Materi Sejarah Indonesia Kelas XII (Bab 2)--Kehidupan Politik Indonesia di awal Kemerdekaan

Summary

This video provides an overview of Indonesia's political and economic landscape from its early years of independence through different democratic systems. It covers the transition from the presidential system to liberal democracy, the rise of guided democracy under President Sukarno, and finally, the New Order under President Suharto. The video also explores the various challenges faced by Indonesia, such as foreign interventions, internal conflicts, and shifts in government structures. It highlights key events like the formation of early cabinets, changes in governance systems, and the pivotal role of figures like Sukarno, Sutan Sjahrir, and Muhammad Hatta.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ Democracy in Indonesia has evolved from a presidential system to a parliamentary system and back to a presidential system with various forms in between.
• 🌐 The concept of democracy was first implemented in ancient Greece, specifically in the city-state of Athens, and means 'rule by the people'.
• 🔄 Indonesia experimented with direct democracy and representative democracy, with the latter being more common in republics with presidential or parliamentary governance.
• 🏢 The trias politika, or separation of powers, is a fundamental pillar of democracy, dividing authority into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
• 🔄 After independence, Indonesia faced significant challenges, including external pressures from Allied forces and Dutch intentions to reclaim control.
• 📜 The first cabinet formed was the Presidential Cabinet, led by President Sukarno, which was in place from September 4 to November 14, 1945.
• 🛑 The system of government shifted abruptly from presidential to parliamentary within a few months, indicating early political instability.
• 🏛️ The transfer of the capital to Yogyakarta in 1946 due to security concerns in Jakarta highlights the tumultuous early years of Indonesian independence.
• 🔄 The political landscape saw multiple cabinets being formed and replaced, such as the Cabinets of Sutan Sjahrir and Amir Syarifuddin.
• 🏆 Indonesia's struggle for independence culminated in the recognition of its sovereignty at the Round Table Conference in The Hague.
• 📚 The period from 1945 to 1950 was marked by significant political events, including the formation of the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) in response to Dutch military aggression.

Q & A

What is democracy according to the video transcript?

Democracy is a system of government where the people hold the highest sovereignty. It originated in ancient Greece, specifically in the city-state of Athens.

What are the two types of democracy mentioned in the transcript?

The two types of democracy mentioned are direct democracy, where all citizens participate directly in decision-making, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

What is 'Trias Politika' and its significance in a democracy?

Trias Politika is the division of governmental power into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. This system ensures checks and balances, meaning each branch controls and balances the others to prevent absolute power.

Who occupies the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in Indonesia according to the transcript?

In Indonesia, the executive branch is occupied by the president and the DPR (House of Representatives), the legislative branch by the MPR (People's Consultative Assembly), and the judicial branch by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.

How did Indonesia's government system change after independence?

After independence, Indonesia first adopted a presidential system from September 4 to November 14, 1945. Then, the country transitioned to a parliamentary system under a liberal democracy where the government was led by a prime minister and the president served as a symbolic figure.

What led to the shift from liberal democracy to 'Guided Democracy' in Indonesia?

The shift occurred with the issuance of a presidential decree in 1959, which marked the beginning of 'Guided Democracy' where the president had dominant control, and the concept of 'Nasakom' (Nationalism, Religion, and Communism) was introduced.

What was the 'Nasakom' concept introduced during Indonesia's Guided Democracy?

The 'Nasakom' concept integrated elements of Nationalism, Religion, and Communism into the governance system under President Sukarno's Guided Democracy, emphasizing unity among these ideological groups.

What was the role of the military during Indonesia’s New Order period?

During the New Order under President Suharto, the military had a dual function, known as 'Dwifungsi ABRI.' The military was responsible for both social and defense-security functions.

How did Indonesia's political system change in the Reform Era after 1998?

In the Reform Era starting in 1998, after President Suharto resigned, Indonesia transitioned to a more democratic system. By 2004, the president and vice president were elected directly by the people.

What were some key challenges Indonesia faced in the early years of independence?

Key challenges included external threats, like the arrival of Allied forces and Dutch attempts to regain control, and internal conflicts. The government was not yet fully stable, and conflicts often led to armed struggles.

Outlines

00:00

📜 Introduction to Democracy in Indonesia and Its Global Origins

This paragraph introduces the concept of democracy, its origins in ancient Greece, and its application in Indonesia. It explains the two types of democracy: direct and representative. The paragraph also highlights the system of checks and balances (trias politica) dividing power into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Indonesia’s initial democratic system, influenced by the Greek polis, reflects the balance and independence of these powers.

