Neuroglia
Summary
TLDRThis script delves into the intricate world of the nervous system, highlighting the critical role of neuroglia, which constitutes a significant portion of the brain's non-neuronal cells. It explains the functions of various types of neuroglia, including astrocytes that support neurons and regulate blood-brain barrier permeability, microglia that act as the immune cells of the CNS, ependymal cells that line the ventricles and facilitate cerebrospinal fluid circulation, oligodendrocytes that insulate nerve fibers, and satellite cells that perform similar supportive roles in the peripheral nervous system. The script emphasizes the importance of these cells in maintaining the health and function of the nervous system.
Takeaways
- 🧠 The nervous system is compartmentalized, with the extracellular space making up only about 20% of the total volume.
- 🌟 Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system, while neuroglia are the supporting cells that maintain nutrition and protect the nervous system.
- 🔢 There are approximately 10^11 neurons in the human body, but the number of neuroglia cells can be 10-50 times more.
- 🌌 Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system, with star-like shapes that wrap around capillaries and neurons.
- 🔄 Astrocytes play a crucial role in the exchange of substances between capillaries and neurons and help determine the permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
- 🚀 Astrocytes also support the migration of newly formed neurons, the formation of synapses, and maintain the chemical environment around neurons by clearing ions and recycling neurotransmitters.
- 🛡️ Microglia are the immune cells of the central nervous system, with a shape resembling a ram's horn, and they monitor the health of neurons.
- 🔍 Microglia can transform into macrophages to phagocytose dead neurons or invading pathogens like viruses and bacteria.
- 💧 Ependymal cells are ciliated or hair-like cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, aiding in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
- 🌐 Oligodendrocytes are found in the central nervous system and wrap around nerve fibers, providing electrical insulation for nerve impulses.
- 🔗 Satellite cells, or Schwann cells, are found in the peripheral nervous system and function similarly to astrocytes, supporting and insulating peripheral nerve fibers.
- 🌿 Neurolemma, or myelin sheaths, are formed by Schwann cells around the axons in the peripheral nervous system, aiding in the speed of nerve impulse transmission.
Q & A
What is the main function of the nervous system?
-The nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body and coordinating responses to the environment.
What is the percentage of the extracellular space in the nervous system?
-The extracellular space in the nervous system is approximately 20% of the compact compartment.
How many types of cells are primarily found in the nervous system?
-There are two main types of cells found in the nervous system: neurons and neuroglia.
What is the estimated number of neurons in the human body?
-The estimated number of neurons in the human body is 10^11.
What is the approximate ratio of neuroglia cells to neurons?
-The number of neuroglia cells is significantly higher, up to 10-50 times the number of neurons.
What are the six types of neuroglia cells mentioned in the script?
-The six types of neuroglia cells mentioned are astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, satellite cells, and Schwann cells.
What is the primary function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?
-Astrocytes play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, providing support to blood vessels, and participating in the formation of the blood-brain barrier.
What is the role of microglia in the central nervous system?
-Microglia act as the immune cells of the central nervous system, monitoring the health of neurons and responding to injury or infection by phagocytosing dead cells or pathogens.
How do ependymal cells contribute to the cerebrospinal fluid circulation?
-Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, helping to circulate cerebrospinal fluid and provide cushioning for the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
-Oligodendrocytes provide myelin insulation to axons in the central nervous system, which is essential for the efficient transmission of electrical impulses along neurons.
What is the primary function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?
-Satellite cells are similar to astrocytes in function and provide support and protection to neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
Outlines
🧠 Neuroglia: The Supportive Cells of the Nervous System
This paragraph introduces neuroglia, which are the supportive cells of the nervous system, making up the majority of the non-neuronal cells. Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system, while neuroglia serve to maintain nutrition and protect the nervous system. Astrocytes, the most abundant type of neuroglia in the central nervous system, have a star-like shape and extend processes to envelop capillaries and neurons. They play a crucial role in the exchange of substances between capillaries and neurons and in determining the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes also aid in the migration of new neurons and the formation of synapses, as well as controlling the chemical environment around neurons by clearing potassium ions and recycling neurotransmitters. The second type of neuroglia discussed is microglia, which act as the immune cells of the central nervous system, monitoring the health of neurons and responding to injury or infection by transforming into macrophages to phagocytose dead neurons or pathogens.
