What is the EUROPEAN COUNCIL? | #EUDemocracyExplained

Trans European Policy Studies Association (TEPSA)
29 Aug 202415:17

Summary

TLDRDans cet épisode de 'EU Democracy Explained', on explore le rôle unique du Conseil européen, où les chefs d'État ou de gouvernement des 27 États membres se réunissent pour discuter de sujets cruciaux, réagir aux crises, et fixer l'agenda politique de l'Union européenne. On y apprend que, bien que l'UE soit souvent perçue comme bureaucratique, ce sont les dirigeants nationaux qui jouent un rôle clé dans la prise de décisions. L'épisode explique aussi le fonctionnement par consensus et la publication des conclusions du Conseil européen, notamment à travers des exemples historiques marquants.

Takeaways

  • 📜 Le Conseil européen joue un rôle crucial en fixant l'agenda politique global de l'Union européenne.
  • 🤝 Les dirigeants nationaux des 27 États membres sont les principaux acteurs dans le processus décisionnel du Conseil européen.
  • 🌍 Le Conseil européen réagit aux crises et prend des décisions importantes en matière de relations extérieures et de sécurité.
  • ✍️ Les sommets informels des années 60 ont conduit à la création officielle du Conseil européen en 1974.
  • 👩‍💼 Le Président du Conseil européen est élu pour un mandat de 2,5 ans et assure la continuité du travail entre les réunions.
  • 📑 Le Conseil européen produit des 'conclusions' à la fin de chaque réunion pour définir ses décisions et priorités.
  • 🚀 Tous les cinq ans, le Conseil européen adopte un 'Agenda stratégique' qui oriente l'action de l'UE pour le mandat législatif suivant.
  • 👥 Les décisions du Conseil européen sont généralement prises par consensus, mais peuvent aussi être votées si nécessaire.
  • 📅 Les réunions du Conseil européen se tiennent au moins quatre fois par an et attirent l'attention des médias.
  • ⚖️ Les chefs d'État ou de gouvernement jouent un rôle clé dans la ratification des traités européens et le processus d'intégration européenne.

Q & A

  • Qu'est-ce que le 'Triangle Institutionnel' de l'UE?

    -Le 'Triangle Institutionnel' de l'UE fait référence à la coopération entre la Commission européenne, le Conseil de l'Union européenne et le Parlement européen pour créer des lois.

  • Pourquoi l'Union européenne est-elle considérée comme un système unique?

    -L'UE est un système unique car elle comprend 27 États membres avec des perspectives nationales différentes, fonctionnant selon le principe de double légitimité.

  • Quel est le rôle principal du Conseil européen?

    -Le Conseil européen détermine la direction politique générale et les priorités de l'UE, identifie les enjeux clés et confie des tâches aux autres institutions.

  • Comment le Conseil européen a-t-il été créé?

    -Le Conseil européen s'est formalisé en 1974 après des sommets informels des chefs d'État ou de gouvernement face à des crises mondiales, comme la guerre froide et des chocs énergétiques.

  • Quels sont certains des moments clés du Conseil européen dans l'histoire de l'intégration européenne?

    -Parmi les moments clés : la décision de 1985 qui a conduit à l'Acte unique européen, les critères d'adhésion de 1993 à Copenhague, et la création de l'euro en 1998.

  • Qui sont les membres du Conseil européen?

    -Le Conseil européen est composé des chefs d'État ou de gouvernement des 27 États membres, du président du Conseil européen et du président de la Commission européenne.

  • Quel est le rôle du président du Conseil européen?

    -Le président du Conseil européen, élu pour un mandat de 2,5 ans renouvelable, préside les réunions, veille à la continuité des travaux entre les sommets et assure la visibilité du Conseil.

  • Comment les décisions sont-elles prises au Conseil européen?

    -Les décisions sont généralement prises par consensus, c'est-à-dire qu'elles sont adoptées à condition qu'aucun membre ne s'y oppose. Si un vote est nécessaire, des règles de majorité qualifiée ou d'unanimité s'appliquent.

  • Qu'est-ce que le 'Programme stratégique' du Conseil européen?

    -Le 'Programme stratégique' est un document adopté tous les cinq ans, qui définit les grandes orientations de l'UE pour le mandat législatif suivant.