05:02

🔄 Transition to Guided Democracy and Political Shifts

This paragraph discusses the political evolution in Indonesia from its early independence in 1945 through the liberal democracy era to the guided democracy introduced by President Sukarno in 1959. It emphasizes the increasing dominance of the executive branch, particularly the president, under guided democracy. The paragraph also touches on the introduction of the concept of 'Nasakom' (Nationalism, Religion, Communism), which persisted until the fall of the G30S/PKI in 1965, when Suharto’s New Order government took over and reintroduced Pancasila Democracy.

10:07

⚔️ Challenges in the Early Years of Independence

This section covers the challenges Indonesia faced in the immediate post-independence period (1945-1950). It highlights the creation of the first cabinet led by Sukarno, which was short-lived due to internal and external conflicts, including opposition from the Dutch. The paragraph underscores the difficulties of establishing a stable government amid foreign threats and internal strife, leading to frequent changes in the political system and the shift from a presidential to a parliamentary system.

15:10

🛠️ Evolution of Cabinets and Political Instability

This paragraph details the succession of different cabinets from Sutan Sjahrir's first cabinet to the formation of Amir Sjarifuddin and later Hatta’s cabinets. It highlights the growing instability due to external pressures such as Dutch military aggression, which led to the temporary relocation of Indonesia’s government to Yogyakarta. The narrative covers key political transitions, including the creation of the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) in response to Dutch attacks, and the eventual return to democratic governance post-independence.

Keywords

💡Democracy

Democracy is a system of government in which the power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives. The video discusses the concept of democracy as it has been practiced in Indonesia, from the early days of independence to various political phases, such as liberal democracy and guided democracy.

💡Presidential System

A presidential system is a form of government where the executive branch exists separately from the legislature, and the president is both the head of state and government. The script mentions the initial adoption of a presidential system in Indonesia right after independence, where the president held significant authority before transitioning to other forms of governance.

💡Guided Democracy

Guided Democracy refers to a political system in Indonesia under President Sukarno from 1959 to 1965, where the president held dominant power. It is characterized by a centralization of authority, diminished role of political parties, and the incorporation of the concept of 'Nasakom' (Nationalism, Religion, and Communism). The video explains this period as one where executive power was dominant and the president played a key role in political and economic decisions.

💡Trias Politica

Trias Politica, or the separation of powers, divides the government into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch operates independently while maintaining checks and balances over the others. In the video, this principle is described as a foundational element of democratic governance, ensuring that no single branch can operate without oversight from the others.

💡Nasakom

Nasakom stands for Nationalism, Religion, and Communism, a political concept introduced by President Sukarno to unite Indonesia's diverse political ideologies during the Guided Democracy period. The video discusses this concept as a means to balance different ideological factions within the country, but it also led to tensions and conflicts, culminating in political unrest by 1965.

💡Liberal Democracy

Liberal Democracy in Indonesia, practiced from 1950 to 1959, is characterized by a parliamentary system where political power is divided among various parties and the government is accountable to the parliament. The video describes this period as a time of political experimentation with a multi-party system, which ultimately faced challenges leading to the reintroduction of a more centralized form of government under Guided Democracy.

💡Cabinet System

The Cabinet System is a system of government in which the executive branch derives its legitimacy from, and is accountable to, the legislature (parliament). The video explains how Indonesia transitioned to a cabinet system during the period of Liberal Democracy, where a prime minister led the government, and the president acted more as a symbolic head of state.

💡Pancasila Democracy

Pancasila Democracy is a form of democracy based on the five principles of Pancasila, Indonesia’s state philosophy, which includes belief in one God, a just and civilized humanity, the unity of Indonesia, democracy guided by inner wisdom, and social justice. The video describes how this form of democracy was emphasized during the New Order regime under President Suharto, which promoted centralized authority and political stability.

💡Dual Function of ABRI

The Dual Function of ABRI (Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia) refers to the military's role in both defense and socio-political spheres. During the New Order period under President Suharto, the military was given a role not only in national defense but also in governance and civil administration. The video explains this concept as crucial for maintaining political control and stability during that era.

💡Indonesian Independence

Indonesian Independence, declared on August 17, 1945, marks the country's liberation from colonial rule. The video describes the early years following independence as a tumultuous period marked by struggles to establish a stable government, the adoption of various political systems, and the challenge of external threats from the Dutch and other forces.

