BIOLOGI Kelas 12 - Petunjuk & Mekanisme Evolusi | GIA Academy

GIA Academy
7 Jan 202420:46

Summary

TLDRThis video from Gia Akademi continues the discussion on evolution, focusing on evidence and mechanisms. It covers fossil records, variations within species, homology and analogy of organs, embryological comparisons, biochemical and physiological evidence, and vestigial organs. The video also explains key evolutionary mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, sexual recombination, and natural selection. Through real-world examples and problem-solving cases, viewers learn about concepts like Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and how to calculate genetic frequencies, making the video both educational and engaging.

Takeaways

  • 🌱 Evolution is a historical process supported by various evidences such as fossils, individual variation within species, and more.
  • 🦴 Fossil records indicate gradual changes over time, showing the process of evolution through different geological layers.
  • 🐾 Individual variation within a species can lead to different offspring when living in different environments, suggesting evolution towards new species.
  • 🔄 Homologous organs share a common ancestral form but have different structures and functions, like bird wings and human hands.
  • 🌿 Analogous organs have similar functions but different origins, such as insect wings and bird wings.
  • 🐠 Embryology reveals that early developmental stages of different vertebrates are similar, reflecting their evolutionary relationships.
  • 🧬 Biochemical evidence, like the precipitin test, shows the genetic relationships between organisms based on antigen-antibody reactions.
  • 🌡 Physiological comparisons among organisms, despite morphological differences, show similarities in functions like respiration and digestion.
  • 🧬 Evolution can occur due to factors like genetic mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, sexual recombination, and natural selection.
  • 🔄 Hardy-Weinberg law is used to calculate gene and genotype frequencies in a population, assuming no evolution occurs if gene frequencies remain constant between generations.

Q & A

  • What is the main topic discussed in the video?

    -The main topic discussed in the video is the evidence and mechanisms of evolution, including various aspects such as fossil records, variation within species, homology and analogy of body organs, embryology, and more.

  • What are the types of evidence for evolution mentioned in the video?

    -The types of evidence for evolution mentioned in the video include fossil records, variation within species, homology and analogy of body organs, embryology, biochemical comparisons, physiological comparisons, and vestigial structures.

  • How do fossil records serve as evidence for evolution?

    -Fossil records serve as evidence for evolution by showing gradual changes over time. They are found in Earth's layers, with older fossils showing different forms compared to more recent ones, indicating a process of evolution.

  • What is the significance of variation within species as an evidence for evolution?

    -Variation within species is significant as it shows that individuals within the same species can have different traits. This variation can lead to the formation of new species if individuals adapt to different environments, thus providing evidence for evolution.

  • Can you explain the concept of homology as discussed in the video?

    -Homology, as discussed in the video, refers to body organs in different animals that have the same basic structure but different functions due to changes in their form. For example, the wings of a bird are homologous with the human hand.

  • What is the difference between homology and analogy as presented in the video?

    -Homology refers to organs that have the same basic structure but different functions, while analogy refers to organs that have the same function but different structures. For instance, the wings of a bird and a butterfly are analogous, but not homologous.

  • How does embryology provide evidence for evolution?

    -Embryology provides evidence for evolution by showing that early developmental stages of different vertebrates are very similar, regardless of their adult forms. This similarity suggests a common ancestry.

  • What is the role of vestigial structures in understanding evolution?

    -Vestigial structures are body parts that have lost their original function but remain as remnants in some species. Their presence suggests evolutionary changes and can provide insights into the ancestral forms of organisms.

  • What are the mechanisms of evolution discussed in the video?

    -The mechanisms of evolution discussed in the video include mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, sexual recombination, and natural selection.

  • How does the Hardy-Weinberg principle relate to the understanding of evolution?

    -The Hardy-Weinberg principle is used to calculate the frequency of genes and genotypes in a population. It helps to understand the balance of gene frequencies and whether evolution is occurring by maintaining or changing these frequencies.

  • What is the significance of the example given about the frequency of the PTC tasting gene in the video?