🧬 Types of Neuroglia and Their Functions
This paragraph delves into the different types of neuroglia and their specific functions within the nervous system. Ependymal cells, which line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, facilitate the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Oligodendrocytes, found in the central nervous system, wrap around axons and provide electrical insulation, aiding in the transmission of nerve impulses. Schwann cells, the peripheral nervous system's counterpart to oligodendrocytes, also form myelin sheaths around axons. Lastly, satellite cells are the peripheral nervous system's version of astrocytes, serving similar supportive functions. The paragraph highlights the critical roles these cells play in maintaining the health and function of the nervous system, from providing physical support and insulation to participating in immune responses.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Neuroglia
💡Neuron
💡Astrocyte
💡Microglia
💡Ependymal Cell
💡Oligodendrocyte
💡Satellite Cell
💡Cerebrospinal Fluid
💡Blood-Brain Barrier
💡Myelin Sheath
💡Neurotransmitter
Highlights
The brain's extracellular space is only about 20% of the total volume, yet it is primarily composed of two types of cells: neurons and neuroglia.
Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system, while neuroglia are supportive cells that maintain nutrition and protect the nervous system.
There are approximately 10^11 neurons in the human body, and the number of neuroglia cells is even greater, up to 10-50 times the number of neurons.
Neuroglia comprises six types of cells, four of which are found in the central nervous system and two in the peripheral nervous system.
Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system, having a star-like shape with processes that envelop capillaries and neurons.
Astrocytes play a crucial role in the exchange of substances between capillaries and neurons and help determine the permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
Astrocytes also assist in the migration of newly formed neurons and the formation of synapses between neurons.
They help maintain the chemical environment around neurons by clearing potassium ions and recycling neurotransmitters.
Microglia are the immune cells of the central nervous system, with a unique shape featuring processes that attach to surrounding neurons.
Microglia monitor the health of neurons and can transform into macrophages to phagocytose dead neurons or invading pathogens.
Ependymal cells are cuboidal or columnar in shape and line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
Ependymal cells facilitate the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain and spinal cord, helping to cushion the brain and spinal cord from impact.
Oligodendrocytes are cells in the central nervous system that wrap around nerve fibers, providing electrical insulation and speeding up nerve impulse transmission.
Satellite cells are the peripheral nervous system's equivalent of astrocytes, serving similar supportive functions.
Schwann cells, also known as neurolemmocytes, are found in the peripheral nervous system and form layers of myelin around axons.
The central nervous system contains astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes, while the peripheral nervous system contains satellite cells and Schwann cells.
Transcripts
Indonesia kita lanjut lagi ya Sekarang
kita akan membahas tentang neuroglia
sistem syaraf kita merupakan suatu
kompartemen yang sangat pada dari
keseluruhan dari sistem saraf kita
spasium ekstraseluler nya hanya sekitar
20% dari kompartemen padat ini ternyata
terdiri atas terutama oleh dua tipe sel
yaitu yang pertama adalah neuron itu
sendiri neuron adalah unit fungsional
dari sistem saraf sedangkan yang kedua
adalah neuroglia neuroglia adalah Sel
penyokong yang bertugas untuk
mempertahankan nutrisi dan juga menjaga
sistem saraf kita
Hai jumlah dari neuron itu sendiri
adalah 10 ^ 11 Sedangkan jumlah dari new
Ria itu bakal lebih banyak lagi sampai
10-50 kali dari jumlah neuron kita Euro
gigi atas sendiri terdiri atas enam tipe
sel 4 ada di sistem saraf pusat dan dua
ada di sistem saraf tepi kita bahas satu
