L-1.10: Logical Instructions(Data Manipulation) in Computer Organisation and Architecture
Summary
TLDRIn this educational video, the host delves into the realm of logical instructions in computer programming, focusing on their application in data manipulation. The discussion covers fundamental operations like logical AND, OR, NOT, and XOR, explaining how they are executed at the processor level. Examples are provided to illustrate the use of these instructions for tasks such as determining even or odd numbers and clearing data. The video also touches on the significance of these operations in networking, particularly in subnetting and IP address identification. The host concludes with insights into interrupt handling, emphasizing the role of flags in managing processor attention and prioritizing tasks.
Takeaways
- 💡 Logical instructions are crucial for bit manipulation and are fundamental in computer operations.
- 🔑 The NOT operation, also known as one's complement, is executed using the XOR operation with all bits set to 1.
- 🛠 The CLEAR instruction sets all bits to 0, effectively resetting the data, and is commonly used in flip-flops and registers.
- 🤝 Logical AND and OR operations are essential for performing major operations in digital circuits and programming.
- 🧩 The AND operation is similar to multiplication, where only when both bits are 1, the result is 1, otherwise, it's 0.
- 🔄 The OR operation is akin to addition, where the result is 1 if at least one of the bits is 1.
- 🔍 The XOR operation is used for finding the one's complement and can be thought of as a modulo 2 addition.
- 🚫 The clear carry instruction is used to reset the carry flag to 0, which is important for controlling the flow of data.
- 🆙 Set carry is used to set the carry flag to 1, which can be used to indicate an overflow or to control operations that depend on the carry flag.
- 🔕 Complement carry is used to invert the carry flag, switching between 0 and 1 based on its current state.
- ⚙️ Enable and disable interrupt instructions control how the CPU responds to hardware and software interrupts, managing the execution flow of the processor.
Q & A
What are the three types of instructions discussed in the context of data manipulation?
-The three types of instructions discussed are Arithmetic, Logical, and Shift instructions.
How does a computer work with bits, and what role do logical instructions play?
-Computers work with bits, which are the basic units of data represented as 0s and 1s. Logical instructions are used to manipulate these bits, allowing operations such as AND, OR, and NOT to be executed at the bit level.
What is the NOT operation in logical instructions, and how is it executed?
-The NOT operation, also known as the compliment instruction, inverts the bits of a value (1 becomes 0, and 0 becomes 1). It is executed using the XOR operation with all bits set to 1.
What is the purpose of the CLEAR instruction in logical operations?
-The CLEAR instruction is used to set all the bits of a register to 0, effectively resetting its value. It is often used in flip flops to clear their state with a clock pulse.
How do logical AND and OR operations function, and what are their applications?
-Logical AND operation results in a 1 only when both bits are 1, otherwise 0, while OR operation results in a 1 if at least one bit is 1. They are used in various operations, including networking for subnetting and determining IP addresses and subnet IDs.
How can you determine if a number is even or odd using logical operations?
-You can determine if a number is even or odd by performing an AND operation with the least significant bit (LSB). If the result is 0, the number is even; if the result is 1, the number is odd.
What is the XOR operation, and how is it used in logical instructions?
-The XOR (Exclusive OR) operation gives a 1 if the bits are different and a 0 if they are the same. It is used to find the compliment of a bit string and is also referred to as a mod 2 function.
What is the purpose of the clear carry and set carry instructions?
-Clear carry is used to reset the carry flag to 0, while set carry is used to set the carry flag to 1. These instructions are used to control the carry flag, which is often used in arithmetic operations.
How do complement carry and complement instructions differ?
-Complement carry inverts the state of the carry flag, changing 1 to 0 and 0 to 1, while the complement instruction inverts all the bits of a value, similar to the NOT operation.
What is an interrupt in computer organization, and how are enable and disable interrupt instructions used?
-An interrupt is a signal that temporarily halts the current process to attend to a higher priority task. Enable and disable interrupt instructions control the interrupt flag, allowing or preventing the CPU from responding to interrupts.
Outlines
💡 Introduction to Logical Instructions
The video begins by welcoming viewers to Gate Smashers and introducing the topic of logical instructions. It explains that computers operate on bits, and logical instructions are essential for manipulating these bits. The video mentions arithmetic, logical, and shift instructions as the three types of data manipulation instructions. Logical instructions are crucial for executing operations such as logical AND, OR, and NOT, as well as bitwise operations. The video then delves into the concept of one's complement, also known as the NOT operation, which inverts the bits of a number. It uses the XOR operation to demonstrate how one's complement can be achieved. The video also discusses the CLEAR instruction, which sets all bits to zero, and its application in registers and flip flops. The summary concludes with an introduction to the logical AND and OR operations, explaining their significance in performing major operations in programming and computer processing.