    -The example of the PTC tasting gene illustrates how to calculate the frequency of a recessive gene in a population based on the observed frequency of a recessive phenotype. It demonstrates the application of genetic principles in understanding population genetics.

Outlines

00:00

🌿 Introduction to Evolutionary Theory

The script starts with a warm welcome to the Gia Academy YouTube channel, emphasizing health and motivation. It transitions into a discussion about the theory of evolution, highlighting that evolution is a historical process with evidence such as fossils, individual variation within species, and homologous and analogous organs. The presenter promises to delve into these topics in detail, starting with the evidence of evolution, including fossils that show gradual changes over time, and the concept of variation as a key driver of species evolution. The importance of homology and analogy in understanding evolutionary relationships is introduced, setting the stage for a comprehensive exploration of evolutionary mechanisms.

05:00

🧬 Mechanisms of Evolution

This section delves into the mechanisms that drive evolution, starting with mutation as a source of genetic variation that can be either beneficial or detrimental. It discusses genetic drift, including the bottleneck effect and the founder effect, as processes that change gene frequencies within populations. Gene flow through migration and interbreeding is highlighted as a significant factor in genetic variation. Sexual reproduction and its role in creating genetic diversity within populations are explained, with a focus on how random mating can lead to higher viability in offspring. The concept of natural selection is introduced as a key mechanism where organisms must adapt to their environment to survive and reproduce, shaping the evolution of species over time.

10:03

🔍 Calculating Genetic Frequencies and Genotypes

The script provides a detailed explanation of how to calculate genetic frequencies and genotypes within a population. It introduces the Hardy-Weinberg principle, which is used to determine the equilibrium of gene frequencies. The calculation involves determining the frequency of dominant and recessive alleles, and then using these to calculate the frequencies of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes. Two examples are given: one involving the calculation of genetic frequencies for a recessive condition and another for a taste sensitivity gene. The calculations demonstrate how to apply the Hardy-Weinberg equation to real-world scenarios, providing a practical understanding of genetic principles.

15:06

🧬 Further Exploration of Genetic Frequencies and Evolutionary Implications

This part continues the exploration of genetic frequencies with a focus on the implications for evolution. It discusses how certain genetic traits, such as albinism, can be analyzed within a population to understand the prevalence of carriers and the impact on genetic diversity. The script provides a method for calculating the percentage of individuals who are carriers of a recessive trait, using the frequency of the trait in the population. It also addresses common misconceptions and provides correct calculations for the frequency of normal and affected individuals, emphasizing the importance of understanding genetic principles in the context of evolution.

20:08

🌐 Conclusion and Upcoming Topics

The script concludes with a summary of the discussion on the indicators and mechanisms of evolution, promising to continue the exploration of speciation in upcoming videos. It encourages viewers to stay tuned for more in-depth analysis of evolutionary concepts, signaling a commitment to providing comprehensive educational content on the subject of evolution.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Evolution

Evolution refers to the process of gradual change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. In the video, evolution is the central theme, discussed through various evidences such as fossils, variation within species, and embryology. The script mentions that evolution is supported by historical evidence, indicating that it is a factually grounded concept.

💡Fossils

Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past. In the context of the video, fossils serve as one of the primary pieces of evidence for evolution, showing gradual changes over time as found in different geological layers. The script uses the example of horse evolution to illustrate this concept.

💡Variation

Variation refers to the differences observed among individuals within a species. The video explains that these variations can lead to the formation of new species if they occur in different environments. Variation is a key indicator of evolution, as it shows the diversity and adaptability of life forms.

💡Homology

Homology is the presence of similar anatomical structures in different species due to shared ancestry. The video script uses the example of bird wings being homologous to human hands, illustrating how similar structures can have different functions. This concept supports the idea of common descent in evolutionary theory.

💡Analogous organs

Analogous organs are structures that have similar functions but different evolutionary origins. The script contrasts this with homologous organs, using the example of bird wings and insect wings, which both serve the function of flight but have different structural origins. This concept highlights functional convergence in evolution.

💡Embryology

Embryology is the study of the formation and development of embryos. The video discusses how the early developmental stages of embryos in different vertebrate classes are similar, suggesting a common ancestry. This is used as evidence for evolution, as it reflects the shared developmental pathways of related species.