  • Quelle est la critique principale du processus de décision par consensus?

    -Le processus par consensus peut mener à l'impasse ou à des décisions édulcorées lorsque des membres s'opposent fortement à certaines mesures, ce qui complique la prise de décision efficace.

Outlines

00:00

📜 Introduction à la Triade Institutionnelle

Dans cet épisode, nous revenons sur les trois épisodes précédents concernant le rôle de la Commission européenne, le Conseil de l'Union européenne et le Parlement européen dans la création de législation. Nous évoquons également des concepts clés tels que la représentation et la légitimité double de l'UE à travers ses 27 États membres. L'épisode introduit ensuite le Conseil européen, où les dirigeants nationaux se rencontrent pour définir les grandes orientations de l'UE.

05:00

👑 L'Origine et l'Importance du Conseil Européen

Le Conseil européen, né de sommets informels dans les années 1960 et officialisé en 1974, est un acteur central de l'intégration européenne. C'est un forum où les chefs d'État ou de gouvernement se rencontrent pour discuter de questions urgentes, réagir aux crises, et établir l'agenda européen. Cet épisode explore l'histoire de cette institution et souligne son rôle déterminant dans des décisions majeures telles que la création de l'euro et l'élargissement de l'UE.

10:06

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Les Membres et Fonctionnement du Conseil Européen

Les 27 chefs d'État ou de gouvernement de l'UE se réunissent au Conseil européen pour définir l'agenda politique de l'Union. Le Président du Conseil européen, élu pour un mandat renouvelable de 2,5 ans, joue un rôle clé dans la préparation des réunions et le suivi des décisions. Le Président de la Commission européenne, ainsi que des représentants comme le Haut Représentant, participent également aux discussions, reflétant l'importance de la coopération entre les institutions de l'UE.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Triangle institutionnel

Le 'Triangle institutionnel' fait référence à la manière dont trois institutions principales de l'UE – la Commission européenne, le Conseil de l'Union européenne et le Parlement européen – collaborent pour élaborer les législations. Cette structure est essentielle au fonctionnement de l'UE, assurant une interaction équilibrée entre ces trois entités dans le processus législatif.

💡Conseil européen

Le Conseil européen est l'institution qui regroupe les chefs d'État ou de gouvernement des États membres de l'UE. Il ne participe pas directement au processus législatif, mais il définit les grandes orientations politiques de l'Union. Dans la vidéo, on explique son rôle crucial dans la gestion des crises, la fixation de l'agenda européen, et la prise de décisions stratégiques.

💡Légitimité double

La 'légitimité double' désigne le principe selon lequel les décisions de l'UE doivent être légitimées à la fois par les institutions supranationales comme la Commission européenne et par les États membres individuels. Ce principe reflète la tension entre les perspectives nationales et l'intérêt commun européen. Cela est essentiel pour comprendre le fonctionnement unique de l'UE.

💡Traité de Lisbonne

Le Traité de Lisbonne, entré en vigueur en 2009, a modifié la structure institutionnelle de l'UE, notamment en créant un poste permanent de président du Conseil européen. Ce traité a aussi renforcé les pouvoirs du Parlement européen et clarifié les compétences de l'UE. Son importance est soulignée dans la vidéo en tant que cadre régissant les décisions actuelles du Conseil européen.

💡Agenda stratégique

L'Agenda stratégique est un document produit tous les cinq ans par le Conseil européen, qui définit les priorités de l'UE pour le mandat législatif à venir. Par exemple, dans la vidéo, il est mentionné que le Conseil européen a adopté un nouvel Agenda stratégique pour 2024-2029, fixant les objectifs pour les institutions européennes à long terme.

💡Consensus

Le consensus est la méthode de prise de décision privilégiée au sein du Conseil européen, où les décisions sont adoptées seulement si aucun membre ne s'y oppose. Ce processus vise à garantir une collaboration harmonieuse entre les 27 États membres, en tenant compte des points de vue divergents avant d'arriver à un accord.

💡Président du Conseil européen

Le président du Conseil européen est un poste créé par le Traité de Lisbonne, chargé de présider les réunions et de représenter l'UE au plus haut niveau. Le président joue un rôle clé dans la continuité des travaux du Conseil, préparant les réunions et assurant le suivi des décisions prises lors des sommets.

