指数基金能帮你实现财务自由吗?(指数基金陷阱,我买的指数基金和策略,推荐书籍和知识点)

MoneyXYZ
20 Aug 202124:51

Summary

TLDRThis video script explores the concept of index funds as a tool for financial freedom, endorsed by investment gurus like Warren Buffett. It explains the evolution of stock indices, the rationale behind index funds, and their historical performance. The script addresses common misconceptions, the potential pitfalls of treating index funds like stocks, and the importance of a long-term, diversified investment strategy. It concludes with the presenter's personal investment strategy and recommendations for further reading on index fund investing.

Takeaways

  • 📈 **Index Funds Popularity**: Index funds are widely considered a reliable investment tool for achieving financial freedom, even by investment legends like Warren Buffett.
  • 🤔 **Investment Paradox**: Despite the popularity of index funds, high trading volumes suggest many investors may not fully understand how to effectively utilize them.
  • 🏛️ **Historical Perspective**: The concept of stock indices dates back to 1896 with Charles Dow's creation, aiming to reflect market performance through an average of stock prices.
  • 📊 **Market Representation**: Modern indices like the S&P 500 better represent the market by including hundreds of stocks and using weighted algorithms rather than simple averages.
  • 💹 **Index as Collective Performance**: Stock indices reflect the collective performance of all participants in the market, not just individual stocks.
  • 🚀 **Long-term Growth**: Historically, indices have shown long-term growth, suggesting that investing in index funds could yield positive returns over extended periods.
  • 💸 **Market Beating Challenge**: Beating the market consistently is difficult; most investors underperform, and few funds outperform the market over the long term.
  • 🌐 **Global Economic Trust**: Investing in index funds is essentially betting on the long-term growth of the economy; those who believe in economic progress are more likely to invest in index funds.
  • 📉 **Risks and Pitfalls**: There are risks associated with index fund investing, including the potential for long-term decline and the psychological trap of frequent trading.
  • 📚 **Education Essential**: Before investing in index funds, it's crucial to educate oneself on strategies, asset allocation, and the nature of the funds to avoid common pitfalls.
  • 🌳 **Diversification Strategy**: A balanced investment strategy that includes index funds but also other assets like stocks and real estate can help mitigate risks and achieve financial goals.

Q & A

  • What is the significance of index funds in achieving financial freedom?

    -Index funds are considered a key tool for achieving financial freedom due to their ability to provide market average returns with lower costs compared to actively managed funds. They are favored by investors like Warren Buffett and are central to the FIRE movement.

  • What is the contradiction found in the ETF market regarding index funds?

    -The contradiction lies in the fact that while index funds are popular as seen by their high market capitalization, they also have high trading volumes, suggesting that many investors are treating them like individual stocks rather than holding them long-term as intended.

  • What is a stock index and why was it created?

    -A stock index is a statistical measure that tracks a group of stocks, representing a section of the market. It was created by Charles Dow in 1896 to help investors see the overall performance of the stock market by averaging the prices of a selection of stocks.

  • How has the concept of stock indices evolved since their inception?

    -Stock indices have evolved from simple average calculations to more sophisticated weighted algorithms. They now represent a broader range of stocks and are used to track different sectors or entire markets, not just a small selection like the original Dow Jones Industrial Average.

  • What is the significance of the S&P 500 index in the context of index funds?

    -The S&P 500 index is significant because it represents a broad swath of the U.S. stock market and is used by many index funds to track their performance. It includes 500 of the largest companies and serves as a proxy for the overall health of the market.

  • Why do many investors fail to achieve market-beating returns despite the availability of index funds?

    -Many investors fail to beat the market because they are unable to consistently predict which stocks will outperform. Additionally, the majority of investors are not able to outperform the market even before considering fees and taxes, which further reduce returns.

  • What is the concept of 'regression to the mean' in the context of stock market investments?

    -'Regression to the mean' is a statistical phenomenon where extreme data points tend to move closer to the average over time. In stock market terms, it suggests that stocks or funds that have performed exceptionally well or poorly will likely revert to the market's average performance.

  • Why did John Bogle's first index fund, the Vanguard 500 Index Fund, prove to be so successful?

    -The Vanguard 500 Index Fund was successful because it offered broad market exposure at a low cost, aligning with Bogle's philosophy of passive investing. It provided investors with market returns without the high fees associated with actively managed funds.

  • What is the potential danger of treating index funds like individual stocks?

    -The danger lies in the tendency to trade index funds frequently, which contradicts their intended long-term, buy-and-hold strategy. Frequent trading can lead to emotional decision-making and higher transaction costs, which can erode returns.

  • Why is it a misconception to view index funds as a guaranteed path to financial freedom?

    -Index funds are not a guaranteed path to financial freedom because they are subject to market fluctuations and economic conditions. While they offer exposure to a broad market, returns are not assured, especially over the short term.

  • What are the key considerations for someone looking to invest in index funds?