💡Biochemical evidence

Biochemical evidence in the context of evolution refers to the use of molecular and chemical data to infer evolutionary relationships. The video mentions the use of immunological tests, such as the precipitin test, to determine the degree of relatedness between organisms based on their proteins. This provides a scientific method to support evolutionary connections.

💡Genetic drift

Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that results in changes in allele frequencies due to random events, such as natural disasters or the founder effect. The video explains how these random changes can lead to significant shifts in a population's genetic makeup, which is a key factor in the process of evolution.

💡Gene flow

Gene flow, also known as gene migration, is the transfer of genetic variation from one population to another, typically through migration and interbreeding. The video script discusses how gene flow can introduce new genetic material into a population, which can affect the evolutionary trajectory of that population.

💡Sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms to create offspring with a unique set of genes. The video explains how this process can lead to genetic variation, which is crucial for evolution as it allows for the emergence of traits that may be advantageous in a changing environment.

💡Natural selection

Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits that are better suited to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The video script describes natural selection as a driving force of evolution, where only the fittest survive and pass on their advantageous traits to the next generation.

Highlights

Evolution can be seen as a historical process with evidence showing that it indeed occurs.

Fossil records demonstrate gradual changes over time, indicating the process of evolution.

Variation within a species is a key indicator of evolution, leading to the formation of new species.

Homologous organs share a common ancestral form but have different structures and functions, such as bird wings and human hands.

Analogous organs have the same function but different origins, like the wings of birds and insects.

Embryology shows that early developmental stages of different vertebrates are very similar, reflecting their evolutionary relationships.

Ontogeny, or individual development, is considered a rerun of phylogeny, the evolutionary history of organisms.

Biochemical tests, like the precipitin test, can show the degree of relatedness between organisms based on antigen-antibody reactions.

Physiological comparisons reveal similarities in organ systems like respiration, excretion, and metabolism across different organisms.

Vestigial organs, such as the human appendix or the pelvic bones in whales, are remnants of evolutionary history.

Evolution occurs through mechanisms like mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, sexual recombination, and natural selection.

Mutations can be beneficial or detrimental, affecting an organism's phenotype and genotype.

Genetic drift, such as the bottleneck effect or founder effect, can change gene frequencies due to environmental events or population isolation.

Gene flow occurs through migration and interbreeding, introducing genetic variation into populations.

Sexual recombination during reproduction can result in offspring with different traits from their parents, contributing to population evolution.

Natural selection ensures that organisms that adapt to their environment survive and reproduce, while those that do not adapt may die off or migrate.

The Hardy-Weinberg principle is used to calculate gene and genotype frequencies in a population, assuming no evolution occurs.

Calculating gene frequencies involves understanding the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles and their expression in different genotypes.

Understanding vestigial structures and their evolutionary significance provides insights into the history of species adaptation.

Transcripts

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[Musik]

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[Tepuk tangan]

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[Musik]

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Halo teman-teman selamat datang kembali

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di channel YouTube Gia Akademi Semoga

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teman-teman selalu sehat dan terus

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semangat teman-teman di video sebelum

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sebelumnya kita sudah membahas tentang

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teori asalusul kehidupan dan teori-teori

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yang mendasari lahirnya teori evolusi

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nah di video kali ini kita akan

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melanjutkan pembahasan tentang petunjuk

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dan mekanisme

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evolusi jadi di video ini kita akan

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belajar tentang petunjuk dan mekanisme

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evolusi simak terus videonya ya Nah

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teman-teman evolusi dapat dilihat

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sebagai suatu proses sejarah yang

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memiliki bukti-bukti yang menunjukkan

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bahwa evolusi benar-benar terjadi

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bukti-bukti evolusi tersebut antara lain

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peninggalan beberapa fosil adanya

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variasi individu dalam suatu keturunan

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homologi dan analogi organ-organ tubuh

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embriologi perbandingan petunjuk secara

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biokimia perbandingan fisiologi

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organisme dan adanya alatalat tubuh yang

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tersisa semua bukti-bukti ini akan kita