💡Sommet informel

Les sommets informels sont des réunions qui ont lieu de manière non officielle entre les chefs d'État ou de gouvernement, souvent en réaction à des crises. Ces sommets sont devenus formalisés en 1974, et ils constituent aujourd'hui un espace essentiel pour discuter des problèmes mondiaux et européens urgents. Ils illustrent la flexibilité du Conseil européen dans la gestion des enjeux.

💡COREPER II

Le COREPER II est un comité composé des représentants permanents des États membres auprès de l'UE, responsable de préparer les réunions du Conseil européen. Ce comité joue un rôle crucial dans la coordination et la préparation des décisions à prendre par les dirigeants européens, assurant ainsi une efficacité dans les discussions des sommets.

💡Unanimité

L'unanimité est une méthode de vote utilisée dans certains cas par le Conseil européen, notamment pour des décisions sensibles telles que la politique étrangère. Cela signifie que toutes les décisions nécessitent l'accord de tous les États membres, ce qui peut parfois entraîner des blocages. Toutefois, cette méthode garantit que chaque pays ait un pouvoir égal dans les décisions les plus critiques.

Highlights

The European Commission, Council of the European Union, and European Parliament work together in the 'Institutional Triangle' to produce legislation.

The EU operates on the principle of dual legitimacy, involving 27 different national perspectives.

National politicians play a key role in steering the EU’s overall direction through the European Council.

The European Council, where Heads of State or Government meet, sets the EU agenda, reacts to crises, and nominates key officials.

All major EU treaties were negotiated and ratified by national leaders and parliaments, highlighting the importance of the national level in European integration.

The European Council formalized its meetings in 1974, evolving from informal summits held to address global financial instability and geopolitical crises.

The European Council initiated key decisions such as the Single European Act (1985) and the creation of the Euro (1998).

The European Council nominates or appoints candidates for top positions such as the President of the European Commission and High Representative for Foreign Affairs.

Decisions in the European Council are typically made by consensus, creating a cooperative environment for discussions.

The European Council conclusions are the primary tool for communicating decisions, and every five years, it publishes the Strategic Agenda, outlining goals for the next legislative term.

The June 2024 European Council conclusions include key decisions on geopolitical issues, EU internal reforms, and appointments to top jobs.

Consensus-driven decision-making is both a strength and a potential weakness, as it can lead to gridlock or diluted decisions when unanimity is required.

The European Council President, elected for a 2.5-year term, plays a crucial role in ensuring continuity and preparing future meetings.

The European Council conclusions reflect the collective decision-making of the EU's national leaders, showing that little can happen without their approval.

The 2024-2029 Strategic Agenda emphasizes the importance of the EU working 'together' to achieve common goals.

Transcripts

play00:00

Welcome back to EU Democracy Explained! In the  last three episodes, we have learned about how  

play00:05

the European Commission, Council of the  European Union, and European Parliament  

play00:09

work in the ‘Institutional Triangle’ to produce  legislation. We also touched on key concepts like  

play00:15

representation, accountability, and some of the  different theories of European integration. In  

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doing so, we discovered that the EU is  a unique system including 27 different  

play00:26

national perspectives working according to a  principle of dual legitimacy. In this episode,  

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we’ll delve deeper, looking at how national  politicians, in addition to their role in the  

play00:37

legislative process via the Council, can  help steer the overall direction of the  

play00:41

Union. To do this, we need to focus on an  EU institution that is not actually a part  

play00:46

of the legislative process. This is the place  where the Heads of State or Government meet to  

play00:51

discuss pressing issues, react to crises, and  set the European agenda: the European Council.  

play01:06

First things first: over the last seventy  years or so, all the treaties that have  

play01:11

developed the European project into what  it is today have been negotiated, agreed,  

play01:15

and signed by national leaders, and have  been ratified by national parliaments.  