    -Key considerations include understanding the nature of index funds as long-term investments, asset allocation, the choice of index or indices to invest in, the importance of regular contributions, and the use of tax-advantaged accounts where possible.

Outlines

00:00

📈 Introduction to Index Funds and the Path to Financial Freedom

The paragraph introduces the concept of index funds as a key to financial freedom, endorsed by both the FIRE movement and investment gurus like Warren Buffett. It highlights the popularity of index funds as evidenced by their high market capitalization in ETFs. However, it also points out a paradox where high trading volumes suggest that many investors may not fully understand how to use index funds effectively, potentially leading to them becoming victims of market pitfalls instead of achieving financial freedom. The creator feels compelled to make a video to educate on what index funds are, their potential for financial freedom, the mentioned paradox, and personal investment strategies, including the author's own index fund picks.

05:02

📊 The Illusion of Beating the Market and the Rise of Index Funds

This section discusses the difficulty of beating the market, with statistics showing that 90% of investors lose money and 80% of funds eventually disappear, with less than 3% outperforming the market over the long term. It explains the concept of 'regression to the mean' in investing, where individual performances, whether above or below average, will average out to the market mean over time. The paragraph concludes by advocating for index funds as a way to capture the market's average return, referencing the historical success of the first index fund by John Bogle and its subsequent growth in popularity.

10:05

🌐 The Essence of Market Returns and the Role of Index Funds

The paragraph delves into what determines market returns, contrasting two major investment theories: intrinsic value and the 'castles in the air' theory. It explains how the intrinsic value of stocks and, by extension, indexes is tied to预判公司的未来收益. The 'castles in the air' theory suggests that stock prices are determined by market psychology and trends rather than intrinsic value. The creator aligns with the intrinsic value perspective, suggesting that investing in index funds is a bet on the long-term economic growth of the market. The paragraph also touches on the risks and challenges of relying solely on index funds for financial freedom.

15:06

💡 The Traps of Index Fund Investing and Strategies for Success

This section addresses the common misconceptions and pitfalls of index fund investing, such as the ETF paradox where investors treat long-term investments like short-term trades. It warns against viewing index funds as a guaranteed path to wealth and emphasizes the importance of a diversified investment strategy that includes index funds as a part, not the entirety. The creator shares their personal investment strategy, which includes a diversified approach with index funds, stocks, real estate, and cash, along with the importance of regular investment and the use of tax-advantaged accounts.

20:07

🚀 Final Thoughts on Index Fund Investing and Personal Disclosures

The final paragraph summarizes the creator's personal approach to index fund investing, emphasizing the need for due diligence and a strategic, long-term perspective. It discusses the importance of asset allocation, the choice of index funds, and the timing of investments. The creator discloses their own choice of an asset-allocated index fund and recommends further reading for those interested in index fund investing. The video concludes with a reminder to viewers to conduct thorough research before investing in index funds and to consider them as part of a broader investment portfolio.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Financial Freedom

Financial freedom refers to the state where one has sufficient personal wealth to live without having to work actively for basic necessities. In the context of the video, it is the ultimate goal that many people seek through investing, particularly through index funds. The script suggests that index funds can be a tool to achieve this state by consistently growing wealth over time.

💡Index Fund

An index fund is a type of mutual fund with a portfolio constructed to match or track the components of a financial market index, such as the Standard & Poor's 500 Index (S&P 500). The video emphasizes index funds as a recommended investment vehicle for average investors, including those pursuing financial freedom, due to their broad market exposure and historically strong performance over long periods.

💡FIRE Movement

FIRE stands for 'Financial Independence, Retire Early'. It is a movement of people who aim to accumulate wealth and invest in a way that allows them to retire at an earlier age than conventional retirement. The script mentions FIRE followers as advocates of index funds, viewing them as a path to financial independence.

💡ETF (Exchange-Traded Fund)

An ETF is a type of security that involves a collection of securities such as stocks, bonds, or commodities. They are traded on exchanges, much like stocks. The video script points out a contradiction where ETFs, which are often index funds, are highly traded, suggesting that investors may be treating them like individual stocks rather than long-term investments.

💡Stock Index

A stock index is a statistical measure which shows the changes in a segment of the stock market or the entire stock market. The video explains that the first stock index was created by Charles Dow in 1896, and it serves as a foundation for understanding how index funds work, as they aim to replicate the performance of such indices.

💡Market Capitalization

Market capitalization is the total dollar market value of a company's outstanding shares. In the video, it is used to rank ETFs by size, indicating the popularity and scale of index fund investments. The script reveals a paradox where the largest market cap ETFs are also the most traded, which might suggest improper use of index funds.

💡Intrinsic Value

Intrinsic value is an estimate of the true value of a company, based on fundamental analysis. The video contrasts this concept with the idea that stock prices are determined by market sentiment rather than intrinsic value. It suggests that those who believe in intrinsic value would see index funds as a way to invest in the long-term economic growth reflected in the market index.