Highlights

Democracy in Indonesia is a system where the people hold the highest sovereignty.

Democracy was first implemented in ancient Greece, specifically in the city-state of Athens.

There are two types of democracy: direct and representative.

In a representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to a legislative body.

The principle of trias politica is a pillar of democracy, dividing power into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

The executive branch is usually occupied by the president, while the legislative by the MPR, and the judicial by the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court.

Indonesia's democratic history from 1945 to 1965 went through the early independence period, liberal democracy, and guided democracy.

The early independence period was marked by the implementation of a presidential system led by President and Vice President.

The liberal democracy period used a parliamentary system led by a prime minister, with the president as a symbolic figure.

Guided democracy was initiated by President in 1959, with a very dominant executive branch.

The concept of Nasakom (Nationalism, Religion, and Communism) was introduced during guided democracy.

The transition to the New Order era under President Suharto's leadership saw a dominant executive and the dual function of ABRI (now TNI) in social and defense aspects.

Reformasi (Reformation) began in 1998, leading to direct elections of the president and vice president by the people from 2004 onwards.

The early independence period faced challenges from foreign forces and internal conflicts, leading to the formation of the first presidential cabinet.

The transition from a presidential to a parliamentary system occurred within a few months in 1945, reflecting the confusion in Indonesia's governance system.

The establishment of multiple political parties was a significant move away from a single-party system, aligning with democratic principles.

The Dutch military aggression led to the formation of the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia in Bukittinggi.

The Round Table Conference in The Hague resulted in Indonesia gaining full sovereignty.