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Academics still argue over different theories  of why and how European integration happens,  

play01:26

and each has its merit. But at the end of the day,  nothing much would happen without the consent of  

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the national level. This is the first thing you  need to understand about the European Council’s  

play01:37

place in the modern EU: the role of national  leaders has been, and continues to be, crucial. So  

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next time you hear Eurosceptics complaining about  ‘Brussels bureaucrats’ imposing their laws on us,  

play01:50

bear in mind the extent to which major decisions  over the years have remained in the hands of  

play01:55

national leaders. Throughout the 1960s, informal  summits developed at a time in which the world  

play02:00

was in turmoil: there was global financial  instability, the Cold War was at its peak,  

play02:05

and energy shocks were a significant destabilising  force. It quickly became clear that the leaders  

play02:11

needed to meet regularly and discuss these  issues of common concern. At one such summit,  

play02:17

in Paris in 1974, they decided to formalise their  meetings and meet more regularly. This means the  

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European Council is unique among all the other EU  institutions: it created itself and did so out of  

play02:30

necessity. And, over the years, the European  Council (or EUCO for short) made key decisions  

play02:36

in the history of European integration. It was the  Milan European Council of 1985 that initiated an  

play02:42

Intergovernmental Conference eventually leading to  the Single European Act; in 1993 in Copenhagen the  

play02:49

European Council decided on a set of criteria  that would need to be fulfilled by any country  

play02:54

wishing to become a member of the Union; and the  Special European Council in Brussels in 1998 was a  

play03:00

key moment in the creation of the Euro. There are  many more examples in the history of the European  

play03:05

project. So let’s meet the key players: who are  the members of the EUCO? The European Council is  

play03:15

one of the most ‘visible’ EU institutions on the  basis largely of who its members are, and of what  

play03:21

they discuss during its meetings. Those meetings,  which take place at least four times per year,  

play03:26

always draw headlines in the European and national  press. You’ve probably seen your President,  

play03:31

Prime Minister, or Chancellor travel to Brussels  or some other European city for either a regular  

play03:37

or special summit of the European Council.  So, what is it about the EUCO that requires  

play03:43

the presence of national leaders? Its main role  is to determine the overall political direction  

play03:49

and priorities of the EU: it identifies issues  of concern, outlines what actions should be  

play03:56

taken to address them by giving tasks to the other  institutions, and defines certain goals along the  

play04:02

way. In other words, it sets the EU’s agenda.  But that’s not all: the EUCO also nominates or  

play04:08

appoints candidates for the ‘top jobs’ such as  the President of the Commission (a nomination  

play04:13

that requires approval from the European  Parliament) or the High Representative of the  

play04:17

Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (an  appointment made in agreement with the Commission  

play04:22

President). There are other key aspects, like the  so-called Strategic Agenda, that we’ll return to  

play04:27

later. And finally, the EUCO ‘steps up’ to react  to crises, and to make the difficult decisions in  

play04:33

areas that are too sensitive to be addressed  elsewhere in the system. It’s about the need  

play04:38

to take responsibility at the highest level.  As an example, consider matters of external  

play04:44

relations that have a complex geopolitical or  strategic implication. At a national level,  

play04:49

these are the decisions that have to be taken  by the highest levels of government. Well,  

play04:53

in the EU you have 27 Members, so, naturally,  with an issue of common concern, the 27 leaders  

play05:00

need to come together and take these decisions as  a group. The same can be said of crisis response:  

play05:06

just like at the national level where it would be  incumbent on the Prime Minister, President (and so  

play05:10

on) to react, at the EU level, it’s down to all  27 together! Ultimately, the EUCO is the forum  

play05:18

for European leaders to discuss difficult topics,  set the agenda, and react to crises. In a sense,  

play05:25

it is the manifestation of the control each  of the 27 national governments have over the  

play05:30

common agenda: if you think about it, not much  can happen in the EU system if the leaders in  

play05:35

the EUCO don’t want it to happen. But it’s not  only the 27 Heads of State or Government who  

play05:40

take part. There are two more members we’ve yet to  meet, and a number of other figures who can make  

play05:46

their voices heard. The current iteration of the  European project operates according to what is set  

play05:55

out in the Lisbon Treaty. It came into effect in  2009 and made a number of changes, including to  

play06:01

the European Council. One of those changes was to  create the position of European Council President,  

play06:07

elected by the Heads of State or Government to  a once-renewable 2.5 year term. Prior to this,  

play06:13

the presidency rotated between the Member States,  as it still does in the Council. The introduction  

play06:19

of a permanent office of President means that the  meeting Chair stays ‘in the system’, ensuring that  

play06:24

conclusions are followed-up on, and giving the  EUCO visibility in-between meetings. As part  