💡Compound Interest

Compound interest is the interest on a loan or deposit calculated based on both the initial principal and the accumulated interest from previous periods. The video script uses the concept of compound interest to illustrate how regular investments in index funds can lead to significant wealth over time, which is a key reason for their appeal in achieving financial freedom.

💡Dow Jones Industrial Average

The Dow Jones Industrial Average is one of the significant stock market indices, and it was the first of its kind, as mentioned in the script. It is used as an example to explain how stock indices are created and function, which is foundational knowledge for understanding index funds that often aim to track such indices.

💡Vanguard Group

Vanguard Group is a US-based investment management firm known for its index fund products. The video script mentions it as the creator of the first index fund, the Vanguard 500 Index Fund, which tracks the S&P 500. It is highlighted as a pioneer in promoting the concept of index fund investing.

💡Asset Allocation

Asset allocation is the process of dividing investments among different asset classes such as stocks, bonds, and cash equivalents. The video suggests that index funds should not be the only investment and that a diversified portfolio, including real estate and specific stocks, is necessary for a robust investment strategy.

Highlights

Index funds are considered one of the best investment methods for ordinary people to achieve financial freedom.

Index funds are widely used by investors, as shown by the high market value of ETFs.

High trading volume in index funds suggests many investors may not fully understand their long-term investment strategy.

The concept of stock index was first introduced by Charles Dow in 1896.

Stock indices have evolved from simple averages to more complex weighted algorithms.

The S&P 500 is a widely recognized index representing a broad market segment.

Indices reflect the collective performance of all participants in the stock market.

The concept of 'beating the market' means performing better than the average market return.

Statistically, 90% of investors lose money, and only a few funds can beat the market over the long term.

The success of a few stocks can push the index average higher, but predicting these winners is difficult.

Investing in index funds is a strategy to capture the average market return by buying a diversified basket of stocks.

John Bogle founded the first index fund in 1975, which was initially met with skepticism.

Index funds have grown to become one of the largest types of funds, favored by both individual and institutional investors.

Index funds are seen as a key tool for achieving financial independence by the FIRE movement.

Investing in index funds is based on the assumption that the index will continue to grow over the long term.

Investors should consider the economic outlook and market fundamentals when investing in index funds.

There are risks and pitfalls associated with index fund investing, such as treating them like individual stocks for short-term trading.

Index fund investing requires discipline and a long-term commitment to fully benefit from compounding.

Diversification is key to managing risk, and index funds should not be the only investment in a portfolio.

Regular investment through dollar-cost averaging can mitigate the impact of market volatility.

Tax considerations and using tax-advantaged accounts can enhance the returns from index fund investments.

Education and careful planning are crucial before starting to invest in index funds.

The presenter shares their personal strategy for investing in index funds, including asset allocation and rebalancing.

Transcripts

play00:00

近些年但凡提到财务自由就一定离不开指数基金。

play00:03

无论是FIRE运动的忠实跟随者,还是像巴菲特这样的股神,

play00:07

他们都坚定的认为指数基金是普通人股市投资的最佳方法,

play00:12

甚至是帮你实现财务自由的重要工具。

play00:15

你能做的最好的一个投资

play00:17

就是购买一个指数基金

play00:19

然后,然后就是永远不去看新闻头条

play00:22

再也别去关心这些股票

play00:23

就好像你买了一个农场

play00:25

在调查数据准备这期节目的时候,

play00:27

我发现了一个特别矛盾的现象。

play00:30

这是一个根据市值大小进行排名的ETF列表,

play00:34

我们能看到按照市值排序前五名都是指数基金。

play00:39

那说明通过指数基金来投资的人还是非常多的,

play00:42

那我这个视频是不是就不用做了。

play00:45

但是当我把它们的交易量进行排名的时候发现,

play00:49

排在前几名的ETF大部分依然是指数基金。

play00:53

这不是一个好的信号,

play00:55

它代表了一个很大的矛盾和陷阱。

play00:58

它似乎在暗示很多购买指数基金的人

play01:01

并不真正知道如何使用指数基金来进行投资。

play01:06

这个矛盾和陷阱会让本想依靠指数基金实现财务自由的普通人

play01:11

变成为一个新的股市牺牲品。

play01:13

看来我还是得去做这个视频,

play01:16

去和大家分享一下什么是指数基金,

play01:19

它能不能帮我们实现财务自由,

play01:21

我们刚才说的矛盾和陷阱是什么,

play01:24

我的投资策略,以及你需要做的功课。

play01:27

最后我会跟大家分享我购买的指数基金。

play01:33

想要了解什么是指数基金,首先你得明白什么是股票指数,

play01:37

以及它代表的意义。

play01:39

1896年 Charles Dow 在华尔街日报上

play01:41

发布了世界上第一个股票指数。

play01:44

他把市场上的12只股票的价格加起来

play01:47

然后计算一个平均数,

play01:49

目的为了帮助投资者直观的看到股票市场的整体表现。

play01:54

这个平均数就是所谓的指数。

play01:57

但是Dow有两个明显的问题。

play02:00

第一它是一个简单的平均数,

play02:02

但是显然这种简单的平均数的指数是不准确的。

play02:06

因为有的公司股票多,市值大,它对平均数的影响是不成比例的。

play02:11

这就好像把我的资产和Elon Musk 的做一个平均,

play02:15

那么我的平均资产也能达到世界前100,

play02:19

这显然是不合理的。

play02:21

所以后来的指数的计算方式都采用了各种不同的加权算法;