Transcripts

halo assalamualaikum warahmatullahi

wabarakatuh selamat datang kembali di

hai pelajaran sejarah indonesia untuk

kelas 12 kita melanjutkan materi dewi

bab kedua ini tiba kedua kita akan

membahas mengenai kehidupan politik dan

ekonomi indonesia pada masa awal

kemerdekaan masa demokrasi liberal dan

masa demokrasi terpimpin

ada2 point ah kita belajar lebih dulu

mengenai sejarah praktik berdemokrasi di

indonesia apa itu demokrasi demokrasi

adalah suatu sistem pemerintahan dengan

rakyat memegang kedaulatan tertinggi nah

sistem demokrasi pertama kali diterapkan

di yunani kuno tepatnya oleh negara kota

yang bernama polis polis athena

hai dan secara etimologi demokrasi

berarti pemerintahan oleh rakyat oke ada

dua jenis demokrasi di sini yang pertama

demokrasi langsung dan yang kedua

demokrasi perwakilan dan pada demokrasi

langsung semua warga negara

berpartisipasi langsung dan aktif dalam

pengambilan keputusan adapun pada

demokrasi perwakilan rakyat memilih

wakil-wakilnya di suatu lembaga

perwakilan rakyat nah sistem demokrasi

banyak dianut oleh negara-negara yang

yang berbentuk republik baik berupa

pemerintahan presidensial maupun

parlementer salah satu pilar demokrasi

adalah adanya prinsip trias politika

hai yang membagi kekuasaan menjadi tiga

yakni eksekutif legislatif dan yudikatif

nah

hai kesejajaran dan independensi

diantara tiga ketiganya ini bersifat

saling mengontrol atau kalau dalam

istilah bahasa inggris check and balance

jadi ketiganya ini saling mengontrol dan

tidak berjalan sendiri-sendiri mungkin

kalian belum paham ya kalau eksekutif

dalam suatu negara itu biasanya diduduki

oleh presiden dan dpr sementara

legislatif yang menduduki yaitu mpr

sedang yudikatif diduduki oleh mahkamah

agung dan mahkamah konstitusi

hi ho

hai oke masih mengenai sejarah praktek

demokrasi di indonesia pada tampilan

slide itu kalian bisa melihat

hai sejarah demokrasi di indonesia

secara kronologis dari apa saja

perubahannya

hai nah kita mulai dari empat september

sampai 14 november 1945 sistem yang kita

terapkan itu sistem presidensial yang

dipimpin oleh presiden dan wakil

presiden setelah itu tanggal 14 november

4 5 sampai kita menerapkan sistem

demokrasi liberal kita menggunakan

sistem parlementer dimana sistem

pemerintahannya dipimpin oleh perdana

menteri dan presiden hanya sebagai

lambang atau simbol

play to listen

hai setelah dirasa sistem demokrasi

sudah tidak sesuai lagi maka keluarlah

hai dekrit presiden pada tahun 1959 dan

dimulailah sistem demokrasi terpimpin

file-nya disini eksekutif sangat dominan

siapa itu eksekutif yaitu presiden jadi

kedudukan presiden sangat dominan dan

adanya konsep nasakom nasionalis agama

komunis nah ini ini berjalan hingga

tahun 1965 hingga meletusnya merontokkan

g30spki setelah itu

hai setelah kepemimpinan

nge-rap diambil oleh presiden soeharto

sistem demokrasi kita berubah menjadi

demokrasi pancasila yang kita kenal

dengan istilah pemerintahan orde baru

nah

knalpot laki-laki eksekutif sangat

dominan disini dan adanya dwifungsi abri

apa itu dwifungsi abri yaitu di mana abi

itu punya dua fungsi sekaligus yang

pertama di bidang sosial yang kedua di

bidang pertahanan keamanan nah setelah

melalui sejarah panjang selama 32 tahun

memimpin akhirnya tahun 1998 kita menuju

ke masa reformasi jadi staf 1998 hingga

presiden soeharto mengundurkan diri pada

tanggal dua mei ini kita mengubah

menjadi masa reformasi

indonesia

hai sejak 2004 presiden dan wakil

presiden dipilih langsung oleh rakyat

kalian tahu ya ketika kita dipimpin oleh

psby

di tahun 2004 itu

ayo kita menyalahkan demokrasi langsung

deh d dimana rakyat itu secara langsung

dan aktif dalam pengambilan keputusan

ini rangkaian kronologis sejarah praktik

demokrasi di indonesia oke pada point b

ayo kita mempelajari perkembangan

politik dan ekonomi indonesia tahun 1945

sampai 1965 dalam kurun waktu ini kita

akan melalui masa pertama awal

kemerdekaan yang kedua masa demokrasi

liberal dan yang terakhir masa demokrasi

terpimpin

hai oke bagian pertama masa awal

kemerdekaan

hai oke masa awal kemerdekaan

hai pernah kita awali dengan mempelajari

pelaksanaan demokrasi masa perjuangan

1945 sampai 1950 kita menerapkan kabinet

presidensiil

hai pada tanggal 4 september sampai 14

november 1945

hai jadi gini di awal kita menjadi

sebuah negara yang merdeka

ayo kita belum bisa mengatur sistem

pemerintahan dengan sempurna negara

masih menghadapi tantangan dan hambatan

yang seringkali berujung pada terjadinya

konflik bersenjata

porno adapun hambatan dan tantangan itu

ada yang berasal dari luar negeri dimana

kalian tahu tentara sekutu yang akan

mengambil alih kekuasaan jepang di

indonesia

hai dan juga adanya keinginan belanda

untuk kembali ke indonesia jadi itu

tantangan terbesar indonesia sebagai

negara yang merdeka sistem pemerintahan

kita belum sempurna dan harus dihadapkan