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bahas satu persatu

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petunjuk evolusi pertama peninggalan

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fosil fosil-fosil yang ditemukan dalam

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lapisan bumi dari lapisan tua sampai

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muda menunjukkan adanya perubahan secara

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berangsur-angsur dengan membandingkan

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fosil-fosil yang ditemukan di berbagai

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lapisan bumi dapat diketahui adanya

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proses

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evolusi nah sejarah perkembangan kuda

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merupakan salah satu contoh yang paling

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dikenal untuk menerangkan adanya

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perubahan-perubahan bentuk dari masa ke

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masa petunjuk evolusi kedua variasi

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makhluk hidup variasi adalah Perbedaan

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yang ditemukan pada individu-individu

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dalam satu spesies jika varian tersebut

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hidup pada lingkungan yang berbeda maka

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akan menghasilkan keturunan yang berbeda

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pula jadi adanya variasi merupakan

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petunjuk adanya evolusi menuju

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terbentuknya spesies

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baru petunjuk berikutnya homologi dan

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analogi organ tubuh homologi merupakan

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organ-organ makhluk hidup yang mempunyai

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bentuk asal yang sama kemudian berubah

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strukturnya sehingga fungsinya menjadi

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berbeda misalnya sayap burung homolog

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dengan tangan manusia kaki depan kuda

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homolog dengan sirip dada paus sedangkan

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analogi adalah organ-organ tubuh yang

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mempunyai fungsi sama tetapi bentuk

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asalnya berbeda contohnya sayap burung

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dengan sayap

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serangga selanjutnya embriologi

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perbandingan beberapa kelas vetebrata

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seperti ikan reptil burung dan mamalia

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walaupun tubuh individu dewasanya

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berbeda jenis satu sama lainnya namun

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fase awal dari perkembangan embrionya

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sangat mirip makin mirip makin dekat

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kekeluargaannya kita bisa melihat fase

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embrio yang mirip dari beberapa

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organisme berikut ikan

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Salamander

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kura-kura

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ayam babi sapi kelinci dan

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manusia para ahli juga berpendapat bahwa

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adanya perkembangan individu atau

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ontogeni adalah Ulangan dari revolusi

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perkembangan Hubungan kekerabatan

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organisme atau

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filogeni ontogeni dapat diartikan

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sebagai perkembangan individu dari satu

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sel menjadi individu dewasa sedangkan

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filogeni merupakan sejarah perkembangan

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makhluk hidup dari makhluk hidup yang

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hidup

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sebelumnya kaidah ini dianggap terlalu

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berlebihan karena tidak benar bahwa

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vetebrata berevolusi dari bentuk ikan

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menjadi bentuk reptil kemudian menjadi

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bentuk berkaki

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empat bukti evolusi kelima adalah

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petunjuk secara biokimia jauh dekatnya

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Hubungan kekerabatan antara organisme

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satu dengan organisme lainnya dapat

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ditunjukkan dengan uji secara biokimia

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yang disebut uji presipitin

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uji presipitin adalah uji adanya reaksi

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antara antigen dan

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antibodi banyak sedikitnya endapan yang

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terbentuk akibat reaksi tersebut dapat

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digunakan untuk menentukan jauh dekatnya

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hubungan kekerabatan antara suatu

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organisme dengan organisme

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lainnya petunjuk evolusi ber berikutnya

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adalah perbandingan fisiologi organisme

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meskipun ciri morfologi dan jumlah sel

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yang membentuk setiap organisme

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berbeda-beda namun terdapat

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kemiripan-kemiripan dalam ciri

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fisiologinya seperti adanya sistem

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respirasi ekskresi digesti metabolisme

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dan sebagainya kita bisa melihat proses

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respirasi pada berbagai makhluk hidup

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misalnya respirasi pada ayam burung dan

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ikan

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bukti evolusi terakhir adalah alat tubuh

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yang tersisa pada manusia dan beberapa

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jenis hewan dapat dijumpai berbagai alat

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tubuh yang tersisa atau tidak berfungsi

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Alat tubuh yang tersisa pada manusia