play02:26

Dow的第二个问题是它选取的股票数量过少,到现在也就只有30个。

play02:32

这在一百多年前还算具有市场代表性,

play02:35

但是现在有几千只股票,

play02:37

30只股票能够代表的市场就太过于窄小。

play02:41

所以,后来的指数包含的股票数量和种类都有很大变化。

play02:46

有反应整体市场的指数,也有反应不同领域或者国家的指数。

play02:51

到现在大家听得最多的恐怕是标准普尔500指数了。

play02:55

从名字我们就知道,它包含了大概500只股票,

play03:00

并对股价通过加某种权算法得出一个数字。

play03:04

这个数字本身没有实际意义,

play03:07

它的意义在于对历史数据的比较来获得市场表现的趋势,

play03:12

对,这些线形图才是我们真正参考的东西。

play03:15

每当股市大涨或者大跌的时候,这些指数就会充斥在你的耳边。

play03:24

好,我们现在知道了什么是指数,

play03:26

但是这些指数的真正意义远不止趋势这么简单,

play03:30

它的背后还包含了更深层次的含义,

play03:32

而这些深层含义就直接催化了指数基金的诞生。

play03:36

我们看这张标准普尔500指数过去20年的线形图。

play03:40

从表面上我们可以把历史上的任意两点连成一条线

play03:44

计算出整个股票市场在这段时间的回报率。

play03:47

如果这条线向上,就代表赚钱,如果这条线向下,就代表赔钱。

play03:53

而深层里,这整张图就代表了所有指数中

play03:57

出现的股票的参与者在历史上的整体回报率。

play04:01

我们这里必须要强调这个“整体表现”的概念。

play04:04

股市本质是一个零和游戏。你的利润就是另外一个人的损失。

play04:09

有人赚钱就会有对应的人赔钱。但是无论是谁在赚钱还是谁在赔钱,

play04:15

最终我们集体会有一个成绩单,那就是这个指数形成的线形图,

play04:21

你可以把这个指数认为是我们所有参与者的回报的一个平均数。

play04:26

这里需要引入一个很重要也是我们本视频会反复提到的一个概念,

play04:30

那就是当一个人或者机构的投资在这个平均成绩之上的时候,

play04:36

我们说他打败了市场

play04:38

beat the market。

play04:39

注意,beat the market, 不代表你一定是赚钱了。

play04:43

只是代表你表现的比市场平均好,

play04:46

你可能比其他人赚的更多,或者赔得更少。

play04:50

可以看到,我们的整体成绩单在某些历史时期是赚钱的,

play04:55

某些历史时期是赔钱的。但是当我们把目光放远就会发现一个趋势,

play05:01

在长时间内,指数是增长的,是赚钱的。而且时间跨度越长,

play05:08

股市的回报就越大概率是赚的。

play05:11

这时候很多人会自然想到,在股市的历史当中,

play05:15

一个个体想成为一名优秀生做到beat the market 也许不容易,

play05:20

但是大多数人做到一个平均数应该不难吧?

play05:23

然而事实情况却证明我们的这种想法不能再天真了。

play05:27

数据显示90%的投资者都是赔钱的!

play05:30

而80%的基金最终都会消失,

play05:33

只有少于3%的基金能够在长时间内打败市场。

play05:37

但是当你减去管理费和隐形的税费,

play05:40

基金投资者几乎无法打败市场。

play05:42

都不要说去beat the market,我们大多数人都无法实现投资的一个底线,

play05:47

那就是不赔钱。

play05:49

客观事实是,在我们个体身上,投资的回报更加符合著名的二八原则。

play05:55

只有少数的幸运儿赚到了大多数的钱,

play05:57

只有少数的股票的成功把指数的平均值推高。

play06:01

这就让我想到了量子物理学中的一个现象:

play06:05

一个放射性物质每过多少万年就会衰减一半。

play06:09

这个物质中有无数的粒子。

play06:12

我可以肯定的是,每隔一定周期有一半的粒子会消失,

play06:17

但是我无法预测具体哪个例粒子会在什么时候消失。

play06:22

我们知道的只是一个整体的概率,

play06:24

但是我无法预判单独的个体。放到股市也是如此,

play06:29

我可以肯定的是市场一定存在少数的赢家股票,

play06:33

但是我们难以预测具体哪个股票会在多长的时间里是赢家。

play06:38

昨天的赢家可能就是明天的输家。

play06:41

我们最终作为一个集体都逃不掉那个市场的最终表现。

play06:46

这在统计学里面叫做“regression to the mean” 均值回归。

play06:50

无论你一个个体在某段时间的表现如何超越市场,

play06:55

那么一定存在该同样或者不同的个体

play06:58

在同一时间或者不同时间的表现会低于市场,

play07:01

最终的体现就是市场均值,就是我们的指数。

play07:05

Ok Ok,什么量子力学什么均值回归乱七八糟的,

play07:09

再说就成玄学了。

play07:11

一句话总结就是,大多数人在股市里赔钱,

play07:15

无法一早选中那个让你发家致富的Google, Apple, Amazon, Tesla,

play07:20

我们无法打败市场,

play07:22

成功的概率并不青睐大多数人。

play07:25

但是,既然少数的股票的成功能够将整个指数在历史上赚钱,

play07:31

假设,注意我们这里说的是假设

play07:34

指数在未来很长一段时间内能和过去一样保持长时间增长,

play07:39

那我干嘛非要去碰运气挑选那少数的赢家,

play07:43

我为什么不把整个指数里的股票全都买下来,

play07:47

然后安安静静的做一个平均数呢?

play07:49

只要指数未来长期大概率是赚钱的,

play07:52

那我不就会赚到钱吗?

play07:54

什么,所有的股票太多你买不起怎么办,

play07:57

没关系,咱们一起合伙凑钱来买。

play08:00

凑钱合伙买股票就叫做基金。

play08:03

而按照指数买下整个市场的股票的基金就是指数基金。

play08:08

指数基金就是包含了指数中相同股票构成的基金,

play08:13

它的表现和它追踪的指数表现基本一致,

play08:16

最终帮助投资者实现市场的均值回报。

play08:20

1975年Vanguard Group的创始人 John Bogle 设立了历史上的第一个指数基金,

play08:25

后来改名为Vanguard 500 Index Fund, 用来追踪标准普尔500指数。

play08:30

当时这个想法被嘲笑为”John’s Folly” “约翰”的蠢事。

play08:35

Fidelity当时的主席Edward Johnson说

play08:38

他很难相信大多数的投资者竟然会满足于一个平均的收入。

play08:43

但是 Johnson不能再错了。

play08:44

Vanguard的第一个指数基金在5年内为投资者赚到了1700万美金。

play08:51

在接下来的半个世纪,

play08:52

指数基金成长为我们视频开头看到的市值最大的基金种类,

play08:58

不光小的投资者会去选择,它甚至都是各个国家退休基金的主要投资。

play09:04

而它更是被FIRE群体当成了普通人实现财务自由最重要的投资产品。

play09:10

他们的计划是,减少消费,增加收入和储蓄,

play09:13

然后最大化的定期投资指数基金。

play09:16

假如,注意,我还是强调”假如“

play09:19

指数每年依然以同过去历史上年均8%左右的回报在增长话,

play09:24

那么通过复利的积累,你的财富的增长会是惊人的。

play09:28

如果你每年固定投资2万美金到指数基金,

play09:31

20年后就会实现1百万美金的小目标,

play09:35

再过8年就会变成2百万,再过5年就会变成三百万美金。

play09:41

如果你能增加每年投资额度的话这个时间会更短。

play09:45

这一切都听起来那么美好,让无数人都开始追随FIRE运动。

play09:50

但是真的这么简单吗?

play09:52

我们普通人靠指数基金真的能够实现财务自由吗?

play09:56

想要回答这个问题,

play09:57

我们必须要讨论刚才我们提到的那个重要假设:

play10:01

未来指数会长时期保持增长。

play10:05

我们都知道不能用过去的表现来预测未来的收益。

play10:08

去证明这个假设是否成立,

play10:10

我们就需要再次回到指数的本质,

play10:13

理解到底什么在真正决定市场的回报。

play10:17

我们再次回到标普500指数历史图表。

play10:20

我们把这波动的回报率平均到每年,

play10:22

就会得到一条简化的市场回报率的线条。

play10:26

那究竟什么决定了这个线条的走向?

play10:28

或者说,究竟是什么在决定股票的价格呢?

