence (1945-1950)?

Key events include the transition from the presidential to the parliamentary system in 1945, the struggle for independence from Dutch forces, the relocation of the government to Yogyakarta, and the formation of multiple cabinets such as those led by Sutan Sjahrir and Amir Sjarifuddin.

How did Indonesia's first general election in 1955 impact the political landscape?

The 1955 general election was a major event in Indonesia's liberal democracy period. It was the first election to democratically elect representatives to the parliament, and it marked a step towards consolidating Indonesia’s democratic processes.

What led to the end of Indonesia's liberal democracy period in 1959?

The liberal democracy period ended due to the inability of the parliamentary system to effectively address national issues, such as separatist movements and economic instability. President Sukarno issued the 'Presidential Decree' on July 5, 1959, which dissolved the Constituent Assembly and returned the country to the 1945 Constitution, marking the start of the guided democracy era.

How did inflation affect Indonesia during the guided democracy period?

During the guided democracy period, inflation was rampant, largely due to the government’s focus on funding large-scale projects, such as international sporting events like GANEFO, which drained national resources and led to economic instability.

What were the main causes of the political crisis that led to the end of the guided democracy era?

The political crisis during the guided democracy era culminated in the failed coup attempt by the PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) on September 30, 1965 (G30S/PKI). This event, along with rising dissatisfaction with Sukarno’s governance, led to the fall of guided democracy and marked the end of his presidency.