Materi Sejarah Indonesia Kelas XII (Bab 2)--Kehidupan Politik Indonesia di awal Kemerdekaan

Summary

This video provides an overview of Indonesia's political and economic landscape from its early years of independence through different democratic systems. It covers the transition from the presidential system to liberal democracy, the rise of guided democracy under President Sukarno, and finally, the New Order under President Suharto. The video also explores the various challenges faced by Indonesia, such as foreign interventions, internal conflicts, and shifts in government structures. It highlights key events like the formation of early cabinets, changes in governance systems, and the pivotal role of figures like Sukarno, Sutan Sjahrir, and Muhammad Hatta.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ Democracy in Indonesia has evolved from a presidential system to a parliamentary system and back to a presidential system with various forms in between.
• 🌐 The concept of democracy was first implemented in ancient Greece, specifically in the city-state of Athens, and means 'rule by the people'.
• 🔄 Indonesia experimented with direct democracy and representative democracy, with the latter being more common in republics with presidential or parliamentary governance.
• 🏢 The trias politika, or separation of powers, is a fundamental pillar of democracy, dividing authority into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
• 🔄 After independence, Indonesia faced significant challenges, including external pressures from Allied forces and Dutch intentions to reclaim control.
• 📜 The first cabinet formed was the Presidential Cabinet, led by President Sukarno, which was in place from September 4 to November 14, 1945.
• 🛑 The system of government shifted abruptly from presidential to parliamentary within a few months, indicating early political instability.
• 🏛️ The transfer of the capital to Yogyakarta in 1946 due to security concerns in Jakarta highlights the tumultuous early years of Indonesian independence.
• 🔄 The political landscape saw multiple cabinets being formed and replaced, such as the Cabinets of Sutan Sjahrir and Amir Syarifuddin.
• 🏆 Indonesia's struggle for independence culminated in the recognition of its sovereignty at the Round Table Conference in The Hague.
• 📚 The period from 1945 to 1950 was marked by significant political events, including the formation of the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) in response to Dutch military aggression.

Q & A

What is democracy according to the video transcript?

Democracy is a system of government where the people hold the highest sovereignty. It originated in ancient Greece, specifically in the city-state of Athens.

What are the two types of democracy mentioned in the transcript?

The two types of democracy mentioned are direct democracy, where all citizens participate directly in decision-making, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

What is 'Trias Politika' and its significance in a democracy?

Trias Politika is the division of governmental power into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. This system ensures checks and balances, meaning each branch controls and balances the others to prevent absolute power.

Who occupies the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in Indonesia according to the transcript?

In Indonesia, the executive branch is occupied by the president and the DPR (House of Representatives), the legislative branch by the MPR (People's Consultative Assembly), and the judicial branch by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.

How did Indonesia's government system change after independence?

After independence, Indonesia first adopted a presidential system from September 4 to November 14, 1945. Then, the country transitioned to a parliamentary system under a liberal democracy where the government was led by a prime minister and the president served as a symbolic figure.

What led to the shift from liberal democracy to 'Guided Democracy' in Indonesia?

The shift occurred with the issuance of a presidential decree in 1959, which marked the beginning of 'Guided Democracy' where the president had dominant control, and the concept of 'Nasakom' (Nationalism, Religion, and Communism) was introduced.

What was the 'Nasakom' concept introduced during Indonesia's Guided Democracy?

The 'Nasakom' concept integrated elements of Nationalism, Religion, and Communism into the governance system under President Sukarno's Guided Democracy, emphasizing unity among these ideological groups.

What was the role of the military during Indonesia’s New Order period?

During the New Order under President Suharto, the military had a dual function, known as 'Dwifungsi ABRI.' The military was responsible for both social and defense-security functions.

How did Indonesia's political system change in the Reform Era after 1998?

In the Reform Era starting in 1998, after President Suharto resigned, Indonesia transitioned to a more democratic system. By 2004, the president and vice president were elected directly by the people.

What were some key challenges Indonesia faced in the early years of independence?

Key challenges included external threats, like the arrival of Allied forces and Dutch attempts to regain control, and internal conflicts. The government was not yet fully stable, and conflicts often led to armed struggles.