play10:37

整个投资市场存在非常多的理论,我们基本上可以把他们分成两大派。

play10:42

第一大派是认为股票存在一个内在价值, Intrinsic value。

play10:47

股票的价格会围绕着它的内定价值来回波动。

play10:52

反映在我们图表上就是我们后来画的这条隐形的线。

play10:55

有一个关于股票价格和价值的关系的生动比喻,那就是遛狗理论。

play11:01

当你牵着绳子遛狗的时候,

play11:03

很多狗并不会老老实实的跟着主人的步伐走,

play11:07

比如我家的哪一只。

play11:09

它总是一会儿跑到主人前面,一会儿跑到主人的后面。

play11:12

你的狗,就是股票的价格,而你就是股票的价值。

play11:17

你很难预测在具体某个时候狗会在哪个位置,

play11:21

就好像你无法准确预测股票的下一秒价格,

play11:25

但是无论你的狗怎么疯狂乱窜,

play11:27

你可以确定的是,你的狗的终点都是和主人在同样的位置。

play11:32

牵狗的人决定了狗的大致行走路线。所以,按照这个内在价值派系,

play11:38

我们去研究股票的时候不能老盯着价格,

play11:41

因为你永远无法预测下一秒这个价格会在哪儿,

play11:45

或者你的狗会跑到哪里。

play11:47

你需要研究这个股票的价值,

play11:48

就是牵狗人的行走痕迹,

play11:51

从而最终判断股票的长期价格走向。

play11:54

Ok, 那具体什么东西在决定股票的内在价值呢?

play11:58

这就涉及到了具体不同的股票的估值方法,

play12:01

方法有很多,但是都具备一个特性,

play12:04

那就是股票的真正价值体现在你对这个公司未来收益的一个预判。

play12:10

股票的价值是公司未来收益的一个方程,

play12:14

股票价格的真实锚定就是公司的未来收益。

play12:19

扩大到指数,指数走向的锚定就是

play12:22

指数中所有公司未来的收益情况的综合预期,

play12:26

更大一点说那就是未来经济的走向。

play12:30

如果,你认为一个市场的经济在未来是大概率长期增长的,

play12:34

并且这个市场的规则是不被人为操纵的,

play12:38

那么你就有对应的概率在投资了指数基金后长期盈利。

play12:43

巴菲特在去年的股东大会上反复强调了一个点。

play12:50

他的意思就是相信美国经济未来是长期向好的。

play12:54

这也是为什么他建议普通投资者去购买指数基金的原因之一。

play12:59

在这一点上,我是认同他的。

play13:01

我认为人类社会的本性就是向更好的地方去发展,

play13:05

未来的经济大概率会越来越好,而不是长期倒退。

play13:09

你去买指数基金,赌的就是你目标市场未来长期的经济走势。

play13:15

就算真的长期经济倒退了,

play13:17

估计购买别的股票投资品赔钱的概率会更高。

play13:21

至少指数基金不会让你输的比别人更惨。

play13:25

所以,如果你和我一样是一个”内在价值派“,

play13:28

并认同未来整体公司收入和经济是大概率长期增长的,

play13:32

那么指数基金是能够作为你实现财务自由重要的投资工具的。

play13:38

但是,投资市场还有另外一派,那就是所谓的”空中楼阁“派系。

play13:42

核心思想就是股票并不存在所谓的内在价值,

play13:46

股票的价格就像空中楼阁一样,没有支撑它的基础。

play13:50

股票的价格决定完全取决于下一个买家愿意花多少钱。

play13:55

整个股市就是一个击鼓传花。

play13:58

想要在股市中获利,理解短期的市场心理和趋势更加重要,

play14:03

而他们也只是关注市场的短期表现。

play14:06

”空中楼阁“派的人希望借准确判断短期市场心理

play14:10

来持续预测到准确的买卖时机,成为市场的赢家。

play14:16

如果你属于这种派系,那么指数基金就不适合你。

play14:19

虽然我本人不认同这种”空中楼阁“派系,

play14:23

但是我认同股票价格的短期波动确实是一个市场心理的综合表现,

play14:28

只不过没人能够持续预测短期的市场波动,

play14:32

而市场的长期走向是由内在价值决定的。

play14:36

就好像巴菲特的老师 Benjemin Graham 说的

play14:38

“市场短期是一台投票机,但市场长期是一台称重机”;

play14:44

OK,我们现在了解了指数和指数基金,以及指数基金的投资原理,

play14:48

一切听起来是那么美好,那么让人充满希望,

play14:52

让你感觉只要你现在开始投资指数基金,

play14:55

你就可以保证在股市中赚钱,

play14:57

甚至能实现财务自由!

play14:59

很不幸,事情绝不这么简单。

play15:02

原因就和我们视频刚开始提到的矛盾和陷阱有关。

play15:06

我们片头提到,市值最大的几个ETF都是指数基金,

play15:10

但是交易量最大的也大都是指数基金。

play15:13

它的矛盾点在于,指数基金是一个长期买入并持有的投资,

play15:17

但是指数基金的ETF化,

play15:20

让我们很多人自然的把指数基金当成了单个股票,随时进行买卖。

play15:25

OK,我这里有必要简单向不明白的观众解释下什么是ETF。

play15:30

基金分成两种形式,一种是传统的基金。

play15:34

需要你去银行,经纪人,或者投资公司去注资购买。

play15:38

操作起来比较麻烦。

play15:40

但是好处是你放进去的钱你不会经常的去看,

play15:43

也不会随时去进行买卖。

play15:45

基金的第二种形式就是ETF,

play15:48

就是在证券市场交易的基金。

play15:51

这个基金就像股票一样被分成好多份

play15:54

你可以像买卖股票一样随时进行操作。

play15:57

虽然这个方便让我们更容易做小金额的定期投资,

play16:02

但是缺点也是让我们更容易去尝试预判买卖时机。

play16:06

最终把本来当成长期投资的基金当成了短期股票的炒作。

play16:12

在股市大跌的时候恐慌赔钱卖掉;