dengan berbagai tantangan ok

hai dan untuk memenuhi kelengkapannya

hai sebagai suatu negara

hai dibentuklah kabinet pertama yang

dinamakan kabinet presidensial

hai dengan kabinet ini diketuai oleh

presiden soekarno dengan masa jabatan

empat september sampai 14 november 1945

hai nah pada waktu merdekaan masih tanpa

adanya sterilisasi

hai hai

hai kekuasaan yang diperkuat dengan

adanya empat aturan peralihan

undang-undang dasar 1945 sebelum mpr dan

dpr terbentuk

hai yang dpr dibentuk

hai maka segala kekuasaan dijalankan

oleh presiden dengan menggunakan dibantu

oleh komite nasional indonesia pusat

atau kita singkat klip deh

hai nah itu karena

hai sembah dengan kita belum sempurna

jadi hanya presiden dibantu oleh komite

nasional indonesia di indonesia saat

hai dan untuk menghindari absolutisme

declared dikeluarkan beberapa maklumat

yang pertama maklumat wakil presiden

nomor 10 16 okt 1945 dimana kyb berubah

menjadi lembaga legislatif yang ke-2

maklumat pemerintah 3 nov 4 1945 di

pembentukan partai-partai politik nah

ini usul dari sutan syahrir bahwasanya

indonesia di awal merdeka kita hanya

punya satu partai tunggal yaitu partai

nasional indonesia sebagai negara yang

the democrats demokratis hal itu tidak

sesuai karena dalam dalam sistem

pemerintahan demokratis harus berdiri

banyak partai akhirnya keluarlah

maklumat itu dan yang ketiga maklumat

pemerintah 14 nov 4 5 disitu resmi

terjadi perubahan sistem pemerintahan

dari presidensial menjadi sistem

parlementer jadi di sini kalian bisa

lihat betapa indonesia ini dibingungkan

oleh sistem pemerintahannya sendiri

karena gimana tahun

hai diantara tanggal ini 14 sep 14 sep

sampai 14 november ini ada perubahannya

secara mendadak

oh ya awalnya kita menerapkan sistem

pemerintahan presidensial jubah menjadi

parlementer

eh kabinet pertama tadi kabinet

presidensial itu tidak berlangsung lama

hai pada tanggal 4 november 1945

dibentuk kabinet republik indonesia yang

kedua yang dipimpin oleh sutan syahrir

sebagai perdana menteri

hai eh menjelang akhir 1945 keamanan di

jakarta semakin memburuk tentara belanda

melakukan sejumlah aksi teror terhadap

masyarakat dimana disitu kedatangan

pasukan marinir belanda di pelabuhan

tanjung priok pada tanggal 30 desember

1945 semakin memperparah situasi karena

kota jakarta sudah tidak aman akhirnya

moh

hai keputusan berikutnya memindahkan

pusat pemerintahan sementara ke

jogjakarta pada 4 januari 1946 tuh

hai hai

hai namun perdana menteri syahrir tetap

berada di jakarta untuk mempermudah

hubungan dengan dunia internasional demi

kepentingan perjuangan dan selanjutnya

perundingan yang dijalankan pemerintah

ri dengan belanda tidak mendapat

dukungan dari semua golongan akibatnya

syahrir menyerahkan mandatnya kembali

kepada presiden

hai ketika pembentukan dewa kabinet

republik indonesia yang ketiga soekarno

tetap menunjuk sutan syahrir sebagai

perdana menteri

hai sehingga kabinetnya dinamakan

kabinet syahrir buah dari ke fehr ini

berjalan buah kali

ini memang ada skabinet syahrir satu dan

kabinet syahrir

hai buah dan selanjutnya dibentuk

kabinet keempat itu kabinet syahrir

hai itu jadi efnet syahrini itu berjalan

hai tiga kali periode i

nyeri ini ya kronologis pergantian

kabinet

hai dari kabinet syahrir

hai refiner sahrir

hai kabinet syahrir tiga hingga

digantikan oleh kabinet amir syarifudin

yang berjalan dua periode setelah itu

digantungkan oleh kabinet hatta

hai hingga diambil oleh oleh mr

sjafruddin prawiranegara mendirikan pdri

di bukittinggi karena meletusnya agresi

militer belanda 2 yang menyerang kota

jogjakarta hingga dipindah ke sumatera

bukittinggi setelah itu kabinet hatta 2

dimana

hai pada kabinet hatta dua ini indonesia

berhasil mendapatkan kedaulatannya

melalui konferensi meja budak teh

hai padahal demokrasi masa perjuangan

tahun 1945 sampai 1950 itu ada beberapa

peristiwa penting bisa kalian baca di

youtube

hai yang pertama kondisi politik ketika

itu masih berada dalam bayang-bayang

ancaman perang dan konflik di dalam

negeri

hai ini dua tentara belanda menguasai

yogyakarta pada tanggal 19 desember 1948

dan para pemimpin pemerintahan ditangkap

naga dibentuklah pemerintahan darurat

republik indonesia pdri yang

berkedudukan di bukittinggi berdasarkan

instruksi presiden kepada syafruddin

prawiranegara yang dikirim dari

yogyakarta peristiwa penting selanjutnya

yaitu pada tanggal 20 desember 1945

sampai 21 jan 1950 dibentuk kabinet ke-9

yang dipimpin oleh mister soesanto

tirtoprodjo kabinet ini sering juga

disebut sebagai kabinet peralihan

hai kabinet ke-9 ini dibentuk dan

dimulai ketika perdana menteri muhammad

hatta bersama dengan menteri-menterinya

diangkat menjadi kabinet ris pada

tanggal 20 desember 1945 sampai 6 sep

blue ketika konferensi meja bundar kita

hai ente menjadi kabinet rich republik

indonesia serikat ya