persatu ya Yang pertama adalah astrosit
astrosit ini adalah sel yang paling
banyak terdapat di sistem saraf pusat
astrosit sesuai dengan namanya bentuknya
seperti bintang kaki-kakinya akan
menjalar melingkupi kapiler-kapiler yang
ada disekitar neuron dan juga neuron itu
sendiri
Hai astrosit ini berperan penting dalam
pergantian ataupun exchange antara
kapiler dengan neuron Selain itu
astrosit akan membantu menentukan
permeabilitas kapiler sehingga dia juga
akan sangat berperan penting pada sistem
sawar darah otak yang akan kita bahas
nanti
Mbok astrosit juga membantu migrasi dari
neuron-neuron yang baru terbentuk dan
juga formasi dari sinopsis antarneuron
astrosit enggak membantu mengontrol
lingkungan lingkungan kimiawi di sekitar
neuron seperti misalnya membersihkan ion
kalium lalu kemudian menangkap dan
merisik l atau mendaur ulang dari
neurotransmitter neurotransmitter yang
sudah keluar Selain itu dia juga bisa
berespon terhadap impuls-impuls saraf
yang ada di sekitar dendrit maupun axon
Hai sahabat yang selalu kedua adalah sel
mikroglia microglial sel microglial ini
adalah Sel pertahanan tubuh untuk khusus
di sistem saraf pusat bisa terlihat
bentuknya ya bentuknya yang seperti
bertanduk tandu ini ya ini disebut
proses nah prosesnya itu akan menempel
pada neuron-neuron yang ada disekitarnya
fungsinya untuk memonitor kesehatan dari
neuron tersebut jadi dia dapat merasakan
Apakah sinetron itu berada dalam kondisi
yang baik atau mengalami masalah entah
itu terluka atau lain sebagainya
microglial ini nanti akan bermigrasi
mendekatinya lalu eh microglial akan
bisa bertransformasi
masih menjadi suatu tipe sel makrofag
atau sel yang dapat memakan atau
memfagositosis si neuron yang telah mati
ataupun mikroorganisme seperti virus
bakteri yang telah menyerang sistem
saraf pusat sel yang ketiga adalah Sel
ependymal seleb Endi Mel ini ya
bentuknya out kubus-kubus mulai dari
kubus kolumner atau memanjang atau ada
juga bentuknya yang memipih nah ini
biasanya bersilia atau berambut halus
seperti ini nah silia silia ini akan
melingkupi melingkupi ruangan ruangan
yang ada
wuih otak maupun di korda spinalis ya di
korda spinalis dengan dia melingkupi eh
ruangan-ruangan atau kavitas kavitas
yang ada di otak maupun di korda
spinalis maka dia berfungsi sebagai
pemberi permeabel antara cairan cairan
cerebrospinal yang mengisi kavitas
kavitas tersebut
Hai silia silia nya akan membantu
sirkulasi dari cairan cerebrospinal
mengalir dari eh tempat produksinya
menuju ke Vitas kavitas yang ada di otak
maupun di korda spinalis perlu ada
diingat bahwa fungsi dari cairan
serebrospinalis itu juga sebagai
bantalan sehingga eh tekanan ataupun
goncangan yang didapatkan oleh otak
ataupun sumsum tulang belakang atau
korda spinalis itu dapat teredam sel
yang keempat adalah oligodendrosit
oligodendrosit walaupun bercabang nih
bisa terlihat di sini ya
Hai tapi prosesnya lebih sedikit
dibanding astrosit oligodendrosit ini
akan melingkupi eh saraf-saraf di sistem
saraf pusat ya dia akan nih menggulung
Wisana ya secara dengan ketat dan
fungsinya adalah sebagai insulasi
insulator sebagai insulator dari listrik
dari gelombang listrik ya yang berjalan
di sepanjang neuron kita
Hai pengumumannya nah 4 di pasar ini
yang berada di sistem saraf pusat ke
otak dan sumsum tulang belakang untuk
sel yang kelima ini adalah Sel satelit
sel satelit atau sel schwan sel satelit
ini aku bisa dilihat disini ya seperti
namanya dia merupakan badan sel ya badan
sel yang ada di sistem saraf perifer
atau sistem saraf tepi
wujud diperkirakan astrosit ini
fungsinya sama seaf diperkirakan sel
satelit Ini fungsinya hampir sama
seperti astrosit yang ada di sistem
saraf pusat masih ingat ya fungsi
astrosit itu apa sel yang selanjutnya
adalah
sel Swan atau nama lainnya adalah neuro
lem mosaik ya Naura Lemos situs dia akan
melingkupi syaraf yang ada di sistem
saraf perifer dan membentuk
lapisan-lapisan atau selubung myelin di
akson akson yang ada di sistem saraf
tepi jadi yang ada di sistem saraf pusat
adalah astrosit Sel microglial seleb
Endi Mel dan oligodendrocytes sedangkan
yang ada di sistem saraf tepi adalah Sel
satelit dan sel
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