play06:29

of this, they also meet regularly with each of the  leaders to consult closely with them and make sure  

play06:34

the institution’s work is continued in the months  between each meeting. The President also prepares  

play06:41

the next EUCO meeting, a process we’ll come back  to later. Since the Single European Act of 1986,  

play06:47

the President of the Commission is formally also a  member of the EUCO, after having participated as a  

play06:53

non-member in the early years. This means that  when the agenda is being set, the institution  

play06:58

that holds the right of legislative initiative is  present in the room and can advise on how best to  

play07:04

go about implementing the leaders’ vision. In this  capacity, successive Commission Presidents have,  

play07:09

for instance, advised the leaders on what  legislative solutions may be feasible given  

play07:13

the competencies granted to the EU by the treaty,  and conversely on what might require a different  

play07:19

solution. Non-members can also make their voices  heard. Before each meeting, the President of  

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the European Parliament is invited to outline  that institution’s view on the topic(s) under  

play07:29

discussion. The High Representative of the Union  for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy takes  

play07:31

part in the EUCO’s work despite not being a  member. In addition, the Presidents of the  

play07:36

European Central Bank and the Eurogroup can be  invited to attend discussions on economic and  

play07:41

financial affairs. Beyond this, the EUCO can also  invite guests who are not a part of the EU system:  

play07:48

the Secretaries-General of NATO or the UN, for  instance, and recently the President of Ukraine  

play07:54

have all been invited as guests to parts of the  proceedings. So, we know who takes part, and what  

play07:59

they do, now let’s look at how they do it. The  European Council generally operates according to  

play08:09

consensus. This means that decisions are adopted  only if no member opposes the motion: rather than  

play08:15

holding a formal vote yay or nay, the members  are simply given the opportunity to object. This,  

play08:22

along with the understanding that the details of  each discussion remain private among the members,  

play08:26

serves to create a collegiate atmosphere oriented  around problem-solving, where no one is afraid to  

play08:32

speak their mind. Now, your immediate reaction  might be to ask why this is the case. Part of it  

play08:40

is practical: a European Council summit usually  takes place over two days and needs to cover  

play08:45

a lot of ground. So, the leaders need to work  efficiently. Working according to consensus means  

play08:51

that in areas where there is disagreement, the  discussions can focus directly on the issues of  

play08:56

most pressing concern for each objecting Member,  and negotiations can start from there until  

play09:01

every side is satisfied. The other part is more  structural. First, the meetings are pre-prepared  

play09:07

by the President, who consults closely with the  Commission President and each of the leaders  

play09:12

between meetings. Part of this preparation is  the drafting and revision of the European Council  

play09:17

conclusions that is done with the Committee of  Permanent Representatives (COREPER II), staffed  

play09:22

by representatives from each Member State, and the  General Affairs Council configuration, the monthly  

play09:27

meeting of the 27 European Affairs Ministers.  Second, obviously, the leaders themselves meet  

play09:33

each other bilaterally between meetings too!  In other words, there is plenty of room to  

play09:37

consider the issues under discussion in-between  the major summits. So, no-one arrives unprepared,  

play09:43

and by the time the leaders gather in one room,  the areas where decisions are needed are normally  

play09:48

only those that are most pressing and most  difficult. In cases where agreement can’t be  

play09:53

reached, naturally the discussion carries on. This  means that there is a real feeling of ‘ownership’  

play09:59

over any eventual agreement by consensus. But  the risk of non-agreement is also a source of  

play10:05

criticism against consensus as a working  practice: where there is no agreement,  

play10:10

it can risk gridlock or serve to ‘water down’  any eventual decision. If there is a legal need  

play10:16

to take a vote, then the system functions like  the one we discussed for the Council of the EU  

play10:21

in episode 2: unanimity, qualified majority,  and simple majority are the three options, and  

play10:27

which one should be used is defined by the treaty.  For example, when electing its own President,  

play10:33

nominating a candidate for President of the  Commission, or appointing the High Representative  

play10:37

in agreement with the Commission President,  the decision is made by qualified majority.  