🔍 Deep Dive into Logical Operations
This paragraph continues the discussion on logical operations, focusing on the practical applications of AND and OR operations. It explains how AND is used to perform a multiplication-like operation on bits, resulting in a '0' if any bit is '0', and an 'OR' operation, which is akin to addition, setting all bits to '1' if any bit is '1'. The video provides examples of how these operations can be used to manipulate specific bits in a data set. It also touches on the use of these operations in networking, particularly in subnetting and determining IP addresses and subnet IDs. The video further explores the XOR operation, describing it as a mod 2 function that can be used to find the complement of a number. It also discusses the concepts of clear carry, set carry, and complement carry, which are used to manipulate the carry flag bit in arithmetic operations. The paragraph concludes with a brief introduction to interrupts, explaining how they can pause a running program to give priority to another task, either due to hardware or software signals. The video promises to cover interrupts in more detail in future content.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Logical Instructions
💡Bitwise Operations
💡1's Complement
💡XOR Operation
💡CLEAR Instruction
💡Logical AND
💡Logical OR
💡Carry Flag
💡Interrupt
💡Set Carry
💡Complement Carry
Highlights
Introduction to logical instructions in computer operations
Explanation of how computers use bits and logical instructions to manipulate data
Definition and execution of the NOT operation through XOR
Clarification of 1's complement and its application in computing
The CLEAR instruction's role in resetting register values to zero
Importance of LOGICAL AND and OR operations in major data manipulations
Detailed explanation of how AND operation works with binary data
Description of OR operation and its outcome with binary data
Practical use of AND and OR operations in networking and IP address calculations
Method to determine if a number is even or odd using AND operation
Introduction to XOR operation as a mod 2 function
Discussion on clear and set carry operations and their applications
Explanation of complement carry operation and its effects on carry bit
Overview of interrupts in computer organization and their types
Role of interrupt flags in managing hardware and software interrupts
Summary of logical instructions and their practical applications
Transcripts
Hello friends, welcome to Gate Smashers
In today's video we are going to discuss about logical instructions
As we talked in data manipulation that three types of instructions are there
Arithmetic, logical and shift instructions
So in this video we are going to talk about logical instructions
So as we know that our computer works on 0 and 1
Means our computer works on bits
So whenever we want to work on particular bits or on set of bits
We use logical instructions Or if we talk about programming
In C programming we use logical AND, OR operation, NOT, bitwise AND, bitwise OR
So wherever we use such operations How processor executes them on the backend
So with the help of these instructions we execute them So if we talk here
First of all we come to logical in compliment.
Compliment instruction means like one's compliment
Which you can also call as NOT operation What does NOT mean?
Let's say if we have TRUE Then TRUE's compliment means FALSE
Which you can write as if you do 1's compliment then it becomes 0
And if you do 0's compliment then it becomes 1
So to execute this compliment We can take the help of XOR operation How?
Let's say if we talk we have data 0, 1, 0, 1
And now I want to do 1's compliment Which means I want to do NOT operation
So my answer should be 1, 0, 1, 0
But how will it come?
To do this I can take the help of XOR XOR
means let's say if I do it with 1, 1, 1, 1
I mean by doing all 1's By doing all bits with 1 and if we do XOR with them
So XOR operation basically is That it gives 0 on similar value
And what it gives on different It gives 1 on different
Means it gives 1 on 01, 0 on 11
1 on 01, and 0 on 11
So this output came here So the simple meaning of compliment is
Like doing all 1's compliment bits in reverse Then CLEAR.
If we talk about CLEAR instruction Which we denote from CLR
CLEAR means to do all values 0
To clear the data And data CLEAR is generally
about flip flops Which is our registers
Which are the sequence of the flip flops
So there is already an option of CLEAR in flip flop By applying 1 clock pulse
What can you do with all values there
You can clear it So that is what a CLEAR is
Logical AND and OR
This is very important Because with the help of LOGIC AND and OR
We perform majorly operations What does AND mean?
Simple which we have read in digital
Let's say 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1
So if we talk about AND What does AND mean?
It means DOT It means multiplication kind of
So 00-0, 10-0, 10-0
And 1, 1 becomes 1
And if we talk about OR operation So what does OR operation mean?