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misalnya umbai cacing atau apendiks dan

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ada juga otot penggerak telinga tulang

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ekor gigi taring yang runcing buah dada

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pada laki-laki pada burung kiwi yaitu

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burung yang tidak dapat terbang terdapat

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alat tubuh yang tersisa sebagai akibat

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penyusutan sayap pada ular piton

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ditemukan benjolan kuku yang merupakan

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sisa kaki belakang dan pada paus selama

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masa embrio mempunyai gigi pada rahang

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dan mereduksi setelah

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lahir evolusi dapat terjadi karena

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adanya beberapa faktor yang berperan

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dalam mekanisme evolusi faktor-faktor

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tersebut adalah mutasi genetic Drift

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atau penyimpangan genetik aliran gen

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rekombinasi seksual dan seleksi alam

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Mari kita bahas satu

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persatu mekanisme evolusi pertama

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mutasi mutasi merupakan peristiwa yang

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menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan pada

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frekuensi gen sehingga mempengaruhi

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fenotip dan genotip mutasi ini bisa

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menguntungkan atau bahkan merugikan

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mutasi menguntungkan apabila berpotensi

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menghasilkan sifat baru yang lebih

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unggul menghasilkan spesies yang dapat

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beradaptasi memiliki kemampuan

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bereproduksi dengan bibit unggul

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sebaliknya mutasi akan merugikan jika

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sifat yang dihasilkan berkebalikan

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dengan sifat-sifat

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tadi mekanisme evolusi kedua

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penyimpangan genetik penyimpangan

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genetik merupakan perubahan ajak

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frekuensi gen pada populasi yang

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disebabkan oleh kematian migrasi ataupun

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isolasi penyimpangan genetik dapat

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disebabkan oleh dua kondisi berikut

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pertama the botteleneck effect merupakan

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bencana alam seperti tanah longsor

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gunung meletus atau gempa bumi sehingga

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populasi yang tinggal sangat sedikit

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kedua the founder eek ketika sebagian

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kecil organisme berpindah dari suatu

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tempat ke tempat

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lain mekanisme evolusi ketiga aliran gen

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aliran gen terjadi ketika adanya migrasi

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dan kawin pada individu di antara

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populasi-populasi aliran gen ini sangat

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bergantung pada jumlah individu yang

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datang dan seapa banyak perbedaan

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genetik individu-individu

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tersebut mekanisme evolusi selanjutnya

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rekombinasi seksual adanya kemampuan

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reproduksi secara seksual pada setiap

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individu akan menghasilkan keturunan

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yang dapat berbeda dengan induknya hal

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ini dipengaruhi oleh penggabungan

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kromosom yang terjadi secara acak antara

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dua sel gamet pada tahap miosis sehingga

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memberi peluang dihasilkannya keturunan

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yang viabilitasnya tinggi dan

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berpengaruh terhadap evolusi populasi

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perkawinan yang tidak acak akan

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mengakibatkan terbentuknya gen resesif

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pada keturunan karena alel yang

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cenderung disukai akan mendominasi dalam

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populasi mekanisme evolusi terakhir

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adalah seleksi alam setiap makhluk hidup

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harus mampu beradaptasi dengan perubahan

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lingkungannya sehingga dapat lolos dari

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seleksi alam dan mampu bertahan hidup

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Organisme yang mampu bertahan dan

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beradaptasi dapat melakukan rekombinasi

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seksual untuk melestarikan keturunannya

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meskipun sifatnya tidak identik

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sebaliknya organisme yang tidak mampu

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beradaptasi akan mati atau pindah ke

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daerah lain yang tidak mengalami

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perubahan

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lingkungan pada proses evolusi terjadi

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perubahan frekuensi gen bila

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perbandingan antara genotip-genotip

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dalam suatu populasi tidak berubah dari

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satu generasi ke generasi maka frekuensi

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gen dalam populasi tersebut berada dalam

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keadaan seimbang artinya tidak terjadi

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evolusi frekuensi gen berada dalam

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keseimbangan apabila tidak terjadi

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migrasi tidak ada mutasi atau harus ada

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keseimbangan mutasi di mana perubahan