play10:42

The voting systems are another area where some  people criticise the system. For instance, in a  

play10:48

difficult geopolitical landscape, the fact that  measures within the Common Foreign and Security  

play10:52

Policy require unanimity has led some to question  exactly how geopolitical an actor the EU can be  

play10:59

with its current decision-making set-up, and there  is an ongoing debate about whether extending the  

play11:04

use of qualified majority voting could be a way  forward. On the one hand, this would make it  

play11:10

easier to make decisions, since there would be a  lower threshold of agreement. On the other hand,  

play11:16

there is a risk that this would jeopardise  the EUCO as a club of equals, leading to more  

play11:21

polarisation between the leaders and difficulties  further down the line. There are also fundamental  

play11:27

legal questions about how such a change might  be made: after all, extending QMV would itself  

play11:33

have to be a decision taken by unanimity, so the  conversation is ongoing. So, here we see again  

play11:40

the real control that national leaders have over  the Union: the nationally elected Heads of State  

play11:46

or Government discuss as a ‘club’ and decide  either by consensus once everyone is satisfied,  

play11:51

or by one of three voting methods as applicable.  The impetus truly comes from the leaders in all  

play11:57

areas. Let’s finish by looking at the outputs  it produces to communicate those decisions. At  

play12:08

the close of each meeting, the European Council  produces ‘conclusions’ that set out its agreed  

play12:14

view and decision in a number of areas. Naturally,  as a forum between 27 Member States, the language  

play12:20

of the European Council conclusions is always  very carefully drafted. Conclusions are agreed  

play12:26

by consensus during each summit and published at  the end of the meeting. They can vary in length,  

play12:32

and their language can be quite difficult to  understand to anyone but the closest observers.  

play12:36

But the main takeaway is that they are the primary  day-to-day tool the EUCO uses to fulfil its role  

play12:42

of setting the EU’s agenda. But every five  years, the European Council produces a much  

play12:48

more ambitious document: the Strategic Agenda.  In the context of European elections and ahead  

play12:53

of the appointment of the new Commission, each  Strategic Agenda lays the groundwork for EU action  

play12:59

in the subsequent legislative term. It serves as a  plan to guide the Union through whatever situation  

play13:04

may unfold over the course of the coming term.  So, let’s conclude by looking at the European  

play13:08

Council conclusions of June 2024, which is when  the current Strategic Agenda was adopted. They  

play13:14

showcase a little bit of everything we’ve been  discussing. In these conclusions, the EUCO first  

play13:19

goes through its usual role of addressing issues  of common concern and communicating the leaders’  

play13:25

agreements. First, matters of complex geopolitical  significance and crises are at the forefront,  

play13:31

so we see first-hand the role of the EUCO in  trying to deal with the most difficult issues  

play13:36

facing Europe. Second, the conclusions show us the  EUCO’s role in tasking other institutions: setting  

play13:43

implementation goals for the Commission. Third, we  see the EUCO’s role in making appointments to the  

play13:46

‘top jobs’: the EUCO’s decisions on who to elect  or nominate to the positions of EUCO President,  

play13:52

Commission President, and High Representative,  all figure in the conclusions. Finally,  

play13:57

they adopt the 2024-2029 Strategic Agenda, giving  guidance to the Union in the coming years. There  

play14:04

is actually much more than that in the most  recent conclusions, as there always is – these  

play14:08

are important documents after all, reflecting the  status of the institution that produces them. The  

play14:13

June 2024 conclusions also include, for instance,  a road map on future internal reforms to the EU,  

play14:19

recalling the role of national impetus in the  development of the European project over the  

play14:23

years. As far as the European Council itself is  concerned, it’s perhaps most revealing to look at  

play14:28

the introduction of the 2024-2029 Strategic Agenda  that was just adopted. It briefly lays out some of  

play14:33

the EU’s achievements in recent years: each one  is framed as something the Union has achieved  

play14:38

“together”. From the early days of informal  summits in the 1960s to today’s club of leaders,  

play14:44

the importance of working “together” is at  the heart of the European Council’s role.  

play15:01

If you want to learn about the history of  the EUCO in more depth, be sure to check  

play15:04

out this episode of EU History Explained.  And if you want to learn how to read and  

play15:09

understand the European Council conclusions,  check out this episode of EuropeChats.

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関連タグ
Conseil européenUEpolitiques européenneschefs d'Étatcrises mondialesdirection politiquedécisions cléstraités européensagenda stratégiqueintégration européenne
英語で要約が必要ですか?