play16:15

实际上现在很多人就是这么做的,

play16:17

这样就导致指数基金完全失去了它的意义。

play16:20

这是一个非常危险的陷阱。

play16:23

指数基金投资的第二个陷阱是

play16:25

很多人错误的认为指数基金一定能够保证赚钱,实现财务自由,

play16:31

并且错误的把指数基金作为唯一的投资工具。

play16:35

虽然我们有信心大概率未来经济会长时间增长,

play16:39

但是依然存在未来指数长期走低,

play16:42

或者回报率低的可能性;

play16:44

我们用债券来做例子。

play16:46

几十年前债券的利率都能达到7%以上甚至更高。

play16:51

当时想要实现财务自由很自然的选择就是投资债券。

play16:55

但是现在的债券市场的利率已经跑不赢通货膨胀。

play16:59

所以,每个时代都有这个时代对应的财务自由工具。

play17:03

指数基金确实在过去的十几二十年内帮助一些人实现了财务自由,

play17:08

但是当你上车的时候是不是已经晚了,就需要你自己去判断;

play17:14

对于我来说,我认为

play17:16

人工智能和机器人的到来

play17:18

会导致未来20年成为人类经济加倍增长的一段时间,

play17:23

所以我会把指数基金作为我的投资组合中的重要组成部分。

play17:27

一会儿我会分享一下我的指数投资策略。

play17:31

指数投资的第三个陷阱就是时间。

play17:34

这个世界上最难的就是长期坚持一件事情,

play17:37

而我们太多人都高估了自己的长期坚持能力。

play17:42

指数基金的威力在于长时间投资并持有,

play17:44

最终享受复利。但是它太慢太无聊了,

play17:46

但是它太慢太无聊了,

play17:49

无聊到绝大多数人都无法坚持。

play17:51

无法长期坚持的后果就是

play17:53

你会错过那些少数的但是在市场中关键的增长时期。

play17:58

这样就导致你的指数基金投资时间不够,

play18:01

还没等到复利产生效果的那一天就已经放弃了,

play18:05

或者就被某只性感的股票吸引走了。

play18:08

同时,也正因为复利的威力体现在时间,

play18:11

那么就越早投资越好。

play18:14

如果你现在20多岁,那么未来40年你赚钱的概率是很高的。

play18:18

但是如果你现在50岁了指数基金还适合你吗?

play18:22

指数基金会不会让你成为市场的牺牲品?

play18:25

假如你1998,99年互联网泡沫的时候买入到了顶点,

play18:30

然后10年后08年经济危机的时候不得不卖在了最低点,

play18:35

你的投资是否就失败了呢?

play18:37

你还能再等上额外的5年或者10年吗?

play18:41

你能确定自己在市场恐慌的时候不会去卖掉手上的基金吗?

play18:45

我们每个人都应该客观审核自己在时间上的优缺点,来设计自己的投资策略。

play18:52

那现在,我就来分享一下我自己的指数投资策略,希望能给你带来一些启发。

play18:57

首先,我不认为单纯靠指数基金就能帮我实现财务自由。

play19:02

它是我必须要具备的投资,

play19:04

但不是唯一的投资方式,我认可它存在风险和陷阱。

play19:09

我的目标投资分配是25%的资产投入到指数基金;

play19:13

15%的资产投资到具体公司股票当中,

play19:17

50%投资到房地产当中,

play19:20

10%以现金和其它的投资方式存在。

play19:23

这是我理想中的目标,

play19:24

但是熟悉我的观众应该都知道

play19:26

我现在具体公司股票占的比重严重超标,

play19:30

我正在努力增加收入去平衡到其它投资上。

play19:34

当然这个比例将来也是可能发生变化的,所以你没必要盲目模仿。

play19:38

不把指数基金作为唯一的投资能够帮我们避免很多刚才提到的陷阱。

play19:44

你可以更容易长期坚持,

play19:46

市场恐慌的时候你更容易控制自己的情绪,

play19:50

并且能够减小未来经济衰退的可能性给你整体投资带来的风险。

play19:56

同时由于金额比重不大,你长期定投的金额也不会特别大,

play20:01

这样更容易养成定期投资的习惯。

play20:04

那这就引入到了我的第二个策略:

play20:06

长期定投。所谓定投就是定期购买相同金额的指数基金。

play20:12

比如,现阶段我规定每周买上100美金的指数基金。

play20:17

我强烈建议屏幕前的你也采用定投的方式,

play20:20

尤其是有固定的工作收入的朋友。

play20:23

定投的好处是能让你在市场价格高涨的时候买入较少的基金数实现不追高,

play20:30

在价格下降的时候以便宜的价格买到更多的基金数目,

play20:34

长期下来能够一定程度上降低市场波动对你投资整体回报的影响。

play20:41

第三个策略是我选择使用免税账户去购买指数基金。

play20:45

很明显的第一个好处是获得的股息可以不用交税或者推迟交税。

play20:51

但是这个需要你去做调查。

play20:52

是否交税可能和你国家的免税账户的不同类型,

play20:56

税法具体规则,以及基金的货币种类都有关系,

play21:00

这就不是本期节目的范畴了;

play21:02

使用免税账户的第二个好处是

play21:05

很多免税账户里面的钱是不能轻易取出来的,

play21:09

比如加拿大的RRSP和美国的各种IRA账户,

play21:12

这样就能一定程度避免自己去冲动卖掉积攒的指数基金,

play21:17

能更大概率长期持有;

play21:20

其实指数基金里面具体需要考虑的策略和知识点还很多,

play21:24

这个视频无法全部为大家展现。

play21:26

如果你希望开始指数投资,你还需要做一些功课,

play21:30

需要做的功课1:资产种类分配和再平衡。

play21:35

当代指数投资策略和理论已经不是简单的

play21:39

去购买一只标准普尔500指数基金这么简单了。

play21:42

你需要考虑债券指数基金

play21:45

和股票指数基金的资产分配和再平衡来最大程度的降低风险;

play21:51

功课2: 你可能要考虑指数的选择广度问题。

play21:55

是focus美国市场,还是你自己的本国市场,还是全球市场?

play22:00

是不是一个标准普尔500指数就够了?

play22:03

如果你是国际化投资应该如何分配,

play22:06

同时如果你在的国家不是美国,

play22:08

去购买指数基金的时候是用本国货币上市的指数基金,

play22:12

还是美股上的指数基金?

play22:15

功课3:我分享了我的计划,但是你的具体投资计划是什么。

play22:20

你是要定投,还是一次性买入。

play22:23

你计划将多少比例的资产投资到指数基金?

play22:27

你什么时候开始售卖你的指数基金

play22:29

来配合你的生活方式的改变?

play22:31

你自己国家的免税账户如何操作等等。

play22:35

这都是你需要继续做的功课。

play22:37

这里为大家推荐两本书来帮助你做这些功课。第一本是我之前节目里介绍过的,

play22:42

叫做”Millionaire Teacher: The Nine Rules of Wealth You Should Have Learned in School ”

play22:46

这本书是一个十分全面的指数投资书籍,

play22:50

而且难能可贵的是我认为它灌输了一个完整的投资理念和价值观。

play22:55

书很容易读,读完这一本你就基本掌握了指数基金的投资方法,

play23:00

而且书中也给出了非常多的资源,

play23:03

也欢迎大家去看我的那期节目;

play23:05

第二本书叫做The Little Book of Common Sense Investing,

play23:10

作者就是指数基金的创始人 John Bogle。

play23:13

这本书更加侧重在指数基金的原理和相对其它基金的优势。

play23:18

OK,节目最后就要揭晓我本人购买的指数基金了。

play23:22

我购买的是一种资产分配型的指数基金。

play23:25

这种指数基金里面包含了股票指数,债券指数,

play23:30

这美国市场,加拿大市场以及国际市场指数。

play23:34

这种基金会定期自动进行再平衡操作。

play23:38

我在加拿大,我们家2016年的时候开始购买指数基金,

play23:42

最早购买指数基金是买4个指数基金然后每年做再平衡。

play23:48

后来出现这种资产自动分配型基金后就选了这种。

play23:52

最先出来的是Vangaurd的VGRO,

play23:55

后来黑石推出费率更低的XGRO后我们就只购买XGRO了。

play24:02

在美国对应的产品有Vanguard公司的Lifestrategy 基金,它是传统基金,不是ETF。

play24:09

美国黑石有对应的ETF产品,是AOA和AOR,感兴趣的话大家可以查一下。

play24:15

同时,我也把市场上常见的指数基金都放到了视频的描述区供大家参考。

play24:20

最后再次提醒大家,如果你决定投资指数基金,一定要做好功课之后再开始购买。

play24:26

因为它是一个长期的投资,你找对方向和策略非常的重要。

play24:31

同时,要记住指数基金不是你唯一的实现财务自由的投资,

play24:36

但是它应该是你必须具备的一个投资。

play24:39

OK, 这就是本期视频的全部内容啦,如果您从我的这期视频中有所收获,

play24:44

那欢迎你关注我的频道并给视频点赞。

play24:47

好,感谢您的收看,我们下次再见!

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英語で要約が必要ですか?