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genetis ke satu arah diimbangi oleh

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sejumlah mutasi yang sama

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dalam arah berlawanan kemudian tidak

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terjadi seleksi reproduksi harus

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berlangsung acak dan populasi harus

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besar bila frekuensi gen dalam populasi

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dalam keadaan seimbang maka berlaku

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hukum hardiw bir hukum hardywenberg

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berguna untuk menghitung frekuensi gen

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dan frekuensi genotip homozigot serta

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heterozigot di dalam suatu populasi

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untuk menghitung frekuensi gen jika p

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adalah frekuensi gen dominan dan Q

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merupakan frekuensi gen resesif maka

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rumus menghitungnya adalah P

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Q = 1 untuk menghitung frekuensi genotip

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jika p^ adalah frekuensi genotip

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homozigot dominan 2 PQ frekuensi genotip

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heterozigot dan q^ adalah frekuensi

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genotip homozigot resesif maka persamaan

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yang digunakan adalah p^ + 2pq + Q

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kuadrat =

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1 Sekarang kita coba menghitung

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frekuensi gen dan frekuensi genotipnya

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pada contoh kasus pertama berikut jika

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dalam suatu populasi frekuensi genotip

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resesif a kecil a kecil adalah

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0,25 maka tentukanlah frekuensi gen

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dominan a besar dan gen resesif a kecil

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serta frekuensi genotip a besar a besar

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A Bes Acil dan a Keil a kecil dari soal

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ini diketahui frekuensi genotip resesif

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atau q^ adalah

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0,25 sehingga nilai Q bisa kita cari

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dengan mengakarkan nilai q^ akar dari

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0,25 = 0,5 artinya frekuensi gen a

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resesif adalah

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0,5 untuk menghitung frekuensi gen a

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dominan bisa kita gunakan persamaan

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frekuensi gen P + Q = 1 sehingga p = 1 -

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0,5 = 0,5 selanjutnya kita hitung

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frekuensi genotip homozigot dan

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heterozigotnya dengan persamaan genotip

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p^ + 2pq + q² = 1 kita masukkan nilai P

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dan Q menjadi 0,5² a a + 2 * 0,5 * 0,5 a

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a + 0,5² a a = 0,25 A A Bes + 0,5 a a

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kecil + 0,25 Acil a

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kecil contoh kasus kedua jika dalam

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suatu populasi terdapat kelompok perasa

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pahit kertas PTC sebesar

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64% Sedangkan yang lainnya bukan Prasa

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PTC bukan Prasa PTC dikendalikan oleh

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gen kecil dan perasaaptisi dikendalikan

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oleh gen besar kita diminta menentukan

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frekuensi gen dan genotip populasi orang

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PTC dan

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nonptc dari kasus ini diketahui jumlah

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PTC dan nonptisc sama dengan 100%.

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frekuensi orang perasa ptisc genotip t

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besar tbesar dan t besar tkecil sama

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dengan

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64%. sehingga kita bisa menghitung

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frekuensi orang bukan Prasa PTC genotip

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t kecil t kecil atau nilai q^ adalah

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100% - 6 % =

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36% =

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0,36 maka frekuensi gen resesif t kecil

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atau Q adalah √ dari 0,36 = 0,6

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selanjutnya untuk menghitung nilai P

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dapat kita gunakan persamaan frekuensi

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gen yaitu P + Q = 1 sehingga nilai p = 1

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- Q = 1 - 0,6 ama

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0,4 maka perbandingan frekuensi Gen T

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bes dan t kecil adalah 0,4 Bing

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0,6 berikutnya kita dapat menghitung

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frekuensi genotip homozigot dan

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heterozigotnya dengan persamaan p^ + 2pq

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+ q^ = 1 kita masukkan nilai P dan Q

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menjadi

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0,4² Bing 2 * 0,4 * 0,6 b

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0,6² = 0,16 t t bes Bing

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0,48 t t kec Bing

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0,36 t t kec jadi perbandingan frekuensi

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genotip t t banding t t kecil banding t

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kec t kecil adalah 16

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48 Bing 36 dapat kita Sederhanakan