In both it means PLUS kind of Means if we
talk about both So 0, 0 means PLUS means 0
10- 1, 11-
So this is what the OR operation is How do we use it in the journey?
If we talk about let's say I have data 1, 0, 1, 1
Now in 1, 0, 1, 1
Let's say I have to make this 1, 0, 0
Means I have to make this particular bit 0
So what will you do?
It's simple What will we do to these two?
do AND with 0 So what will happen?
When you will AND this, then what will happen?
0, 0
Means simply what is AND?
That if there is any value And if you AND it with 0
Then what will be the final result?
It will be 0
And if I have any data Let's say 1, 0, 1, 1
And if I have to do all the values 1, 1, then what to do?
You take 1, 1, 1, 1
And do OR operation of all
So OR will be of all the values It will be 1, 1
Means all the values will be set.
So if you are using OR operation So with 1, 1
If you do all the operations with OR Then what will happen?
Your answer is continuously 1
And if you do AND with 0
Then what will happen?
0
We generally use this in networking
In networking if we talk about sub netting
Or if we find on the basis of subnet mask
If we find what is the IP address What is the subnet ID So if you remember there
Then we use computer networks there And generally use OR operation there
And apart from this if we talk Let's say we have data 1, 0, 1, 0
And if I want to know Is this number even or odd?
In general programming We write in the first
program That if I want to know even or odd
Then how can I do?
It has a simple method That what you do with this 0, 0, 0, 1
Means you do it with 1
Do AND Means what I did I had this given string And I took 1
What does it mean to write 1?
All 0 followed by 1 at last So if we do AND with this 1
Then what will happen?
Here doing AND means 0
0
0.
0
And what is your answer?
0
So what does it mean here?
If you do AND with these values And if finally all the bits are coming 0.
Means this is an even number And if I take let's say 1, 0, 1, 1
And if I do this with 0, 0, 0, 1
And do AND So what is the answer after doing AND?
1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1
that is 1
And if finally in output 1 is coming Means LSB bit carrier 1
Means the given number is the odd number
So you can check even and odd in this way
So this is the advantage of AND operation And OR operation Then XOR
XOR operation like we used to find out the
complement We can also call XOR as modular 2
Mod 2 means That if you have given this string
from any billet You can do mod 2 in this
Means 0+0 mod 2
So 0 mod 2 will give 0
0+1 mod 2
0 and add 1
Means 0+1 means 1
1 mod 2 will give 1
See 1, 0
1+0 is 1
Mod 2 means answer 1
Next is 1, 1
If you add 1+1 means 2
2 mod 2 will give 0
So we can write it like this XOR is a mod 2 function.
Then clear carry
We use clear carry very soon Carry is basically a flag
And in that flag bit Either my value will be 0 or 1
And if I have any carry bit I don't want to
forward it And I want to clear that flag bit
That carry value So what can we do there
With the help of clear carry With the help
of this instruction What can we do with it
Clear Then set carry Set carry means if I want to do it 1 instead of 0
To set in 1
So we use set carry for that As soon as we
get tools complement Then how do we do it
0, 1, 0, 1
And find out its once complement 1, 0, 1, 0
And then we add 1
Now this one to add Where will we take this
will take this 1 from this flag
That is a carry flag And what will have to set from 1
So that we can use that 1 here So this is the advantage of the set carry
Compliment carry Compliment carry means if the carry bit is containing 1
And I have to complement it do NOT it will become 0
And if it is 0 then we have to do it 1
So that is what the complement carry Enable and disable interrupt
Interrupt is again a very important topic of computer organization
Generally what is interrupt
we stop the running program And give preference to someone else
Means if we talk about hardware interrupt and software interrupt
Hardware interrupt means If I am doing some
work and the processor is doing some work
Then I have to gain the processor's intention How will I get that intention
Let's say if I press the keyboard Or shift the mouse there So what will happen
Interrupt will come there suddenly And its CPU intention Where will we bring it
In that particular process If we talk about software.
CPU is running a file In that file it is written read xyz.doc.
Now where can xyz file be
In secondary memory So in this case it may be that the CPU says
I need to access that file
Which is in secondary memory So again what will happen here
There will be a software interrupt And on the basis of that software interrupt
next further work will happen So how will we know
How will we take the CPU's attention there
So again for that what is interrupt There is a flag If we make that flag 1
Means there is some kind of interrupt here Otherwise what will be that 0 means
There is no interrupt We will see the interrupt in further detail
This is enough logical instruction
You will at least know Which are the logical instructions
How we use these instructions
Thank you.
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