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menjadi 4 b 12 B

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9 contoh kasus berikutnya diketahui

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frekuensi orang albino adalah 25 di

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antara 10.000 orang kita diminta

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menghitung persentase orang pembawa

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sifat albino yang

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heterozigot untuk menyelesaikannya kita

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kelompokkan genotip homozigot dan

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heterozigotnya albino a a ke atau q^

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normal A Bes A Bes atau p^

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dan karir a a kecil atau

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2pq dari soal diketahui albino atau q^ =

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25/10.000 =

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0,0025 sehingga kita bisa menghitung

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nilai Q dengan mengakarkan q^ akar dari

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0,0025 adalah

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0,05 maka untuk menghitung nilai P kita

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gunakan persamaan frekuensi gen yaitu P

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+ Q = 1 p = 1 -

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0,05 =

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0,95 orang pembawa sifat albino atau

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karir A Bes a kecil dinotasikan dengan

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2pq sehingga 2pq = 2 *

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0,95 *

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0,05 =

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0,0475

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persentasenya adalah

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0,0475 * 100% =

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4,75% gimana sampai di sini teman-teman

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bisa paham

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ya agar teman-teman semakin paham Mari

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kita selesaikan contoh soal

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berikut soal pertama diberikan pasangan

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organ pada makhluk hidup yang merupakan

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petunjuk evolusi kita diminta menentukan

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pasangan organ homolog

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sebelumnya kita sudah membahas tentang

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homologi dan analogi homologi merupakan

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organ-organ makhluk hidup yang mempunyai

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bentuk asal yang sama kemudian berubah

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strukturnya sehingga fungsinya berbeda

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misalnya sayap kelelawar homolog dengan

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tangan manusia sedangkan analogi adalah

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organ-organ tubuh yang mempunyai fungsi

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sama tetapi bentuk asalnya berbeda

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seperti sayap burung analog dengan sayap

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serangga jadi pasangan organ homolog

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adalah tangan manusia dan sayap

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kelelawar jawaban yang benar

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B soal kedua Diketahui suatu populasi

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manusia berjumlah 10.000 penduduk 16

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orang di antaranya adalah albino kita

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diminta menentukan pernyataan yang benar

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tentang frekuensi gen dan jumlah

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individu baik bergenotip normal maupun

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homozigot dan heterozigot dari soal ini

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diketahui frekuensi genotip albino a a

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ke atau sama q^ adalah 16 dari 10.000

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penduduk ama dengan

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0,0016 sehingga nilai Q merupakan akar

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dari

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0,0016 yaitu

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0,04 nilai Q ini adalah frekuensi gen

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albino jadi pernyataan nomor 1

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salah berikutnya frekuensi gen normal

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sama p bisa kita hitung dengan persamaan

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P + Q = 1 sehingga p = 1 - Q = 1 -

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0,04 =

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0,96 pernyataan nomor 2 juga salah

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berikutnya persentase frekuensi individu

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albino sama dengan

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0,0016 dari 100% =

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0,16%. pernyataan nomor 3

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benar selanjutnya kita hitung genotip

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normal heterozigot a Acil = 2pq nilai P

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0,96 dan Q

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0,04 sehingga 2pq = 2 *

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0,96 *

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0,04 =

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0,0768 maka jumlah individu normal

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heterozigot sama dengan 0

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0,0768 jumlah penduduk ama

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0,0768 * 10.000 =

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768 orang pernyataan nomor 4 benar

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Sedangkan frekuensi genotip normal

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homozigot pada albino a a = p^ =

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0,96² =

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0,9216 maka jumlah individu normal

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homozigot sama dengan

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0,9216 jumlah penduduk sama

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0,9216 * 10.000 =

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9.216 orang pernyataan nomor 5 benar

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jadi pernyataan yang benar adalah nomor

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3 4 dan 5 jawabannya e

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oke teman-teman demikianlah pembahasan

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kita tentang petunjuk dan mekanisme

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evolusi kita akan melanjutkan pembahasan

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tentang spesiasi di video berikutnya

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Tungguin ya sampai

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